Register      Login
Crop and Pasture Science Crop and Pasture Science Society
Plant sciences, sustainable farming systems and food quality
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > CP > CP08130
REVIEW
Contents Vol 60(5)

Weed management in wide‐row cropping systems: a review of current practices and risks for Australian farming systems

S. C. Peltzer A I , A. Hashem B , V. A. Osten C , M. L. Gupta D , A. J. Diggle E , G. P. Riethmuller F , A. Douglas G , J. M. Moore A and E. A. Koetz H
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 444 Albany Highway, Albany, WA 6330, Australia.

B Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, PO Box 484, Northam, WA 6401, Australia.

C Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, LMB 6 Emerald, Qld 4720, Australia.

D School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.

E Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Locked Bag 4, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia.

F Dryland Institute, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Great Eastern Highway, Merredin, WA 6415, Australia.

G Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 10 Dore St, Katanning, WA 6317, Australia.

H EH Graham Centre, NSW DPI, Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.

I Corresponding author. Email: speltzer@agric.wa.gov.au

Crop and Pasture Science 60(5) 395-406 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP08130
Submitted: 18 April 2008  Accepted: 6 March 2009   Published: 14 May 2009

Abstract

Growing agricultural crops in wide row spacings has been widely adopted to conserve water, to control pests and diseases, and to minimise problems associated with sowing into stubble. The development of herbicide resistance combined with the advent of precision agriculture has resulted in a further reason for wide row spacings to be adopted: weed control. Increased row spacing enables two different methods of weed control to be implemented with non-selective chemical and physical control methods utilised in the wide inter-row zone, with or without selective chemicals used on the on-row only. However, continual application of herbicides and tillage on the inter-row zone brings risks of herbicide resistance, species shifts and/or changes in species dominance, crop damage, increased costs, yield losses, and more expensive weed management technology.


Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the CRC for Weed Management. Thanks to Steve Walker for his constructive comments on the manuscript. An abbreviated version of this paper was presented at the 16th Australian Weeds Conference in Cairns, Australia, in May 2008.


References


Abu-Hamdeh NH (2003) Effect of weed control and tillage system on net returns from bean and barley production in Jordan. Canadian Biosystems Engineering 45, 223–228. open url image1

Aldrich RJ , Kremer RJ (1997) ‘Principles in weed management.’ (Iowa State University Press: Ames, IA)

Allmaras RR, Dowdy RH (1985) Conservation tillage systems and their adoption in the United States. Soil & Tillage Research 5, 197–222.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Amador-Ramirez MD, Wilson RG, Martin AR (2001) Weed control and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) response to in-row cultivation, rotary hoeing and herbicides. Weed Technology 15, 429–436.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Amjad M , Green AHS , Riethmuller GP , Jarvis RJ (1996) Effects of a range of seeding systems on lupin establishment and yield under minimum soil disturbance and maximum stubble retention conditions in Western Australia. In ‘Engineering in agriculture and food processing’. Gatton, Qld. p. SEAg 96/025. (University of Queensland: Brisbane)

Anderson WK, Barclay J (1991) Evidence for differences between three wheat cultivars in yield response to plant population. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, 701–713.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Anderson WK , Garlinge JR (2000) ‘The wheat book – principles and practice.’ (Agriculture Western Australia: Perth, W. Aust.)

APVMA (2007) Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. Available at: www.apvma.gov.au

Baumann DT, Slembrouck I (1994) Mechanical and integrated weed control systems in row crops. Acta Horticulturae 372, 245–251. open url image1

Beech DF, Leach GJ (1989) Effect of plant density and row spacing on the yield of chickpea (cv. Tyson) grown on the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 241–246.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Belfield S , Serafin L , McCaffery D (2006) Sunflower: NSW planting guide 2006–2007. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW.

Blackshaw RE (2005) Tillage intensity affects weed communities in agroecosystems. In ‘Invasive plants: ecological and agricultural aspects’. (Ed. Inderjit) pp. 209–221. (Birkhäuser: Basel, Switzerland)

Blackshaw RE, Molnar LJ (2004) Nitrogen fertiliser timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Weed Science 52, 614–622.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Blackshaw RE, Molnar LJ, Larney FJ (2005) Fertiliser, manure and compost effects on weed growth and competition with winter wheat in western Canada. Crop Protection 24, 971–980.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Blackshaw RR, Larney FO, Lindwall CW, Kozub GC (1994) Crop rotation and tillage effects on weed populations on the semi-arid Canadian prairies. Weed Technology 8, 231–237. open url image1

Bond W, Grundy C (2001) Non-chemical weed management in organic farming. Weed Research 41, 383–405.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Bromet N (2006) Weed management using GPS steering. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, Australia.

Brown RB , Bennett K , Goudy H , Tardif F (2000) Site-specific weed management with a direct-injection precision sprayer. In ‘Proceedings of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers’. St. Joseph, Michigan. (ASAE)

Buhler DD, Doll JD, Proost RT, Visocky MR (1995) Integrating mechanical weeding with reduced herbicide use in conservation tillage corn production systems. Agronomy Journal 87, 507–512.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Burgis M (2002) Comparing new herbicide options using shielded sprayers. In ‘The Australian cotton grower’. p. 20. (Greenmount Press)

Burnside O (1998) Mechanical and chemical weed control systems for kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Weed Technology 12, 174–178. open url image1

Bwye AM, Jones RAC, Proudlove W (1999) Effects of different cultural practices on spread of cucumber mosaic virus in narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 985–996.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Cardina J, Johnson GA, Sparrow DH (1997) The nature and consequences of weed spatial distribution. Weed Science 45, 364–373.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Carter MR (1994) A review of conservation tillage strategies for humid temperate regions. Soil & Tillage Research 31, 289–301.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Cochran VL, Morrow LA, Schirman RD (1990) The effect of N placement on grass weeds and winter wheat responses in three tillage systems. Soil & Tillage Research 18, 347–355.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Collins M , Roche J (2002) Weed control in lupins using a new spray shield and other row crop techniques. In ‘Weeds threats now and forever. Proceedings of the 13th Australian Weeds Conference’. Perth, W. Aust. (Eds H Spafford Jacob, J Dodd, JH Moore) pp. 484–487. (Plant Protection Society of Western Australia: Perth, WA)

Collins R, Reid D, Cox H (2006) Matching sorghum rows to rainfall outlook. Australian Farm Journal 16(2), 37–38. open url image1

Crabtree B , Fosbery G , Roe A , Collins M , Beckett M (2002) Lupin wider row spacing data and observations. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. p. 9. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, W. Aust.)

Culpepper AS (2006) Glyphosate-induced weed shifts. Weed Technology 20, 277–281.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Dalley CD, Kells JJ, Renner KA (2004) Effect of glyphosate timing and row spacing on corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) yields. Weed Technology 18, 165–176.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Donald CM (1963) Competition among crop and pasture plants. Advances in Agronomy 15, 1–118.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Donald WW (2000) Alternative ways to control weeds between rows in weeded check plots in corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology 14, 36–44.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Donald WW, Kitchen NR, Sudduth KA (2001) Between row mowing and banding of herbicide to control annual weeds and reduce herbicide use in no till soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 15, 576–584.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Egley GH (1986) Simulation of weed seed germination in soil. Reviews of Weed Science 2, 67–89.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Felton WL , Doss AF , Nash PG , McCloy KR (1991) A micro-processor controlled technology to selectively spot spray weeds. In ‘Symposium on Automated Agriculture for the 21st Century’. pp. 427–432. (American Society of Agricultural Engineers: St. Joseph, MI)

Felton WL , Haigh BM , Harden S (2004) Comparing weed competition in chickpea, fababean, canola and wheat. In ‘Proceedings 14th Australian Weed Conference’. pp. 304–307. (Weed Society of New South Wales: Wagga Wagga, NSW)

Felton WL , Marcellos H , Murison RD (1996) The effect of row spacing and seeding rate on chickpea yield in northern New South Wales. In ‘Proceedings 8th Australian Weeds Conference’. pp. 251–253. (Weed Society of Queensland: Toowoomba, Qld)

Fischer RA, Miles RE (1973) The role of spatial pattern in competition between crop plants and weeds. A theoretical analysis. Mathematical Biosciences 18, 335–350.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Forcella F (1984) Wheat and ryegrass competition for pulses of mineral nitrogen. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 24, 421–425.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Forcella F, Benech Arnold RL, Sanchez R, Ghersa CM (2000) Modelling seedling emergence. Field Crops Research 67, 123–139.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Freebairn DM, Loch RJ, Cogle AL (1993) Tillage methods and soil and water conservation in Australia. Soil & Tillage Research 27, 303–325.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

French B (2004) Effect of environment to lupin yield response to row spacing. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. pp. 31–32. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, W. Aust.)

French B , Wahlsten L (2003) Influence of row spacing on water stress and water use of lupins. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. pp. 22–23. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, W. Aust.)

Gerhards R, Christensen S (2003) Real-time weed detection, decision making and patch spraying in maize, sugarbeet, winter wheat and winter barley. Weed Research 43, 385–392.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Gerhards R, Oebel H (2006) Practical experiences with a system for site-specific weed control in arable crops using real-time image analysis and GPS-controlled patch spraying. Weed Research 46, 185–193.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Hague T, Tillett ND, Wheeler H (2006) Automated crop and weed monitoring in widely spaced cereals. Precision Agriculture 7, 21–32.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Hanks JE, Beck JL (1998) Sensor-controlled hooded sprayer for row crops. Weed Research 12, 308–314. open url image1

Hanna HM, Hartzler RG, Erbach DC (2000) High-speed cultivation and banding for weed management in no-till corn. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 16, 359–365. open url image1

Hansson D, Ascard J (2002) Influence of developmental stage and time of assessment on hot water weed control. Weed Research 42, 307–316.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Harker KN, Clayton GW, Blackshaw RE, O’Donovan JT, Lupwayi NZ, Johnson EN, Gan Y, Zentner RP, Lafond GP, Byron Irvine R (2005) Glyphosate-resistant spring wheat production system effects on weed communities. Weed Science 53, 451–464.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Harries M (2005) Combining cultural and shielded sprayer herbicide application for weed management. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. p. 19. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, W. Aust.)

Harries M , French B , Owen D (2005) Lupin seed rate by wide row spacing. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. pp. 22–26. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, W. Aust.)

Harris G (1999) Cotton. In ‘Crop Management Notes – Central Queensland’. (Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane, Qld)

Hashem A , Douglas A , Pathan S , Peltzer S (2008) Control and seed production of annual ryegrass in wide row lupins in WA wheatbelt. In ‘16th Australian Weeds Conference’. (Ed. V Osten) (Weed Society of Queensland: Cairns, Qld)

Hashem A , Fulwood R , Roberts C (2007) Inter-row weed control in wide-row lupins using knockdown-based tank mixes. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, W. Aust.)

Hashem A , Nicholson D , Bowran D , Pathan S (2005) Non-selective herbicide molecules for inter-row weed control in wide row lupins. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. pp. 32–34. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, W. Aust.)

Heap IM (2008) The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds. Available at: www.weedscience.com

Hilgenfeld KL, Martin AR, Mortensen DA, Mason SC (2004a) Weed management in a glyphosate resistant soybean system: Weed emergence patterns in relation to glyphosate treatment timing. Weed Technology 18, 277–283.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Hilgenfeld KL, Martin AR, Mortensen DA, Mason SC (2004b) Weed management in a glyphosate resistant soybean system: weed species shift. Weed Technology 18, 284–291.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Hock SM, Knezevic SZ, Martin AR, Lindquist JL (2006) Soybean row spacing and weed emergence time influence weed competitiveness and competitive indices. Weed Science 54, 38–46.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Hodges A , Goesch T (2006) Australian farms natural resource management in 04/05. ABARE Research Report 06.12, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra. Available at: www.abareconomics.com/publications_html/crops/crops_06/nrm_ausfarmers.pdf

Hummel JW , Stoller EW (2002) On-the-go weed sensing and herbicide application for the northern cornbelt. In ‘Proceedings of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers’. Paper No. 02-1021. (ASAE: St. Joseph, MI)

Ives AR, Andow DA (2002) Evolution of resistance to Bt crops: directional selection in structured environments. Ecology Letters 5, 792–801.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Jensen RK, Rasmussen J, Melander B (2004) Selectivity of weed harrowing in lupin. Weed Research 44, 245–253.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Jettner RJ, Siddique KHM, Loss SP, French RJ (1999) Optimum plant density of desi chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) increases with increasing yield potential in south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 1017–1025.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Jones PA , Blair AM (1996) Mechanical damage to kill weeds. In ‘Proceedings of 2nd International Weed Control Congress’. Copenhagen, Denmark. pp. 949–954. (Springer: The Netherlands)

Jones RAC (1994) Effect of mulching with cereal straw and row spacing on spread of bean yellow mosaic potyvirus into narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). Annals of Applied Biology 124, 45–58.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Jordan N (1993) Prospects for weed control through crop interference. Ecological Applications 3, 84–91.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Jurado-Expósito M, López-Granados F, Atenciano LG, García-Torres L, González-Andújar JL (2003) Discrimination of weed seedlings, wheat (Triticum aestivum) stubble and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Crop Protection 22, 1177–1180.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Khakural B , Robert P , Mulla D , Oliveira R , Johnson G , Koskinen W (1998) Site-specific herbicide management for preserving water quality. In ‘Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture’. St Paul, MN. (Eds PC Robert, RH Rust, WE Larson) pp. 1719–1731. (ASA/CSSA/ASSA: Madison, WI)

Knezevic SZ, Evans SP, Mainz M (2003) Row spacing influences the critical timing for weed removal in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology 17, 666–673.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Kouwenhoven JK (1997) Intra-row mechanical weed control possibilities and problems. Soil & Tillage Research 41, 87–104.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Laflen JM, Baker JL, Hartwig RO, Buchele WF, Johnson HP (1978) Soil and water loss from conservation tillage systems. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 21, 881–885. open url image1

Lafond GP (1994) Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and nitrogen on yield of barley and wheat under zero-till management. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, 703–711. open url image1

Lamastus-Stanford FE, Shaw DR (2004) Evaluation of site-specific weed management implementing the herbicide application decision support system (HADSS). Precision Agriculture 5, 411–426.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Lamb DW, Brown RB (2001) Remote sensing and mapping of weeds in crops. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 78, 117–125.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Lemerle D, Gill GS, Murphy CE, Walker SR, Cousens RD, Mokhtari S, Peltzer S, Coleman R, Luckett DJ (2001) Genetic improvement and agronomy for enhanced wheat competitiveness with weeds. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, 527–548.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Maling AM , Roberson M , Isbister B , Bowden WJ (2007) Farmer trials and experiences prove the adoption of precision agriculture technology is profitable in Western Australia. In ‘5th Australian Controlled Traffic Farming and Precision Agriculture Conference’. UWA, Perth, W. Aust. (Ed. G Hamilton) pp. 110–117.

Marshall EJP (1988) Field-scale estimates of grass weed populations in arable land. Weed Research 28, 191–198.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Medlin CR, Shaw DR (2000) Economic comparison of broadcast and site-specific herbicide applications in nontransgenic and glyphosate-tolerant Glycine max. Weed Science 48, 653–661.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Medlin CR, Shaw DR, Gerard PD, LaMastus FE (2000) Using remote sensing to detect weed infestation in Glycine max. Weed Science 48, 393–398.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Melander B (2006) Physical weed control in Europe: current achievements and future directions. Phytoma 591, 26–29. open url image1

Melander B, Cirujeda A, Jorgensen MH (2003) Effects of inter-row hoeing on weed growth and yield of winter wheat. Weed Research 43, 428–438.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Minkey D , Riethmuller G , Hashem A (1999) Effect of row spacing and seeding rate of wheat on the emergence and competitive ability of annual ryegrass in a no-tillage seeding system. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, W. Aust.)

Mohler C, Frisch JC, Mt. Pleasant J (1997) Evaluation of mechanical weed management programs for corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 11, 123–131. open url image1

Mohler CL (1993) A model of the effects of tillage on emergence of weed seedlings. Ecological Applications 3, 53–73.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Mohler CL (2001) Enhancing the competitive ability of crops. In ‘Ecological management of agricultural weeds’. (Eds M Liebman, CL Mohler, CP Staver) pp. 270–321. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)

Moore CB , Moore JH (2007) HerbiGuide – The Pesticide Expert on a Disk. Version 20.5. Albany, Western Australia, HerbiGuide. Avialable at: www.herbiguide.com.au

Moore JH (2001) Weed control in canola. Final Report for GRDC project DAW552WR.

Mt. Pleasant J, Burt RF, Frisch J (1994) Integrating mechanical and chemical weed management in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 8, 217–223. open url image1

Mulder TA, Doll JD (1993) Integrating reduced herbicide use with mechanical weeding in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 7, 382–389. open url image1

Mulugeta D, Boerboom CM (2000) Critical time of weed removal in glyphosate-resistant Glycine max. Weed Science 48, 35–42.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Murphy SD, Yakuba Y, Weise SF, Swanton CL (1996) Effect of planting patterns and inter-row cultivation on competition between corn (Zea mays) and late emerging weeds. Weed Science 44, 865–870.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Nandula VK, Reddy KN, Duke SO, Poston DH (2005) Glyphosate-resistant weeds: Current status and future outlook. Outlooks on Pest Management 16, 183–187.
|  CAS | Crossref |
open url image1

Neve PB, Diggle AJ, Smith FP, Powles SB (2003) Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum II: past, present and future glyphosate use in Australian cropping. Weed Research 43, 418–427.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Nordmeyer H (2006) Patchy weed distribution and site-specific weed control in winter cereals. Precision Agriculture 7, 219–231.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Olsen J, Kristensen L, Weiner J, Griepentrog HW (2005) Increased density and spatial uniformity increase weed suppression by spring wheat. Weed Research 45, 316–321.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Oriade C, King R, Forcella F, Gunsolus J (1996) A bioeconomic analysis of site-specific management for weed control. Review of Agricultural Economics 18, 523–535.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Osten V, Walker S, Storrie A, Widderick M, Moylan P, Robinson G, Galea K (2007) Survey of weed flora and management relative to cropping practices in the north-eastern grain region of Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 57–70.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Osten V , Wu H , Walker S , Wright G , Shields A (2006) Weeds and summer crop row spacing studies in Queensland. In ‘Papers and Proceedings of the 15th Australian Weeds Conference’. Adelaide, S. Aust. (Eds C Preston, J Watts, N Crossman) pp. 347–350. (Weed Management Society of South Australia, Inc.: Adelaide)

Peek C , Eva N , Carter C , Abrahams M (2006) Maintaining wheat and lupin yields using phase pastures and shielded sprayers to manage increasing herbicide resistance. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. pp. 50–53. (Department of Agriculture and Food: Perth, W. Aust.)

Peltzer S , Pathan S , Matson PT (2007) Timing of weed removal in wide-row lupins. In ‘Crop Updates, Technical Information for Agribusiness’. pp. 72–74. (Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia: Perth, W. Aust.)

Peltzer SC , Matson PT (2002) How fast do the seedbanks of five annual cropping weeds deplete in the absence of weed seed input. In ‘Proceedings of the 13th Australian Weeds Conference’. Perth, W. Aust. (Eds H Spafford Jacob, J Dodd, JH Moore) pp. 553–555. (Plant Protection Society of Western Australia: Perth, W. Aust.)

Pertoldi C, Topping C (2004) Impact assessment predicted by means of genetic agent-based modeling. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 34, 487–498.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Pester TA, Burnside OC, Orf JH (1999) Increasing crop competitiveness to weeds through crop breeding. Journal of Crop Production 2, 31–58.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Powles SB (1986) Appearance of a biotype of the weed Hordeum glaucum Steud. resistant to the herbicide paraquat. Weed Research 26, 167–172.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Powles SB, Lorraine-Colwill DF, Preston C (1998) Evolved resistance to glyphosate in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. Weed Science 46, 604–607.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Powles SB, Preston C (2006) Evolved glyphosate in plants: Biochemical and genetic basis of resistance. Weed Technology 20, 282–289.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Pratley JE, Urwin NAR, Stanton RA, Hohn JA, Krueger RW (1999) Resistance to glyphosate in Lolium rigidum. I. Bioevaluation. Weed Science 51, 405–411. open url image1

Preston C (2007) Australian glyphosate register: summary and background. National Glyphosate Sustainability Working Group. Available at: www.weeds.crc.org.au/glyphosate

Puckridge DW, Donald CM (1967) Competition among wheat plants sown at a wide range of densities. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 18, 193–211.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Reid D , Aguis P , Buck S , Collin R , Conway M , Keys P , Kuskie J , Spackman G , Sullivan A (2004) Effect of row spacing and plant population on wheat production in central Queensland – 2004. Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane.

Richter O, Zwerger P, Bottcher U (2002) Modelling spatio-temporal dynamics of herbicide resistance. Weed Research 42, 52–64.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Riethmuller GP (2004) Long-term effects of wheat row spacing and stubble retention on yield, seed quality and ryegrass seed set. In ‘CD-ROM of “To Bourke & Back” of the Society for Engineering in Agriculture, Dubbo – Bourke’. Charles Sturt University, Dubbo, NSW, 14–16 September.

Sandison A , Lee V (1998) Wider row spacing reduces canola yields. In ‘Highlights of oilseeds research and development in Western Australia’. p. 21. (Agriculture Western Australia: Perth, W. Aust.)

Scursoni JA, Forcella F, Gunsolus J (2007) Weed escapes and delayed weed emergence in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Crop Protection 26, 212–218.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Shaw DR (2005) Remote sensing and site-specific weed management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 31, 526–532. open url image1

Siemens MC, Wilkins DE (2006) Effects of residue management methods on no-till drill performance. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22, 51–60. open url image1

Simpfendorfer S , Long R , Coleman B , Shepherd M , Rummery G , Penberthy D , Holmes R , Serafin L , Verrell A , Moore K (2006) On-farm evaluation of inter-row sowing in 2005 to reduce crown rot in winter cereals. In ‘Grains Research Update, GRDC’. pp. 51–55, Wagga Wagga (21–22 Feb.); pp. 23–26, Dubbo (23–24 Feb.); pp. 78–81, Goondiwindi (28 Feb.–1 Mar.); pp. 15–18, Mungindi (2 March). (GRDC)

Slattery MG (1998) A study of the balance of tine patterns factors for operating in wheat stubble. In ‘International Conference on Engineering in Agriculture’. Perth, W. Aust. p. SEAg 98/044.

Slaughter DC, Chen P, Curley G (1999) Vision guided precision cultivation. Precision Agriculture 1, 199–216.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Smeda RJ , Schuster CL (2002) Differential sensitivity to glyphosate among biotypes of common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer). In ‘Proceeding of the 13th Australian Weeds Conference’. Perth, W. Aust. (Eds H Spafford Jacob, J Dodd, JH Moore) p. 642. (Plant Protection Society of Western Australia: Perth, W. Aust.)

Storer NP, Peck SL, Gould F, Van Duyn JW, Kennedy GG (2003) Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model. Journal of Economic Entomology 96, 156–172.
| PubMed |
open url image1

Storrie A , Cook T , Moylan P , Maguire A , Walker S , Widderick M (2007) ‘Managing herbicide resistance in northern NSW.’ (Grains Research and Development Corporation: Canberra, ACT)

Storrie AM (2008) Double knocking barnyard grass to manage glyphosate resistance. In ‘Grains Research Update. Technology, Management and Profit’. Goondiwindi Community Centre, Goondawindi, NSW.

Swanton CJ, Booth BD, Chandler K, Clements DR, Shrestha A (2006) Management in a modified no-tillage corn–soybean–wheat rotation influences weed population and community dynamics. Weed Science 54, 47–58.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Taylor I , Charles G (2002) Managing Roundup Ready cotton. In ‘WeedPak: a guide for integrated management of weeds in cotton’. (Ed. S Johnson) p. E2.1. (Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre: Narrabri, NSW)

Thornby D , Walker SR , Whish PM (2006) Simulating weed persistence and herbicide resistance in the northern grain region using a validated crop growth model with extensions for seedbank dynamics and mating. In ‘Managing weeds in a changing climate. Proceeding of the 15th Australian Weeds Conference’. Adelaide, S. Aust. (Eds C Preston, JH Watts, ND Crossman) pp. 499–502. (Weed Management Society of South Australia: Adelaide)

Thorp KR, Tian LF (2004) A review of remote sensing of weeds in agriculture. Precision Agriculture 5, 477–508.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Tian L, Reid J, Hummel J (1999) Development of a precision sprayer for site-specific weed management. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 42, 893–900. open url image1

Timmermann C, Gerhards R, Kuhbauch W (2003) The economic impact of site-specific weed control. Precision Agriculture 4, 249–260.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Tompkins DK, Fowler DB, Wright AT (1993) Influence of agronomic practices on canopy microclimate and Septoria development in no-till winter wheat produced in the Parkland region of Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, 331–344. open url image1

Tredaway-Ducar J, Morgan GD, Wilkerson JB, Hart WE, Hayes RM, Muller TC (2003) Site-specific weed management in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 17, 711–717.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Tull J (1731) ‘The new horse-houghing husbandry, or an essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation.’ (Aaron Rhames (Dublin): London)

Walker S , Wilson B , Wu H , Widderick M , Taylor I (2006) Weed seed persistence with changing farming practices in southern Queensland. In ‘Managing weeds in a changing climate, Proceeding of the 15th Australian Weeds Conference’. Adelaide, S. Aust. (Eds C Preston, JH Watts, ND Crossman) pp. 343–346. (Weed Management Society of South Australia: Adelaide)

Walsh MJ, Owen MJ, Powles SB (2007) Frequency and distribution of herbicide resistance in Raphanus raphanistrum populations randomly collected across the Western Australian wheatbelt. Weed Research 47, 542–550.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Wells R (1993) Dynamics of soybean growth in variable planting patterns. Agronomy Journal 85, 44–48. open url image1

Whish J, Butler G, Castor M, Cawthray S, Broad I, Carberry P, Hammer G, McLean G, Routley R, Yeates S (2005) Modelling the effects of row configuration on sorghum reliability in north-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 11–23.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Wicks GA , Burnside OC , Felton WL (1995) Mechanical weed management. In ‘Handbook of weed management systems’. (Ed. AE Smith) pp. 51–90. (Marcel-Dekker: New York)

Wicks GA, Felton WL, Murison RD, Hanson GE, Nash PG (1998) Efficiency of an optically controlled sprayer for controlling weeds in fallow. Weed Technology 12, 638–645. open url image1

Wicks GA, Felton WL, Murison RD, Martin RJ (2000) Changes in fallow weed species in continuous wheat in northern New South Wales, 1981–90. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 831–842.
| Crossref |
open url image1

Widderick M , Walker S , Sindel B (2004) Better management of Sonchus oleraceus L. (common sowthistle) based on the weed’s ecology. In ‘Proceedings of the 14th Australian Weeds Conference’. Wagga Wagga, NSW. (Eds BM Sindel, EN Johnson) pp. 535–537. (Weed Society of New South Wales: NSW)

Wilson JN (2000) Guidance of agricultural vehicles – a historical perspective. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 25, 3–9.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Yang CC, Prashar SO, Landry JA, Ramaswamy HS (2003) Development of a herbicide application map using artificial neural network and fuzzy logic. Agricultural Systems 76, 561–574.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Ye B, Gressel J (1994) Constitutive variation of ascobate peroxidase activity during development parallells that of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in paraquat-resistant Conyza. Plant Science 102, 147–151.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1