Sex and flowers: testing the resource-dependent selection hypothesis for flower sex allocation
Jonathan T. D. Finch
A * , Alexander Watson-Lazowski B and James M. Cook C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay Campus, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
B John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
C Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
Australian Journal of Botany 70(4) 323-333 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT22015
Submitted: 8 February 2022 Accepted: 30 May 2022 Published: 18 July 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Monoecious plants can adjust their proportional investment in male and female flowers to maximise reproductive fitness. The female reproductive function (seeds) often has greater resource costs than the male (pollen). Larger plants are generally thought to have greater resource availability and should have a female biased sex ratio, referred to as the size-dependent selection hypothesis. However, empirical tests of this hypothesis have found mixed support. This may be because size alone is not always a reliable proximate value for resource availability, which can be influenced by other abiotic factors.
Aims: Breynia oblongifolia (Phyllanthaceae) is a perennial monoecious plant with unisexual moth-pollinated flowers from eastern Australia. Fruit production in Breynia is heavily influenced by rainfall, which is highly variable. We hypothesised that where soil moisture limits female function, Breynia would produce more male flowers (i.e. resource-dependent selection).
Methods: We used a multi-year observational dataset to look for evidence of resource-dependent flower sex ratios in a wild population and conducted a manipulative glasshouse experiment to test alternative hypotheses for flower sex selection.
Key results: In both our manipulative glasshouse experiment and observed wild population, decreasing soil water content resulted in higher proportions of male flowers, supporting the resource-dependent sex selection hypothesis.
Conclusions: Soil moisture influences flower sex ratios but plant size does not.
Implications: Future studies should not assume that height equates to resource wealth, as this is often overly simplistic and ignores the potential for key resources, like soil moisture or light, to fluctuate.
Keywords: Breynia oblongifolia, flower sex selection, monoecious, Phyllanthaceae, plant height, resource-dependent sex selection, size-dependent sex selection, soil moisture.
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