Toxic effects of silver nanoparticles on the germination and root development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Sergimar K. de Paiva Pinheiro
A , Marlos de Medeiros Chaves A , Thaiz B. A. Rangel Miguel B , Francisco Claudio de Freitas Barros C , Camila P. Farias C , Odair P. Ferreira C and Emilio de Castro Miguel A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Laboratório de Biomateriais, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais (DEMM), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
B Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
C Laboratório de Materiais Funcionais Avançados (LaMFA), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
D Corresponding author. Email: emilio@metalmat.ufc.br
Australian Journal of Botany 68(2) 127-136 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT19170
Submitted: 1 November 2019 Accepted: 12 April 2020 Published: 21 May 2020
Abstract
The advancement of nanotechnology has increased use of nanoparticles in industrial scale. Among the most used nanoparticles are those silver-based. Large-scale use can raise levels of these nanoparticles in aquatic environments, which, in turn, presents potential risks to aquatic organisms and ecosystems, causing undesired environmental impacts. To evaluate the potential risk of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) interaction with plants, seeds of Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) were exposed to different concentrations of AgNPs (12.5, 25, 50, 100 ppm), using the percentage of germinated seeds and morphological changes in the root as toxicity criterion. Only at the maximum concentration of AgNPs (100 ppm), there is a negative effect on root growth in relation to the positive control (distilled water). These negative effects may be related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by the dissolution of Ag0 in Ag+. Other concentrations had a positive effect on root growth, although not significant. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed morphological changes in the root surface exposed to the concentration of 100 ppm of AgNPs, resulting in root deformation. The accumulation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). AgNPs were found in the vacuoles, cell wall, middle lamella and cytoplasm, individualised or forming agglomerates. These results broaden our understanding of the safe levels of nanoparticle use and its impact on the environment. In addition, the nanoparticles used in this study can be used in new product development, since the observed maximum safe amount.
Additional keywords: electron microscopy, nanotechnology, nanotoxicity, oxidative stress, ROS, silver nanoparticle.
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