Agricultural weeds and coastal saltmarsh in south-eastern Australia: an insurmountable problem?
Thomas Hurst A and Paul I. Boon B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Melbourne Water, PO Box 4342, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
B Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University (Werribee campus), PO Box 14428 MCMC, Melbourne, Vic. 8001, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: paul.boon@vu.edu.au
Australian Journal of Botany 64(4) 308-324 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT16027
Submitted: 17 February 2015 Accepted: 19 May 2016 Published: 14 June 2016
Abstract
It is often assumed that saline coastal wetlands experience environmental conditions so severe that they are largely immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The belief is implicit in many older reviews of threats to mangroves and coastal saltmarshes, where a limited range of vascular plant taxa, often focussing on *Spartina, (throughout the paper an asterisk denotes an introduced (exotic) species as per Carr 2012) have been invoked as the major species of concern. Even though the weed flora of southern Australia is derived largely from agriculture and horticulture, neither of which includes many species tolerant of waterlogged, variably saline environments, a recent assessment of Victorian saline coastal wetlands indicated that exotic plants were the third-most pervasive threat, after land ‘reclamation’ and grazing. Tall wheat grass, *Lophopyrum ponticum (Podp.) A.Love., is one of the most severe and widely distributed weeds of saline coastal wetlands in south-eastern Australia. It is promoted by the agricultural extension arm of the Victorian government as a salt-tolerant pasture grass; however, its broad ecological amplitude and robust life form make it a most serious invader of upper saltmarsh in Victoria. We assessed the effectiveness of different control measures, including slashing and herbicides, for the management of *L. ponticum infestations (and their side effects on saltmarsh communities) in the Western Port region of Victoria. A nominally monocot-specific herbicide widely used to control *Spartina, Fluazifop-P, was ineffective in controlling *L. ponticum. The broad-spectrum systemic herbicide glyphosate was more effective in controlling *L. ponticum, but had undesirable impacts on native plant species. Controlling weeds in coastal wetlands using available herbicides for use near coastal waterways would seem to remain problematic.
Additional keywords: biodiversity, conservation, glyphosate, herbicide, wetland.
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