Perennial ryegrass breeding in New Zealand: a dairy industry perspective

References

Aldrich DTA (1987) Developments and procedures in the assessment of grass varieties at NIAB 1950–1987. Journal of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany 17, 313–327.

Allerit R (1986) Espèces fourragères pérennes: progrès realisés depuis 25 ans, appréciés à travers l’expérimentation officielle. Fourrages 107, 17–33.

Anhalt U, Heslop-Harrison J, Piepho H, Byrne S, Barth S (2009) Quantitative trait loci mapping for biomass yield traits in a Lolium inbred line derived F2 population. Euphytica 170, 99–107.
| Quantitative trait loci mapping for biomass yield traits in a Lolium inbred line derived F₂ population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bahmani I (1999) Tiller dynamics and leaf growth processes of the perennial ryegrass cultivars ‘Ellett’ and ‘Grasslands Ruanui’ as influenced by environmental factors. PhD Thesis, Massey University, New Zealand.

Bahmani I, Hazard L, Varlet-Grancher C, Betin M, Lemaire G, Matthew C, Thom ER (2000) Differences in tillering of long- and short-leaved perennial ryegrass genetic lines under full light and shade treatments. Crop Science 40, 1095–1102.
| Differences in tillering of long- and short-leaved perennial ryegrass genetic lines under full light and shade treatments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bahmani I, Thom ER, Matthew C, Lemaire G (2001) Productivity of grazed perennial ryegrass dairy pastures from different ecotypes under nitrogen and irrigation treatments. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 44, 123–133.
| Productivity of grazed perennial ryegrass dairy pastures from different ecotypes under nitrogen and irrigation treatments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bahmani I, Thom ER, Matthew C, Lemaire G (2002) Flowering propensity of two New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivars originating from different ecotypes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 45, 129–137.
| Flowering propensity of two New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivars originating from different ecotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bahmani I, Thom ER, Matthew C, Hooper RJ, Lemaire G (2003) Tiller dynamics of perennial ryegrass cultivars derived from different New Zealand ecotypes: effects of cultivar, season, nitrogen fertiliser, and irrigation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 803–817.
| Tiller dynamics of perennial ryegrass cultivars derived from different New Zealand ecotypes: effects of cultivar, season, nitrogen fertiliser, and irrigation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Barclay PC (1963) Symposium on ‘Grasslands Divisions’ new ryegrass, I. Ariki, a new selected perennial-type ryegrass variety. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 25, 128–147.

Barrett BA, Turner MA, Lyons TB, Rolston MP, Easton HS (2010) Evaluation of semi-hybrid perennial ryegrass populations. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 72, 11–16.

Bircham JS, Hodgson J (1983) The influence of sward condition on rates of herbage growth and senescence in mixed swards under continuous stocking management. Grass and Forage Science 38, 323–331.
| The influence of sward condition on rates of herbage growth and senescence in mixed swards under continuous stocking management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bluett SJ, Thom ER, Clark DA, MacDonald KA, Minnee EMK (2003) Milksolids production from cows grazing perennial ryegrass containing AR1 or wild endophyte. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 65, 83–90.

Bluett SJ, Thom ER, Clark DA, MacDonald KA, Minnee EMK (2005) Effects of perennial ryegrass infected with either AR1 or wild endophyte on dairy production in the Waikato. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 48, 197–212.
| Effects of perennial ryegrass infected with either AR1 or wild endophyte on dairy production in the Waikato.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bonos SA, Rush D, Hignight K, Meyer WA (2004) Selection for deep root production in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. Crop Science 44, 1770–1775.
| Selection for deep root production in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Boschma SP, Scott JM (2000) Measuring and predicting the consequences of drought for a range of perennial grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 285–297.
| Measuring and predicting the consequences of drought for a range of perennial grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Boschma SP, Hill MJ, Scott JM, Rapp GG (2003a) The response to moisture and defoliation stresses, and traits for resilience of perennial grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 903–916.
| The response to moisture and defoliation stresses, and traits for resilience of perennial grasses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Boschma SP, Scott JM, Hill MJ, King JR, Lutton JJ (2003b) Plant reserves of perennial grasses subjected to drought and defoliation stresses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 819–828.
| Plant reserves of perennial grasses subjected to drought and defoliation stresses on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Brookes IM, McRae AF, Gray DI, Cameron N (1993) Economics of milk production from perennial ryegrass cultivars with different seasonal growth patterns. In ‘Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress’. Palmerston North, New Zealand. pp. 1294–1295. (NZGA-TGS-NZSAP-ASAP-NZIAS)

Brummer EC, Bouton JH, Casler MD, McCaslin MH, Waldron BL (2009) Grasses and legumes: Genetics and plant breeding. In ‘Grassland: Quietness and strength for a New American agriculture’. (Eds WF Wedin, SL Fales) pp. 157–171. (ASA-CSSA-SSA: Madison, WI)

Bryant J (2009) Simulating the potential animal performance and environmental outcomes of different ryegrass accessions. AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand.

Butler TR (2008) Physiological effects of drought on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). MSc Thesis, Lincoln University, New Zealand.

Byrne S, Guiney E, Barth S, Donnison I, Mur L, Milbourne D (2009) Identification of coincident QTL for days to heading, spike length and spikelets per spike in Lolium perenne L. Euphytica 166, 61–70.
| Identification of coincident QTL for days to heading, spike length and spikelets per spike in Lolium perenne L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Camlin MS (1981) Competitive effects between ten cultivars of perennial ryegrass and three cultivars of white clover grown in association. Grass and Forage Science 36, 169–178.
| Competitive effects between ten cultivars of perennial ryegrass and three cultivars of white clover grown in association.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Camlin MS (1997) Plant breeding—Advances and prospects: Grasses. In ‘Seeds of progress. British Grassland Society Occasional Symposium No. 31’. (Ed. JR Weddell) pp. 2–14. (British Grassland Society: Nottingham, UK)

Caradus JR, Evans PS (1977) Seasonal root formation of white clover, ryegrass, and cocksfoot in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 337–342.
| Seasonal root formation of white clover, ryegrass, and cocksfoot in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carvalho DD, Irving LJ, Carnevalli RA, Hodgson J, Matthew C (2006) Distribution of current photosynthate in two Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) cultivars. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 2015–2024.
| Distribution of current photosynthate in two Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Casler MD, Jung HG, Coblentz WK (2008) Clonal selection for lignin and etherified ferulates in three perennial grasses. Crop Science 48, 424–433.
| Clonal selection for lignin and etherified ferulates in three perennial grasses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chapman DF, Lemaire G (1993) Morphogenetic and structural determinants of plant growth after defoliation. In ‘Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress’. (Eds MJ Baker, JR Crush, LR Humphreys) pp. 95–104. (NZGA-TGS-NZSAP-ASAP-NZIAS: Palmerston North, New Zealand)

Chapman DF, Parsons AJ, Schwinning S (1996) Management of clover in grazed pastures: expectations, limitations and opportunities. In ‘White clover: New Zealand’s competitive edge’. Agronomy Society of New Zealand Special Publication No. 11/Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 6. (Ed. DR Woodfield) pp. 55–64. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Lincoln, New Zealand)

Chapman DF, Edwards GR, Nie ZN (2011a) Plant responses to climate and relationships with pasture persistence. In ‘Pasture Persistence Symposium’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 15. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 99–107. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Hamilton, New Zealand)

Chapman DF, Kenny SN, Lane N (2011b) Pasture and forage crop systems for non-irrigated dairy farms in southern Australia: 3. Estimated economic value of additional home-grown feed. Agricultural Systems 104, 589–599.
| Pasture and forage crop systems for non-irrigated dairy farms in southern Australia: 3. Estimated economic value of additional home-grown feed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Charlton JFL, Stewart AV (1999) Pasture species and cultivars used in New Zealand—a list. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 61, 147–166.

Chaves MM, Maroco JP, Pereira JS (2003) Understanding plant responses to drought—from genes to the whole plant. Functional Plant Biology 30, 239–264.
| Understanding plant responses to drought—from genes to the whole plant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chaves B, De Vliegher A, Van Waes J, Carlier L, Marynissen B (2009) Change in agronomic performance of Lolium perenne and Lolium multiflorum varieties in the past 40 years based on data from Belgian VCU trials. Plant Breeding 128, 680–690.
| Change in agronomic performance of Lolium perenne and Lolium multiflorum varieties in the past 40 years based on data from Belgian VCU trials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cheplick GP, Perera A, Koulouris K (2000) Effect of drought on the growth of Lolium perenne genotypes with and without fungal endophytes. Functional Ecology 14, 657–667.
| Effect of drought on the growth of Lolium perenne genotypes with and without fungal endophytes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Čiamporová M (2002) Morphological and structural responses of plant roots to aluminium at organ, tissue, and cellular levels. Biologia Plantarum 45, 161–171.
| Morphological and structural responses of plant roots to aluminium at organ, tissue, and cellular levels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clark DA (2011) Changes in pastoral farming practices and pasture persistence - a review. In ‘Pasture Persistence Symposium’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 15. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 7–13. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Hamilton, New Zealand)

Collins RP, Rhodes I (1989) Yield of white clover populations in mixture with contrasting perennial ryegrasses. Grass and Forage Science 44, 111–115.
| Yield of white clover populations in mixture with contrasting perennial ryegrasses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Collins RP, Rhodes I (1990) The basis and significance of compatibility in grass/clover mixtures. Herba 3, 30–32.

Corkill L (1953) Short-rotation ryegrass. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 15, 176–178.

Corkill L (1956) Breeding for quality in pasture plants. In ‘Sheep farming annual’. pp. 47–51.

Cosgrove GP, Clark DA, Lambert MG (2003) High production dairy-beef cattle grazing systems: a review of research in the Manawatu. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 65, 21–28.

Cosgrove GP, Burke JL, Death AF, Hickey MJ, Pacheco D, Lane GA (2007a) Ryegrasses with increased water soluble carbohydrate: evaluating the potential for grazing dairy cows in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 69, 179–185.

Cosgrove GP, Pacheco D, Burke JL, Death AF, Hickey MJ, Lane GA (2007b) Effects of water soluble carbohydrate in forage on aspects of nitrogen partitioning in cows. In ‘Meeting the challenges for pasture-based dairying. Proceedings of the Australasian Dairy Science Symposium’. (Eds DF Chapman, DA Clark, KL Macmillan, DP Nation) pp. 350–358. (National Dairy Alliance: Melbourne)

Cosgrove GP, Koolaard J, Luo D, Burke JL, Pacheco D (2009) The composition of high sugar grasses. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 71, 187–193.

Crush JR, Ouyang L, Eerens JPJ, Stewart AV (2002) The growth of roots of perennial, Italian, hybrid and annual ryegrasses through a high-strength root medium. Grass and Forage Science 57, 322–328.
| The growth of roots of perennial, Italian, hybrid and annual ryegrasses through a high-strength root medium.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Crush JR, Waller JE, Care DA (2005) Root distribution and nitrate interception in eleven temperate forage grasses. Grass and Forage Science 60, 385–392.
| Root distribution and nitrate interception in eleven temperate forage grasses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Crush JR, Woodward SL, Eerens JPJ, Macdonald KA (2006) Growth and milksolids production in pastures of older and more recent ryegrass and white clover cultivars under dairy grazing. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 119–135.
| Growth and milksolids production in pastures of older and more recent ryegrass and white clover cultivars under dairy grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Crush JR, Easton HS, Waller JE, Hume DE, Faville MJ (2007) Genotypic variation in patterns of root distribution, nitrate interception and response to moisture stress of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mapping population. Grass and Forage Science 62, 265–273.
| Genotypic variation in patterns of root distribution, nitrate interception and response to moisture stress of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mapping population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Crush JR, Nichols SN, Ouyang L (2010) Adventitious root mass distribution in progeny of four perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) groups selected for root shape. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 193–200.
| Adventitious root mass distribution in progeny of four perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) groups selected for root shape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cullen BR, Chapman DF, Quigley PE (2006) Comparative responses of Lolium perenne and Phalaris aquatica to multiple growth stresses. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 1131–1138.
| Comparative responses of Lolium perenne and Phalaris aquatica to multiple growth stresses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cunningham PJ, Blumenthal MJ, Anderson MW, Prakash KS, Leonforte A (1994) Perennial ryegrass improvement in Australia. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37, 295–310.
| Perennial ryegrass improvement in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

DAF (2006) Grass and clover: Recommended list varieties for Ireland 2006. Department of Agriculture and Food, Maynooth, Ireland.

Dahlman DL, Siegel MR, Bush LP (1997) Insecticidal activity of N-formylloline. In ‘Proceedings of the XVIII International Grassland Congress’. Winnipeg, Canada. pp. 5–6 (Section 13).

Davies A (1988) The regrowth of grass swards. In ‘The grass crop: The physiological basis of production’. (Eds MB Jones, A Lazenby) pp. 85–127. (Chapman & Hall: London)

Dumsday J, Smith K, Forster J, Jones E (2003) SSR-based genetic linkage analysis of resistance to crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Plant Pathology 52, 628–637.
| SSR-based genetic linkage analysis of resistance to crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Easton HS (1983) Ryegrasses. In ‘Plant breeding in New Zealand’. (Eds GS Wratt, HC Smith) pp. 229–236. (Butterworths of New Zealand Ltd/DSIR: Wellington, New Zealand)

Easton HS (1989) Variability of leaf shear strength in perennial ryegrass. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 1–6.
| Variability of leaf shear strength in perennial ryegrass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Easton HS (2007) Grasses and Neotyphodium endophytes: co-adaptation and adaptive breeding. Euphytica 154, 295–306.
| Grasses and Neotyphodium endophytes: co-adaptation and adaptive breeding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Easton HS, Cooper BM, Fraser TJ, Widdup KH (1989) Crown rust on perennial ryegrass in field trials. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 50, 253–254.

Easton S, Baird D, Baxter G, Cameron N, Hainsworth R, Johnston C, Kerr G, Lyons T, McCabe R, Nichol W, Norriss M, Stewart A, Thom E (1997) Annual and hybrid cultivars in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 59, 239–244.

Easton HS, Baird DB, Cameron NE, Kerr GA, Norriss M, Stewart AV (2001) Perennial ryegrass cultivars: herbage yield in multi-site plot trials. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 63, 183–188.

Easton HS, Amyes JM, Cameron NE, Green RB, Kerr GA, Norriss MG, Stewart AV (2002) Pasture plant breeding in New Zealand: where to from here? Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 64, 173–179.

Easton HS, Thom ER, Bluett SJ, Hume DE, Popay AJ (2007) Endophyte technology for dairy pastures. In ‘Meeting the challenges for pasture-based dairying. Proceedings of the 3rd Australasian Dairy Science Symposium’. (Eds DF Chapman, DA Clark, KL Macmillan, DP Nation) pp. 293–306. (National Dairy Alliance: Melbourne)

Easton HS, Lyons TB, Cooper BM, Mace WJ (2009a) Loline alkaloids for better protection of pastures from insect pests. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 71, 151–154.

Easton HS, Stewart AV, Lyons TB, Parris M, Charrier S (2009b) Soluble carbohydrate content of ryegrass cultivars. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 71, 161–166.

Easton HS, Stewart AV, Kerr GA (2011) Ryegrass in pastures—breeding for resilience. In ‘Pasture Persistence Symposium’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 15. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 139–148. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Hamilton, New Zealand)

Edmeades DC, Wheeler DM (1985) Aluminium toxicity in New Zealand. In ‘Proceedings of a Workshop on Lime in New Zealand Agriculture’. pp. 50–51. (Ruakura Soil and Plant Research Station: Wellington, New Zealand)

Edwards GR, Parsons AJ, Rasmussen S (2007a) High sugar grasses for dairy systems. In ‘Meeting the challenges for pasture-based dairying. Proceedings of the Australasian Dairy Science Symposium’. (Eds DF Chapman, DA Clark, KL Macmillan, DP Nation) pp. 307–334. (National Dairy Alliance: Melbourne)

Edwards GR, Parsons AJ, Rasmussen S, Bryant RH (2007b) High sugar grasses for livestock systems in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 69, 161–171.

Eerens JPJ, Crush JR, Woodward SL, Macdonald KA, Carter WA (2001) Milksolids production from different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars: I Trial design and pasture performance. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 63, 91–96.

Elgersma A (1990) Genetic variation for seed yield in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Plant Breeding 105, 117–125.
| Genetic variation for seed yield in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Faville MJ, Richardson K, Gagic M, Mace W, Sun XZ, Harrison S, Knapp K, Jahufer MZZ, Palanisamy R, Pirlo S, Johnson R, Rasmussen S, Bryan G (2010) Genetic improvement of fibre traits in perennial ryegrass. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 72, 71–78.

Fletcher LR, Harvey IC (1981) An association of a Lolium endophyte with ryegrass staggers. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 29, 185–186.
| An association of a Lolium endophyte with ryegrass staggers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fletcher LR, Sutherland BL, Fletcher CG (1999) The impact of endophyte on the health and productivity of sheep grazing ryegrass-pasture. In ‘Ryegrass endophyte: an essential New Zealand symbiosis’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 7. (Eds DR Woodfield, C Matthew) pp. 11–17. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Napier, New Zealand)

Forde MB, Burgess RE, Halligan EA, Gardiner SE, Latch GCM (1988) Varieties of Italian ryegrass in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 49, 101–106.

Frame J, Boyd AG (1986) Effect of cultivar and seed rate of perennial ryegrass and strategic fertilizer nitrogen on the productivity of grass/white clover swards. Grass and Forage Science 41, 359–366.
| Effect of cultivar and seed rate of perennial ryegrass and strategic fertilizer nitrogen on the productivity of grass/white clover swards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gallagher RT, White EP, Mortimer PH (1981) Ryegrass staggers: Isolation of potent neurotoxins lolitrem A and lolitrem B from staggers producing pastures. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 29, 189–190.
| Ryegrass staggers: Isolation of potent neurotoxins lolitrem A and lolitrem B from staggers producing pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Garwood EA (1967) Seasonal variation in appearance and growth of grass roots. Journal of the British Grassland Society 22, 121–130.
| Seasonal variation in appearance and growth of grass roots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gilliland TJ, Mann RL (2000) Effect of sward cutting management on the relative performance of perennial ryegrass varieties. The Journal of Agricultural Science 135, 113–122.
| Effect of sward cutting management on the relative performance of perennial ryegrass varieties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gilliland TJ, Barrett PD, Mann RL, Agnew RE, Fearon AM (2002) Canopy morphology and nutritional quality traits as potential grazing value indicators for Lolium perenne varieties. The Journal of Agricultural Science 139, 257–273.
| Canopy morphology and nutritional quality traits as potential grazing value indicators for Lolium perenne varieties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gowen N, O’Donovan M, Casey I, Rath M, Delaby L, Stakelum G (2003) The effect of grass cultivars differing in heading date and ploidy on the performance and dry matter intake of spring calving dairy cows at pasture. Animal Research 52, 321–336.
| The effect of grass cultivars differing in heading date and ploidy on the performance and dry matter intake of spring calving dairy cows at pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hageman IW, Lantinga EA, Schlepers H, Neuteboom JH (1993) Herbage intake, digestibility characteristics and milk production of a diploid and two tetraploid cultivars of perennial ryegrass. In ‘Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress’. (Eds MJ Baker, JR Crush, LR Humphreys) pp. 459–460. (NZGA-TGS-NZSAP-ASAP-NZIAS: Palmerston North, New Zealand)

Haling RE, Simpson RJ, Culvenor RA, Lambers H, Richardson AE (2011) Effect of soil acidity, soil strength and macropores on root growth and morphology of perennial grass species differing in acid-soil resistance. Plant, Cell & Environment 34, 444–456.
| Effect of soil acidity, soil strength and macropores on root growth and morphology of perennial grass species differing in acid-soil resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Harris BL, Clark JM, Jackson RG (1996) Derivation of the economic weights for the Breeding Worth, Production Worth and Lactation Worth indices. Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand. Available at: www.aeu.org.nz/page.cfm?id=59&nid=34

Harris SL, Auldist MJ, Clark DA, Jansen EBL (1998) Effects of white clover content in the diet on herbage intake, milk production and milk composition of New Zealand dairy cows housed indoors. The Journal of Dairy Research 65, 389–400.
| Effects of white clover content in the diet on herbage intake, milk production and milk composition of New Zealand dairy cows housed indoors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hodgson J, Brookes IM (2000) Nutrition of grazing animals. In ‘New Zealand pasture and crop science’. (Eds J White, J Hodgson) pp. 117–132. (Oxford University Press: Auckland)

Hoogendoorn CJ, Holmes CW, Chu ACP (1992) Some effects of herbage composition, as influenced by previous grazing management, on milk production by cows grazing on ryegrass/white clover pastures. 2. Milk production in late spring/summer: effects of grazing intensity during the preceding spring period. Grass and Forage Science 47, 316–325.
| Some effects of herbage composition, as influenced by previous grazing management, on milk production by cows grazing on ryegrass/white clover pastures. 2. Milk production in late spring/summer: effects of grazing intensity during the preceding spring period.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hume DE, Ryan DL, Cooper BM, Popay AJ (2007) Agronomic performance of AR37-infected ryegrass in northern New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 69, 201–205.

Hume DE, Cooper BM, Panckhurst KA (2009) The role of endophyte in determining the persistence and productivity of ryegrass, tall fescue and meadow fescue in Northland. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 71, 145–150.

Hume DE, Hickey MJ, Lyons TB, Baird DB (2010) Agronomic performance and water-soluble carbohydrate expression of selected ryegrasses at two locations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 37–57.
| Agronomic performance and water-soluble carbohydrate expression of selected ryegrasses at two locations in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Humphreys MO (1997) The contribution of conventional plant breeding to forage crop improvement. In ‘Proceedings of the XVIII International Grassland Congress’. Calgary, Canada. pp. 8–17.

Humphreys MO (2005) Genetic improvement of forage crops - past, present and future. The Journal of Agricultural Science 143, 441–448.
| Genetic improvement of forage crops - past, present and future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Humphreys MW, Yadav RS, Cairns AJ, Turner LB, Humphreys J, Skot L (2006) A changing climate for grassland research. New Phytologist 169, 9–26.
| A changing climate for grassland research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Humphreys M, Feuerstein U, Vandewalle M, Baert J (2010) Regrasses. In ‘Fodder crops and amenity grasses’. (Eds B Boller, UK Posselt, F Veronesi) pp. 211–260. (Springer Science + Business Media: New York)

Hunt WF, Easton HS (1989) Fifty years of ryegrass research in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 50, 11–23.

Inoué T, Brookes IM, John A, Hunt WF, Barry TN (1994a) Effects of leaf shear breaking load on the feeding value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for sheep. I. Effects on leaf anatomy and morphology. The Journal of Agricultural Science 123, 129–136.
| Effects of leaf shear breaking load on the feeding value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for sheep. I. Effects on leaf anatomy and morphology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Inoué T, Brookes IM, John A, Kolver ES, Barry TN (1994b) Effects of leaf shear breaking load on the feeding value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for sheep. II. Effects on feed intake, particle breakdown, rumen digesta outflow and animal performance. The Journal of Agricultural Science 123, 137–147.
| Effects of leaf shear breaking load on the feeding value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for sheep. II. Effects on feed intake, particle breakdown, rumen digesta outflow and animal performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jensen JG, Popay AJ, Tapper BA (2009) Argentine stem weevil adults are affected by meadow fescue endophyte and its loline alkaloids. New Zealand Plant Protection 62, 12–18.

Jewiss OR (1966) Morphological and physiological aspects of growth of grasses during the vegetative phase. In ‘The growth of cereals and grasses’. (Eds FL Milthorpe, JD Ivins) pp. 39–54. (Butterworths: London)

Jung GA, Van Wijk AJP, Hunt WF, Watson CE (1996) Ryegrasses. In ‘Cool-season forage gresses’. (Eds EL Moser, DR Buxton, MD Casler) pp. 605–642. (American Society of Agronomy Inc./Crop Science Society of America Inc./Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)

Kerr GA (1987) Evaluation of four perennial ryegrass cultivars in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 48, 137–141.

Khaembah EA (2009) Leaf Rubisco turnover variation in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) population: Analysis of quantitative trait loci, implications for productivity, and potential for manipulation. PhD Thesis, Massey University, New Zealand.

Kimbeng CA (1999) Genetic basis of crown rust resistance in perennial ryegrass, breeding strategies, and genetic variation among pathogen populations: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 361–378.
| Genetic basis of crown rust resistance in perennial ryegrass, breeding strategies, and genetic variation among pathogen populations: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kolliker R, Rosellini D, Wang ZY (2010) Development and application of biotechnological and molecular genetic tools. In ‘Fodder crops and amenity grasses’. (Eds B Boller, UK Posselt, F Veronesi) pp. 89–113. (Springer Science + Business Media: New York)

Kolver ES, Muller LD (1998) Performance and nutrient intake of high producing Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 1403–1411.
| Performance and nutrient intake of high producing Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kolver ES, Muller LD, Barry MC, Penno JW (1998) Evaluation and application of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for dairy cows fed diets based on pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 2029–2039.
| Evaluation and application of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for dairy cows fed diets based on pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Koornneef M, Stam P (2001) Changing paradigms in plant breeding. Plant Physiology 125, 156–159.
| Changing paradigms in plant breeding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Korte CJ (1986) Tillering in ‘Grasslands Nui’ perennial ryegrass swards. 2. Seasonal pattern of tillering and age of flowering tillers with two mowing frequencies. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 29, 629–638.
| Tillering in ‘Grasslands Nui’ perennial ryegrass swards. 2. Seasonal pattern of tillering and age of flowering tillers with two mowing frequencies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

L’Huillier PJ, Aislabie DW (1988) Natural reseeding in perennial ryegrass/white clover dairy pastures. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 49, 111–115.

Laidlaw A, Reed K (1993) Plant improvement: the evaluation and extension process. In ‘Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress’. pp. 385–392. (NZGA-TGS-NZSAP-ASAP-NZIAS: Palmerston North, New Zealand)

Lancashire JA (2006) The importance of exotic germplasm to the New Zealand livestock industry. In ‘Advances in Pasture Breeding. Papers from the 13th Australasian Plant Breeding Conference’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 12. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 5–9. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Christchurch, New Zealand)

Lancashire JA, Ulyatt MJ (1975) Live-weight gains of sheep grazing ryegrass pastures with different cellulose contents. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 18, 97–100.
| Live-weight gains of sheep grazing ryegrass pastures with different cellulose contents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lancashire JA, Wilson D, Bailey RW, Ulyatt MJ, Singh P (1977) Improved summer performance of a ‘low cellulose’ selection from ‘Grassland Ariki’ hybrid perennial ryegrass. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 63–67.
| Improved summer performance of a ‘low cellulose’ selection from ‘Grassland Ariki’ hybrid perennial ryegrass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Langer RHM (1958) Changes in the tiller population of grass swards. Nature 182, 1817–1818.
| Changes in the tiller population of grass swards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Langer RHM (1963) Tillering in herbage grasses. Herbage Abstracts 33, 141–148.

Lemaire G, Chapman D (1996) Tissue flows in grazed plant communities. In ‘The ecology and management of grazing systems’. (Eds J Hodgson, AW Illius) pp. 3–36. (CAB International: Oxon)

Ludlow MM (1989) Strategies of response to water stress. In ‘Structural and functional responses to environmental stresses’. (Eds KH Kreeb, H Richter, TM Hinckley) pp. 269–281. (SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague, The Netherlands)

Macdonald KA, Verkerk GA, Thorrold BS, Pryce JE, Penno JW, McNaughton LR, Burton LJ, Lancaster JAS, Williamson JH, Holmes CW (2008) A comparison of three strains of Holstein-Friesian grazed on pasture and managed under different feed allowances. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1693–1707.
| A comparison of three strains of Holstein-Friesian grazed on pasture and managed under different feed allowances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mackinnon BW, Easton HS, Barry TN, Sedcole JR (1988) The effect of reduced leaf shear strength on the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. The Journal of Agricultural Science 111, 469–474.
| The effect of reduced leaf shear strength on the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Matthew C, Kemball WD (1997) Allocation of carbon-14 to roots of different ages in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). In ‘Proceedings of the XVIII International Grassland Congress’. Winnipeg, Canada. pp. 1–2 (Section 7).

Matthew C, Black CK, Butler BM (1993) Tiller dynamics of perennation in three herbage grasses. In ‘Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress’. pp. 141–143. (NZGA-TGS-NZSAP-ASAP-NZIAS: Palmerston North, New Zealand)

Matthew C, Lemaire G, Sackville Hamilton NR, Hernandez Garay A (1995) A modified self-thinning equation to describe size/density relationships for defoliated swards. Annals of Botany 76, 579–587.
| A modified self-thinning equation to describe size/density relationships for defoliated swards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Matthew C, Van Loo EN, Thom ER, Dawson LA, Care DA (2001) Understanding shoot and root development. In ‘Proceedings of the XIX International Grassland Congress’. São Paulo, Brazil. (Eds JA Gomide, WRS Mattos, SC da Silva, AMC Filho) pp. 19–27.

Mattner SW (1998) The impact of crown rust on interference between perennial ryegrass and white clover. PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne, Vic., Australia.

Mattner SW, Parberry DG (2001) Rust-enhanced allelopathy of perennial ryegrass against white clover. Agronomy Journal 93, 54–59.
| Rust-enhanced allelopathy of perennial ryegrass against white clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McClain EF (1982) Effects of generation and method of synthesis on performance of orchardgrass cultivars. Crop Science 22, 1129–1133.
| Effects of generation and method of synthesis on performance of orchardgrass cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McEvoy M, O’Donovan M, Shalloo L (2009) Evaluating the economic performance of grass varieties. In ‘Teagasc National Dairy Conference’. pp. 79–85. (Teagasc, Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre: Moorepark, Cork, Ireland)

McEvoy M, O’Donovan M, Shalloo L (2011) Development and application of an economic ranking index for perennial ryegrass cultivars. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 1627–1639.
| Development and application of an economic ranking index for perennial ryegrass cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mercer CF (Ed.) (2011) ‘Proceedings of the Pasture Persistence Symposium’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 15. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Hamilton, New Zealand)

Miller LA, Theodorou MK, MacRae JC, Evans RT, Humphreys MO, Scollan ND, Moorby JM (2000) Efficiency of nitrogen use by dairy cows offered perennial ryegrass with high water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations. In ‘Proceedings of the 6th Research Conference of the British Grassland Society’. pp. 37–38. (British Grassland Society: Aberdeen)

Miller LA, Baker DH, Theodorou MK, MacRae JC, Humphreys MO, Scollan ND, Moorby JM (2001a) Efficiency of nitrogen use in dairy cows grazing ryegrass with different water soluble carbohydrate concentrations. In ‘Grassland Ecosystems: An Outlook into the 21st Century. Proceedings of the International Grasslands Congress’. Sao Paulo, Brazil. (Eds JA Gomide, WRS Mattos, S Carneiro da Silva) pp. 377–378.

Miller LA, Moorby JM, Davies DR, Humphreys MO, Scollan ND, MacRae JC, Theodorou MK (2001b) Increased concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): milk production from late-lactation dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science 56, 383–394.
| Increased concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): milk production from late-lactation dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moller SN, Parker WJ, Edwards NJ (1996) Within-year variation in pasture quality has implications for dairy cow nutrition. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 57, 173–177.

Moorby JM, Evans RT, Scollan ND, MacRae JC, Theodorou MK (2006) Increased concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Evaluation in dairy cows in early lactation. Grass and Forage Science 61, 52–59.
| Increased concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Evaluation in dairy cows in early lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mortimer PH, Fletcher LR, Di Menna ME, Harvey IC, Smith GS, Barker GM, Gallagher RT, White EP (1982) Recent advances in ryegrass staggers. In ‘Proceedings of the Ruakura Dairy Farmers’ Conference’. Hamilton, New Zealand. pp. 71–74. (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries)

Munro JMM, Davies DA, Evans WB, Scurlock RV (1992) Animal production evaluation of herbage varieties. 1. Comparison of Aurora with Frances, Talbot and Melle perennial ryegrasses when grown alone and with clover. Grass and Forage Science 47, 259–273.
| Animal production evaluation of herbage varieties. 1. Comparison of Aurora with Frances, Talbot and Melle perennial ryegrasses when grown alone and with clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Muylle H, Baert J, Van Bockstaele E, Moerkerke B, Goetghebeur E, Roldán-Ruiz I (2005a) Identification of molecular markers linked with crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) resistance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) using AFLP markers and a bulked segregant approach. Euphytica 143, 135–144.
| Identification of molecular markers linked with crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) resistance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) using AFLP markers and a bulked segregant approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Muylle H, Baert J, Van Bockstaele E, Pertijs J, Roldan-Ruiz I (2005b) Four QTLs determine crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) resistance in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) population. Heredity 95, 348–357.
| Four QTLs determine crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) resistance in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nie ZN, Norton MR (2009) Stress tolerance and persistence of perennial grasses: the role of the summer dormancy trait in temperate Australia. Crop Science 49, 2405–2411.
| Stress tolerance and persistence of perennial grasses: the role of the summer dormancy trait in temperate Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

NIWA (2011) Scenarios of regional drought under climate change. A report prepared for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand.

NZPBRA (2010) National Forage Variety Trials. Data summaries: Perennial ryegrass 1991–2009. New Zealand Plant Breeding and Research Association, Christchurch.

O’Donovan M, Delaby L (2005) A comparison of perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in heading date and grass ploidy with spring calving dairy cows grazed at two different stocking rates. Animal Research 54, 337–350.
| A comparison of perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in heading date and grass ploidy with spring calving dairy cows grazed at two different stocking rates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

O’Donovan M, Hennessy D (Eds) (2010) ‘Grasses for the future. Perennial ryegrasses: current and future genetic potential.’ (Teagasc, Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre: Moorepark, Cork, Ireland)

O’Donovan M, Lewis E, Boland T, O’Kiely P (2010) Requirements of future grass based ruminant production systems in Ireland. In ‘Grasses for the future. Perennial ryegrasses: current and future genetic potential’. (Eds M O’Donovan, D Hennessy) pp. 11–42. (Teagasc, Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre: Moorepark, Cork, Ireland)

Orr RJ, Martyn TM, Clements RO (2001) Evaluation of perennial ryegrass varieties under frequent cutting or continuous stocking with sheep. Plant Varieties and Seeds 14, 181–199.

Parga J, Peyraud J, Delagarde R (2000) Effect of the sward structure and herbage allowance on herbage intake and digestion by strip-grazing dairy cows. In ‘Grazing management: the principles and practice of grazing for profit and environmental gain within temperate grassland systems. Proceedings of Occasional Symposium No. 34’. (Eds AJ Rooke, PD Penning) pp. 61–66. (British Grassland Society: Harrogate)

Parsons AJ, Edwards GR, Newton PCD, Chapman DF, Caradus JR, Rasmussen S, Rowarth JS (2011) Past lessons and future prospects: plant breeding for yield and persistence in cool-temperate pastures. Grass and Forage Science 66, 153–172.
| Past lessons and future prospects: plant breeding for yield and persistence in cool-temperate pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Patchett BJ, Chapman RB, Fletcher LR, Gooneratne SR (2008) Root loline concentration in endophyte-infected meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) is increased by grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) attack. New Zealand Plant Protection 61, 121–126.

Pennell CGL, Easton HS, Goold GJ, Hay RJM, Hickey MJ, Hoglund JH, Lyons TB, McCallum DA, Paewai HRT, Stevens DR, Thomson NA, Woods PW (1990) ‘Grasslands Pacific’ perennial ryegrass: performance at several sites. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 52, 151–155.

Popay AJ, Crush JR (2010) Influence of different forage grasses on nitrate capture and leaching loss from a pumice soil. Grass and Forage Science 65, 28–37.
| Influence of different forage grasses on nitrate capture and leaching loss from a pumice soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Popay AJ, Hume DE (2011) Endophytes improve ryegrass persistence by controlling insects. In ‘Pasture Persistence Symposium’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 15. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 149–156. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Hamilton, New Zealand)

Popay AJ, Lane GA (2000) The effect of crude extracts containing loline alkaloids on two New Zealand insect pests. In ‘The Grassland Conference 2000—4th International Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions Symposium’. Universität-Gesamthochschule Paderborn, Germany. (Eds VH Paul, PD Dapprich) pp. 471–475. (Abteilung: Soest)

Popay AJ, Thom ER (2009) Endophyte effects on major insect pests in Waikato dairy pasture. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 71, 121–126.

Popay AJ, Hume DE, Mainland RA, Saunders CJ (1995) Field resistance to Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) in different ryegrass cultivars infected with an endophyte deficient in lolitrem B. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 38, 519–528.
| Field resistance to Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) in different ryegrass cultivars infected with an endophyte deficient in lolitrem B.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Popay AJ, Hume DE, Baltus JG, Latch GCM, Tapper BA, Lyons TB, Cooper BM, Pennell CG, Eerens JPJ, Marshall SL (1999) Field performance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with toxin-free fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium spp.). In ‘Ryegrass endophyte: an essential New Zealand symbiosis’. Grasslands Research and Practice Series No. 7. (Eds DR Woodfield, C Matthew) pp. 113–122. (NZGA)

Popay AJ, Townsend RJ, Fletcher LR (2003) The effect of endophyte (Neotyphodium uncinatum) in meadow fescue on grass grub larvae. New Zealand Plant Protection 56, 123–128.

Poppi DP, Hughes TP, L’Huillier PJ (1987) Intake of pasture by grazing ruminants. In ‘Livestock feeding on pasture’. Occasional Publication No. 10. (Ed. AM Nicol) pp. 55–74. (New Zealand Society of Animal Production: Hamilton, New Zealand)

Prestidge RA (1993) Causes and control of perennial ryegrass staggers in New Zealand. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 44, 283–300.
| Causes and control of perennial ryegrass staggers in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Prestidge RA, Pottinger RP, Barker GM (1982) An association of Lolium endophyte with ryegrass resistance to Argentine stem weevil. In ‘Proceedings of the 35th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference’. pp. 119–122.

Ran Y, Ramage C, Felitti S, Emmerling M, Chalmers J, Cummings N, Petrovska N, Mouradov A, Spangenberg G (2007) Ryegrasses. In ‘Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry’. Vol. 61. (Eds EC Pua, MR Davey) pp. 373–395. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin)

Reed KFM (1994) Improved grass cultivars increase milk and meat production: A review. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37, 277–286.
| Improved grass cultivars increase milk and meat production: A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rennie GM, King W, Bell NL, Eden TM (2011) Delivering endophyte benefits on-farm: pasture renewal success and effects on pest invertebrates. In ‘Pasture Persistence Symposium.’ Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 15. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 223–227. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Hamilton, New Zealand)

Rhodes I, Glendining MJ, Collins RP (1987) The basis of compatibility in white clover/ryegrass mixtures. In ‘Proceedings of EEC Workshop on Pasture Improvement’. (Ed. LMG Gelabert) pp. 15–20. (Commission of the European Communities: Luxembourg)

Robin AHK, Matthew C, Crush JR (2010) Time course of root initiation and development in perennial ryegrass – a new perspective. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 72, 233–240.

Robson MJ, Stern WR, Davidson IA (1983) Yielding ability in pure swards and mixtures of lines of perennial ryegrass with contrasting rates of ‘mature tissue’ respiration. In ‘Efficient grassland farming. British Grassland Society Occasional Symposium No. 14’. (Ed. AJ Corrall) pp. 291–292. (British Grassland Society: Reading)

Robson MJ, Ryle GJA, Woledge J (1988) The grass plant – its form and function. In ‘The grass crop: the physiological basis of production’. (Eds MB Jones, A Lazenby) pp. 25–83. (Chapman & Hall: London)

Roche JR, Turner LR, Lee JM, Edmeades DC, Donaghy DJ, Macdonald KA, Penno JW, Berry DP (2009) Weather, herbage quality and milk production in pastoral systems. 2. Temporal patterns and intra-relationships in herbage quality and mineral concentration parameters. Animal Production Science 49, 200–210.
| Weather, herbage quality and milk production in pastoral systems. 2. Temporal patterns and intra-relationships in herbage quality and mineral concentration parameters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rumball PJ (1983) Pasture plant breeding in New Zealand. In ‘Plant breeding in New Zealand’. (Eds GS Wratt, HC Smith) pp. 215–220. (Butterworths of New Zealand Ltd: Wellington)

Sampoux JP, Métral R, Ghesquière M, Baudouin P, Bayle B, Béguier V, Bourdon P, Chosson JF, Bruijn K, Deneufbourg F, Galbrun C, Pietraszek W, Tharel B, Viguié A (2010) Genetic improvement in ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from turf and forage breeding over the four past decades. In ‘Sustainable use of genetic diversity in forage and turf breeding’. pp. 325–330. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)

Sampoux JP, Baudouin P, Bayle B, Béguier V, Bourdon P, Chosson JF, Deneufbourg F, Galbrun C, Ghesquière M, Noël D, Pietraszek W, Tharel B, Viguié A (2011) Breeding perennial grasses for forage usage: An experimental assessment of trait changes in diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars released in the last four decades. Field Crops Research 123, 117–129.
| Breeding perennial grasses for forage usage: An experimental assessment of trait changes in diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars released in the last four decades.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sanderson MA, Elwinger GF (1999) Grass species and cultivar effects on establishment of grass-white clover mixtures. Agronomy Journal 91, 889–897.
| Grass species and cultivar effects on establishment of grass-white clover mixtures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sartie AM (2006) Phenotypic assessment and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of herbage and seed production traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). PhD Thesis, Massey University, New Zealand.

Sartie AM, Matthew C, Easton HS, Faville MJ (2011) Phenotypic and QTL analyses of herbage-production related traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Euphytica 182, 295–315.
| Phenotypic and QTL analyses of herbage-production related traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schejbel B, Jensen LB, Xing Y, Lübberstedt T (2007) QTL analysis of crown rust resistance in perennial ryegrass under conditions of natural and artificial infection. Plant Breeding 126, 347–352.
| QTL analysis of crown rust resistance in perennial ryegrass under conditions of natural and artificial infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schwinning S, Parsons A (1996) Analysis of the coexistence mechanisms for grasses and legumes in grazing systems. Journal of Ecology 84, 799–813.
| Analysis of the coexistence mechanisms for grasses and legumes in grazing systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Silsbury JH (1961) A study of dormancy, survival and other characteristics in Lolium perenne L. at Adelaide, S.A. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 12, 1–9.
| A study of dormancy, survival and other characteristics in Lolium perenne L. at Adelaide, S.A.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Silsbury JH (1964) Tiller dynamics, growth, and persistency of Lolium perenne L. and of Lolium rigidum Gaud. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 9–20.
| Tiller dynamics, growth, and persistency of Lolium perenne L. and of Lolium rigidum Gaud.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sim S, Diesburg K, Casler M, Jung G (2007) Mapping and comparative analysis of QTL for crown rust resistance in an Italian × perennial ryegrass population. Phytopathology 97, 767–776.
| Mapping and comparative analysis of QTL for crown rust resistance in an Italian × perennial ryegrass population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Skinner RH, Nelson CJ (1994) Role of leaf appearance rate and the coleoptile tiller in regulating tiller production. Crop Science 34, 71–75.
| Role of leaf appearance rate and the coleoptile tiller in regulating tiller production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smith KF, Reed KFM, Foot JZ (1997) An assessment of the relative importance of specific traits for the genetic improvement of nutritive value in dairy pasture. Grass and Forage Science 52, 167–175.
| An assessment of the relative importance of specific traits for the genetic improvement of nutritive value in dairy pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stewart AV (2006) Genetic origins of New Zealand perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars. In ‘Advances in Pasture Breeding. Papers from the 13th Australasian Plant Breeding Conference’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 12. (Ed. CF Mercer) pp. 55–61. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Christchurch, New Zealand)

Stewart A, Hayes R (2010) Ryegrass breeding—balancing trait priorities. In ‘Grasses for the future. Perennial ryegrasses: Current and future genetic potential’. (Eds M O’Donovan, D Hennessy) pp. 53–68. (Teagasc, Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre: Moorepark, Cork, Ireland)

Sutherland BL, Hoglund JH (1989) Effect of ryegrass containing the endophyte (Acremonium lolii), on the performance of associated white clover and subsequent crops. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 50, 265–269.

Tas BM, Taweel HZ, Smit HJ, Elgersma A, Dijkstra J, Tamminga S (2005) Effects of perennial ryegrass cultivars on intake, digestibility, and milk yield in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 3240–3248.
| Effects of perennial ryegrass cultivars on intake, digestibility, and milk yield in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tas BM, Taweel HZ, Smit HJ, Elgersma A, Dijkstra J, Tamminga S (2006a) Effects of perennial ryegrass cultivars on milk yield and nitrogen utilization in grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 3494–3500.
| Effects of perennial ryegrass cultivars on milk yield and nitrogen utilization in grazing dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tas BM, Taweel HZ, Smit HJ, Elgersma A, Dijkstra J, Tamminga S (2006b) Utilisation of N in perennial ryegrass cultivars by stall-fed lactating dairy cows. Livestock Science 100, 159–168.
| Utilisation of N in perennial ryegrass cultivars by stall-fed lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Taweel HZ, Tas BM, Smit HJ, Elgersma A, Dijkstra J, Tamminga S (2005) Effects of feeding perennial ryegrass with an elevated concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates on intake, rumen function and performance of dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 121, 243–256.
| Effects of feeding perennial ryegrass with an elevated concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates on intake, rumen function and performance of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thom ER (2010) AR37 endophyte research—project comes to a close. In ‘InsideDairy February 2010’. pp. 6–9. (DairyNZ: Hamilton, New Zealand)

Thom ER, Waugh CD, McCabe RJ (1998) Growth and persistence of perennial and hybrid ryegrasses when grazed by dairy cows in the central Waikato region of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 477–486.
| Growth and persistence of perennial and hybrid ryegrasses when grazed by dairy cows in the central Waikato region of New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thom ER, Clark DA, Waugh CD (1999) Endophyte and dairy production in New Zealand: experience at the Dairying Research Corporation. In ‘Ryegrass endophyte: an essential New Zealand symbiosis’. Grassland Research and Practice Series No. 7. (Eds DR Woodfield, C Matthew) pp. 39–44. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Napier, New Zealand)

Thom ER, Burggraaf VT, Watts RJ, Hooper RJ (2003) Relationship of tillering and morphological characteristics of two perennial ryegrass lines to “pulling” when grazed by dairy cows. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 15–25.
| Relationship of tillering and morphological characteristics of two perennial ryegrass lines to “pulling” when grazed by dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thom ER, Waugh CD, Minnee EMK (2010) Dairy cow responses to the wild-type endophyte in perennial ryegrass. In ‘Meeting the challenges for pasture-based dairying. Proceedings of the 4th Australasian Dairy Science Symposium’. Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand. (Eds GR Edwards, RH Bryant) pp. 370–375.

Troughton A (1951) Studies on the roots and storage organs of herbage plants. Journal of the British Grassland Society 6, 197–206.
| Studies on the roots and storage organs of herbage plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Turner NC (1986) Crop water deficits: A decade of progress. In ‘Advances in agronomy’. pp. 1–51. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA)

Ummenhofer CC, Sen Gupta A, England MH (2009) Causes of late twentieth-century trends in New Zealand precipitation. Journal of Climate 22, 3–19.
| Causes of late twentieth-century trends in New Zealand precipitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Van Loo EN (1993) On the relation between tillering, leaf area dynamics and growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.

Van Loo EN, Dolstra O, Humphreys MO, Wolters L, Luessink W, De Riek J, Bark N (2003) Lower nitrogen losses through marker assisted selection for nitrogen use efficiency and feeding value in ryegrass (NIMGRASS). Vortrage für Pflanzenzuchtung 59, 270–279.

Van Wijk A, Reheul D (1991) Achievements in fodder crops breeding in maritime Europe. In ‘Fodder crops breeding: achievements, novel strategies and biotechnology. Proceedings of the 16th Eucarpia Fodder Crops Section Meeting’. Pudoc, Wageningen. (Eds APM den Nijs, A Elgersma) pp. 13–18. (Pudoc: Wageningen)

van Zijll de Jong E, Dobrowolski MP, Sandford A, Smith KF, Willocks MJ, Spangenberg GC, Forster JW (2008) Detection and characterisation of novel fungal endophyte genotypic variation in cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 214–221.
| Detection and characterisation of novel fungal endophyte genotypic variation in cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Veronesi F (1991) Achievements in fodder crop breeding in Mediterranean Europe. In ‘Fodder crops breeding: achievements, novel strategies and biotechnology. Proceedings of the 16th Eucarpia Fodder Crops Section Meeting’. Wageningen, The Netherlands. (Eds APM den Nijs, A Elgersma) pp. 25–30. (Pudoc: Wageningen)

Volaire F, Thomas H, Lelievre F (1998) Survival and recovery of perennial forage grasses under prolonged Mediterranean drought: I. Growth, death, water relations and solute content in herbage and stubble. New Phytologist 140, 439–449.
| Survival and recovery of perennial forage grasses under prolonged Mediterranean drought: I. Growth, death, water relations and solute content in herbage and stubble.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Waller RA, Sale PWG (2001) Persistence and productivity of perennial ryegrass in sheep pastures in south-western Victoria: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 117–144.
| Persistence and productivity of perennial ryegrass in sheep pastures in south-western Victoria: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Waller RA, Quigley PE, Saul GR, Sale PWG, Kearney GA (1999) Tactical versus continuous stocking for persistence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in pastures grazed by sheep in south-western Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 265–274.
| Tactical versus continuous stocking for persistence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in pastures grazed by sheep in south-western Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wheeler DM, O’Connor MB (1998) Why do pastures respond to lime? Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 60, 57–61.

Wheeler DM, Edmeades DC, Smith DR, Wedderburn ME (1992) Screening perennial ryegrass from New Zealand for aluminium tolerance. Plant and Soil 146, 9–19.
| Screening perennial ryegrass from New Zealand for aluminium tolerance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilkins PW, Rognli OA (2002) Dry matter yield, herbage quality and persistency of equivalent populations of perennial ryegrass with and without reduced flowering. Plant Breeding 121, 425–428.
| Dry matter yield, herbage quality and persistency of equivalent populations of perennial ryegrass with and without reduced flowering.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilkins PW, Macduff JH, Raistrick N, Collison M (1997) Varietal differences in perennial ryegrass for nitrogen use efficiency in leaf growth following defoliation: performance in flowing solution culture and its relationship to yield under simulated grazing in the field. Euphytica 98, 109–119.
| Varietal differences in perennial ryegrass for nitrogen use efficiency in leaf growth following defoliation: performance in flowing solution culture and its relationship to yield under simulated grazing in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilkins PW, Allen DK, Mytton LR (2000) Differences in the nitrogen use efficiency of perennial ryegrass varieties under simulated rotational grazing and their effects on nitrogen recovery and herbage nitrogen content. Grass and Forage Science 55, 69–76.
| Differences in the nitrogen use efficiency of perennial ryegrass varieties under simulated rotational grazing and their effects on nitrogen recovery and herbage nitrogen content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Williams WM, Easton HS, Jones CS (2007) Future options and targets for pasture plant breeding in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 223–248.
| Future options and targets for pasture plant breeding in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilson D (1965) Nutritive value and the genetic relationships of cellulose content and leaf tensile strength in Lolium. The Journal of Agricultural Science 65, 285–292.
| Nutritive value and the genetic relationships of cellulose content and leaf tensile strength in Lolium.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilson D, Jones JG (1982) Effect of selection for dark respiration rate of mature leaves on crop yields of Lolium perenne cv. S23. Annals of Botany 49, 313–320.

Woodfield DR (1999) Genetic improvements in New Zealand forage cultivars. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 61, 3–7.

Woodfield DR, Caradus JR (1994) Genetic improvement in white clover representing six decades of plant breeding. Crop Science 34, 1205–1213.
| Genetic improvement in white clover representing six decades of plant breeding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Woodfield DR, Easton HS (2004) Advances in pasture plant breeding for animal productivity and health. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 300–310.
| Advances in pasture plant breeding for animal productivity and health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Woodward SL, MacDonald KA, Carter WA, Eerens JPJ, Crush JR (2001) Milksolids production from different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars: II Milksolids production and farm profitability. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 63, 97–102.

Yamada T, Forster JW, Humphreys MW, Takamizo T (2005) Genetics and molecular breeding in Lolium/Festuca grass species complex. Grassland Science 51, 89–106.
| Genetics and molecular breeding in Lolium/Festuca grass species complex.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Zhou Y, Lambrides C, Kearns R, Ye C, Cao N, Fukai S (2009) Selecting for drought tolerance among Australian green couch grasses (Cynodon spp.). Crop and Pasture Science 60, 1175–1183.
| Selecting for drought tolerance among Australian green couch grasses (Cynodon spp.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |