Frameworks for identifying priority plants and ecosystems most impacted by major fires
Tony D. Auld
A B C * , David A. Keith A B , Rachael V. Gallagher D E , Mark Tozer A B , Mark K. J. Ooi B , Tom Le Breton B , Stuart Allen D , Colin Yates F , Stephen van Leeuwen G , Richard J. Williams H and Berin D. E. Mackenzie A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A NSW Department of Planning and Environment, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia.
B Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
C School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
D Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
E Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia.
F WA Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia.
G Faculty of Science & Engineering, School of Molecular & Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
H Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia.
* Correspondence to: tony.auld@unsw.edu.au, tony.auld@environment.nsw.gov.au
Handling Editor: James Camac
Australian Journal of Botany 70(7) 455-493 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT22009
Submitted: 25 January 2022 Accepted: 14 October 2022 Published: 9 December 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Globally, many species and ecosystems are experiencing landscape-scale wildfires (‘megafires’) and these events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity as the climate warms. Consequently, the capability to rapidly assess the likely impacts of such large fires and identify potential risks they pose to the persistence of species and ecosystems is vital for effective conservation management. In this review, we propose novel frameworks to identify which plant species and ecosystems are most in need of management actions as a result of megafires. We do this by assessing the impacts of a fire event on plants and ecosystems in the context of the whole fire regime (current fire event combined with recent fire history) and its interactions with other threatening processes, rather than simply considering the amount of habitat burnt. The frameworks are based on a combination of key species’ traits related to mechanisms of decline, components of the fire regime that are most likely to have adverse impacts on species or ecosystem recovery, and biotic and environmental factors that may amplify fire impacts or pose barriers to post-fire recovery. We applied these frameworks to guide management priorities and responses following the extensive 2019/2020 fires in southern Australia, and we illustrate their application here via a series of worked examples that highlight the various mechanisms of post-fire decline the frameworks address. The frameworks should be applicable to a broader range of fire-prone biomes worldwide. Our approach will (1) promote the development of foundational national datasets for assessing megafire impacts on biodiversity, (2) identify targeted priority actions for conservation, (3) inform planning for future fires (both prescribed burning and wildfire suppression), and (4) build awareness and understanding of the potential breadth of factors that threaten plants and ecosystems under changing fire regimes.
Keywords: disease, drought, fire frequency, fire history, fire planning, fire regime, fire response, fire severity, fire spatial extent, herbivory, life history traits, recovery actions, threats, weeds.
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