Susceptibility to Teratosphaeria nubilosa and precocity of vegetative phase change in Eucalyptus globulus and E. maidenii (Myrtaceae)
Gustavo Balmelli A C , Sofía Simeto A , Diego Torres A , Alicia Castillo A , Nora Altier A and Julio J. Diez B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Programa Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 5, Km 386. Tacuarembó, Uruguay.
B Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Recursos Forestales, Instituto de Gestión Forestal Sostenible, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida Madrid 44, Palencia, Spain.
C Corresponding author. Email: gbalmelli@tb.inia.org.uy
Australian Journal of Botany 61(8) 583-591 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT13225
Submitted: 14 December 2012 Accepted: 5 December 2013 Published: 21 March 2014
Abstract
Since the first report of Teratosphaeria nubilosa (Cooke) Crous & U.Braun in Uruguay in 2007, young plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. maidenii F.Muell. have been severely damaged by Mycosphaerella leaf disease. The genetic variation in disease resistance and in the timing of heteroblastic phase change was examined in 194 open-pollinated families of E. globulus and 86 families of E. maidenii growing in a field trial in south-eastern Uruguay, naturally infected by T. nubilosa. Disease severity, precocity of vegetative phase change and tree growth were assessed at 14 months. E. globulus was significantly more susceptible to T. nubilosa than was E. maidenii, presenting higher severity of leaf spots (10.6% and 5.6%, respectively), higher defoliation (31.9% and 22.9%, respectively) and higher crown-damage index (39.1% and 27.4%, respectively). However, the heteroblastic transition began significantly earlier in E. globulus than in E. maidenii, with 34.1% and 2.8% of the trees having some proportion of their crown with adult foliage at 14 months, respectively. Significant individual narrow-sense heritabilities were found in E. globulus for severity of leaf spots (0.40), defoliation (0.24), crown-damage index (0.30) and proportion of adult foliage (0.64). Additive genetic variation in E. maidenii was significant only for defoliation and crown-damage index, with a moderate heritability (0.21 and 0.20, respectively). Although E. maidenii was more resistant to T. nubilosa than was E. globulus, the degree of resistance was not enough to consider this species as an alternative to E. globulus for high-risk disease sites. In addition, the small genetic variability for resistance on the juvenile foliage and the late transition to adult foliage suggested that the chances for early selection in E. maidenii are quite limited. By contrast, the genetic variation in E. globulus clearly indicated that through selection for resistance of the juvenile foliage, and especially by selecting for early phase change, it is possible to obtain genetic stock suitable for sites with high risk of T. nubilosa infection.
Additional keywords: disease damage, forest pathology, heteroblastic transition, Mycosphaerella leaf disease.
References
Alfenas AC, Zauza EA, Mafia RG, Assis TF (2004) ‘Clonagem e Doencas do Eucalipto.’ (Universidade Federal do Viçosa: Viçosa, MG, Brazil)Andjic V, Whyte G, Hardy G, Burgess T (2010) New Teratosphaeria species occurring on eucalypts in Australia. Fungal Diversity 43, 27–38.
| New Teratosphaeria species occurring on eucalypts in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Balmelli G, Simeto S, Martinez G, Torres D, Pérez C, Fros D, Bentancur O (2009a) Incidencia y severidad de enfermedades y plagas en plantaciones jóvenes de Eucalyptus globulus en las regiones sureste y litoral oeste de Uruguay. INIA Serie Actividades de Difusión 567, 51–65.
Balmelli G, Simeto S, Martínez G, Torres D, González P, Fros D, Bentancur O, Pérez C (2009b) Relevamiento sanitario de otoño en plantaciones jóvenes de Eucalyptus globulus y Eucalyptus dunnii en el sureste y litoral oeste. Seminario Técnico de Sanidad Forestal. INIA Serie Actividades de Difusión 594, 51–72.
Balmelli G, Simeto S, Martínez G, Torres D, Pérez CA, Bentancur O (2011) Incidence and severity of pests and diseases on young plantations of Eucalyptus globulus in Uruguay. In ‘IUFRO forest protection joint meeting: pathogens, insects and their associations affecting forestry worldwide,’ November 2011. Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay.
Balmelli G, Simeto S, Marroni V, Altier N, Diez JJ (2013a) Genetic variation for resistance to Mycosphaerella leaf disease and Eucalyptus rust on Eucalyptus globulus in Uruguay. Australasian Plant Pathology 43, 97–107.
| Genetic variation for resistance to Mycosphaerella leaf disease and Eucalyptus rust on Eucalyptus globulus in Uruguay.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Balmelli G, Simeto S, Altier N, Marroni V, Diez JJ (2013b) Long term losses caused by foliar diseases on growth and survival of Eucalyptus globulus in Uruguay. New Forests 44, 249–263.
| Long term losses caused by foliar diseases on growth and survival of Eucalyptus globulus in Uruguay.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barber PA, Carnegie AJ, Burgess TI, Keane PJ (2008) Leaf diseases caused by Mycosphaerella species in Eucalyptus globulus plantations and nearby native forest in the Green Triangle Region of southern Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 37, 472–481.
| Leaf diseases caused by Mycosphaerella species in Eucalyptus globulus plantations and nearby native forest in the Green Triangle Region of southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burgess TI, Barber PA, Sufaati S, Xu D, Hardy GEStJ, Dell B (2007) Mycosphaerella spp. on Eucalyptus in Asia; new species; new hosts and new records. Fungal Diversity 24, 135–157.
Carnegie AJ (2007) Forest health condition in New South Wales, Australia, 1996–2005. II. Fungal damage recorded in eucalypt plantations during forest health surveys and their management. Australasian Plant Pathology 36, 225–239.
| Forest health condition in New South Wales, Australia, 1996–2005. II. Fungal damage recorded in eucalypt plantations during forest health surveys and their management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carnegie AJ, Ades PK (2002) The proportion of leaf spots caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica and M. nubilosa on Eucalyptus globulus, E. nitens and their F1 hybrids in a family trial in Tasmania, Australia. Australasian Mycologist 21, 53–63.
Carnegie AJ, Ades PK (2003) Mycosphaerella leaf disease reduces growth of plantation-grown Eucalyptus globulus. Australian Forestry 66, 113–119.
| Mycosphaerella leaf disease reduces growth of plantation-grown Eucalyptus globulus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carnegie AJ, Ades PK (2005) Variation in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. nitens Dean & Maiden in susceptibility of adult foliage to disease caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica (Cooke) Hansf. Silvae Genetica 54, 174–184.
Carnegie AJ, Keane PJ, Ades PK, Smith IW (1994) Variation in susceptibility of Eucalyptus globulus provenances to Mycosphaerella leaf disease. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, 1751–1757.
| Variation in susceptibility of Eucalyptus globulus provenances to Mycosphaerella leaf disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carnegie AJ, Ades PK, Keane PJ, Smith IW (1998) Mycosphaerella disease of juvenile foliage in a eucalypt species and provenance trial in Victoria, Australia. Australian Forestry 61, 190–194.
| Mycosphaerella disease of juvenile foliage in a eucalypt species and provenance trial in Victoria, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carnegie AJ, Pegg GS, White D, Burgess TI (2011) Species within Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae from eucalypts in eastern Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 40, 366–384.
| Species within Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae from eucalypts in eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Castaño JP, Giménez A, Ceroni M, Furest J, Aunchayna R (2011) Caracterización agroclimática del Uruguay 1980–2009. INIA Serie Técnica 193, 1–34.
Costa e Silva J, Potts BM, Tilyard P (2013a) Stability of genetic effects across clonal and seedling populations of Eucalyptus globulus with common parentage. Forest Ecology and Management 291, 427–435.
| Stability of genetic effects across clonal and seedling populations of Eucalyptus globulus with common parentage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Costa e Silva J, Potts BM, Bijma P, Kerr RJ, Pilbeam DJ (2013b) Genetic control of interactions among individuals: contrasting outcomes of indirect genetic effects arising from neighbour disease infection and competition in a forest tree. New Phytologist 197, 631–641.
| Genetic control of interactions among individuals: contrasting outcomes of indirect genetic effects arising from neighbour disease infection and competition in a forest tree.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23253336PubMed |
Crous PW (1998) ‘Mycosphaerella species and their anamorphs associated with leaf spot diseases of Eucalyptus.’ The Mycological Society of America mycological memoir no. 21. (APS Press: St Paul, MN)
Crous PW, Wingfield MJ (1996) Species of Mycosphaerella and their anamorphs associated with leaf blotch disease of Eucalyptus in South Africa. Mycologia 88, 441–458.
| Species of Mycosphaerella and their anamorphs associated with leaf blotch disease of Eucalyptus in South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Mansilla JP, Hunter GC, Wingfield MJ (2004) Phylogenetic reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus. Studies in Mycology 50, 195–214.
Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Mansilla JP, Alfenas AC, Groenewald JZ (2006) Phylogenetic reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus. II. Studies in Mycology 55, 99–131.
| Phylogenetic reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus. II.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18490974PubMed |
Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Braun U (2007) Mycosphaerella is polyphyletic. Studies in Mycology 58, 1–32.
| Mycosphaerella is polyphyletic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18490994PubMed |
Dungey HS, Potts BM, Carnegie AJ, Ades PK (1997) Mycosphaerella leaf disease – genetic variation in damage to Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus globulus, and their F-1 hybrid. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27, 750–759.
| Mycosphaerella leaf disease – genetic variation in damage to Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus globulus, and their F-1 hybrid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gezahgne A, Roux J, Hunter GC, Wingfield MJ (2006) Mycosphaerella species associated with leaf disease of Eucalyptus globulus in Ethiopia. Forest Pathology 36, 253–263.
| Mycosphaerella species associated with leaf disease of Eucalyptus globulus in Ethiopia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gilmour AR, Gogel BJ, Cullis BR, Thompson R (2009) ‘ASReml user guide release 3.0.’ (VSN International: Hemel Hempstead, UK)
Hamilton MG, Tilyard PA, Williams DR, Vaillancourt RE, Wardlaw TJ, Potts BM (2011) The genetic variation in the timing of heteroblastic transition in Eucalyptus globulus is stable across environments. Australian Journal of Botany 59, 170–175.
| The genetic variation in the timing of heteroblastic transition in Eucalyptus globulus is stable across environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hamilton MG, Williams DR, Tilyard PA, Pinkard EA, Wardlaw TJ, Glen M, Vaillancourt RE, Potts BM (2013) A latitudinal cline in disease resistance of a host tree. Heredity 110, 372–379.
| A latitudinal cline in disease resistance of a host tree.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23211794PubMed |
Hood IA, Gardner JF, Kimberley MO, Molony K (2002) Variation among eucalypt species in early susceptibility to the leaf spot fungi Phaeophleospora eucalypti and Mycosphaerella spp. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 32, 235–255.
Hunter GC, Crous PW, Roux J, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2004) Identification of Mycosphaerella species associated with Eucalyptus nitens leaf defoliation in South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology 33, 349–355.
| Identification of Mycosphaerella species associated with Eucalyptus nitens leaf defoliation in South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hunter GC, van der Merwe NA, Burgess TI, Carnegie AJ, Wingfield BD, Crous PW, Wingfield MJ (2008) Global movement and population biology of Mycosphaerella nubilosa infecting leaves of cold-tolerant Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens. Plant Pathology 57, 235–242.
| Global movement and population biology of Mycosphaerella nubilosa infecting leaves of cold-tolerant Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hunter GC, Crous PW, Carnegie AJ, Wingfield MJ (2009) Teratosphaeria nubilosa, a serious leaf disease pathogen of Eucalyptus spp. in native and introduced areas. Molecular Plant Pathology 10, 1–14.
| Teratosphaeria nubilosa, a serious leaf disease pathogen of Eucalyptus spp. in native and introduced areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19161348PubMed |
Hunter GC, Crous PW, Carnegie AJ, Burgess TI, Wingfield MJ (2011) Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria disease of Eucalyptus; easily confused and with serious consequences. Fungal Diversity 50, 145–166.
| Mycosphaerella and Teratosphaeria disease of Eucalyptus; easily confused and with serious consequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jackson SL, Maxwell A, Burgess TI, Hardy GE, Dell B (2008) Incidence and new records of Mycosphaerella species within a Eucalyptus globulus plantation in Western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 255, 3931–3937.
| Incidence and new records of Mycosphaerella species within a Eucalyptus globulus plantation in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
James SA, Bell DT (2001) Leaf morphological and anatomical characteristics of heteroblastic Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 49, 259–269.
| Leaf morphological and anatomical characteristics of heteroblastic Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Myrtaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jordan GJ, Potts BM, Kirkpatrick JB, Gardiner C (1993) Variation in the Eucalyptus globulus complex revisited. Australian Journal of Botany 41, 763–785.
| Variation in the Eucalyptus globulus complex revisited.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jordan GJ, Potts BM, Wiltshire R (1999) Strong, independent quantitative genetic control of vegetative phase change and first flowering in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Tasmanian blue gum). Heredity 83, 179–187.
| Strong, independent quantitative genetic control of vegetative phase change and first flowering in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Tasmanian blue gum).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10469206PubMed |
Jordan GJ, Potts BM, Chalmers P, Wiltshire RJE (2000) Quantitative genetic evidence that the timing of vegetative phase change in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus is an adaptive trait. Australian Journal of Botany 48, 561–567.
| Quantitative genetic evidence that the timing of vegetative phase change in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus is an adaptive trait.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kularatne HAGC, Lawrie AC, Barber PA, Keane PJ (2004) A specific primer PCR and RFLP assay for the rapid detection and differentiation in planta of some Mycosphaerella species associated with foliar diseases of Eucalyptus globulus. Mycological Research 108, 1476–1493.
| A specific primer PCR and RFLP assay for the rapid detection and differentiation in planta of some Mycosphaerella species associated with foliar diseases of Eucalyptus globulus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
López GA, Potts BM, Dutkowski GW, Apiolaza LA, Gelid PE (2002) Genetic variation and inter-trait correlations in Eucalyptus globulus base population trials in Argentina. Forest Genetics 9, 217–231.
Lundquist JE, Purnell RC (1987) Effects of Mycosphaerella leaf spot on growth of Eucalyptus nitens. Plant Disease 71, 1025–1029.
| Effects of Mycosphaerella leaf spot on growth of Eucalyptus nitens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
MGAP (2013) ‘Recurso forestal: bosques plantados registrados.’ (Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca). Available at http://www.mgap.gub.uy [Verified 10 July 2013]
Milgate AW, Yuan ZQ, Vaillancourt RE, Mohammed C (2001) Mycosphaerella species occurring on Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens plantations of Tasmania, Australia. Forest Pathology 31, 53–63.
| Mycosphaerella species occurring on Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens plantations of Tasmania, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Milgate AW, Potts BM, Joyce K, Mohammed C, Vaillancourt RE (2005) Genetic variation in Eucalyptus globulus for susceptibility to Mycosphaerella nubilosa and its association with tree growth. Australasian Plant Pathology 34, 11–18.
| Genetic variation in Eucalyptus globulus for susceptibility to Mycosphaerella nubilosa and its association with tree growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mohammed C, Wardlaw T, Smith A, Pinkard E, Battaglia M, Glen M, Tommerup I, Potts B, Vaillancourt R (2003) Mycosphaerella leaf diseases of temperate eucalypts around the southern Pacific rim. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 33, 362–372.
Park RF (1988a) Epidemiology of Mycosphaerella nubilosa and M. cryptica on Eucalyptus spp. in south-Eastern Australia. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 91, 261–266.
| Epidemiology of Mycosphaerella nubilosa and M. cryptica on Eucalyptus spp. in south-Eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Park RF (1988b) Effect of certain host, inoculum, and environmental factors on infection of Eucalyptus species by two Mycosphaerella species. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 90, 221–228.
| Effect of certain host, inoculum, and environmental factors on infection of Eucalyptus species by two Mycosphaerella species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Park RF, Keane PJ, Wingfield MJ, Crous PW (2000) Fungal diseases of eucalypt foliage. In ‘Diseases and pathogens of eucalypts’. (Eds PJ Keane, GA Kile, FD Podger, BN Brown) pp. 153–239. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Pérez G, Hunter G, Slippers B, Pérez CA, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2009a) Teratosphaeria (Mycosphaerella) nubilosa, the causal agent of Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD), recently introduced into Uruguay. European Journal of Plant Pathology 125, 109–118.
| Teratosphaeria (Mycosphaerella) nubilosa, the causal agent of Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD), recently introduced into Uruguay.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pérez G, Slippers B, Wingfield BD, Finkenauer E, Wingfield MJ (2009b) Mycosphaerella leaf disease (MLD) outbreak on Eucalyptus globulus in Brazil caused by Teratosphaeria (Mycosphaerella) nubilosa. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 48, 302–306.
Pérez G, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD, Carnegie A, Burgess T (2012) Cryptic species, native populations and biological invasions by a eucalypt forest pathogen. Molecular Ecology 21, 4452–4471.
| Cryptic species, native populations and biological invasions by a eucalypt forest pathogen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22882273PubMed |
Pinkard EA, Mohammed CL (2006) Photosynthesis of Eucalyptus globulus with Mycosphaerella leaf disease. New Phytologist 170, 119–127.
| Photosynthesis of Eucalyptus globulus with Mycosphaerella leaf disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16539609PubMed |
Pinkard EA, Baillie CC, Patel V, Mohammed CL (2006a) Effects of fertilizing with nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and crown condition of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. experiencing insect defoliation. Forest Ecology and Management 231, 131–137.
| Effects of fertilizing with nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and crown condition of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. experiencing insect defoliation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pinkard EA, Baillie CC, Patel V, Paterson S, Battaglia M, Smethurst PJ, Mohammed CL, Wardlaw T, Stone C (2006b) Growth responses of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. to nitrogen application and severity, pattern and frequency of artificial defoliation. Forest Ecology and Management 229, 378–387.
| Growth responses of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. to nitrogen application and severity, pattern and frequency of artificial defoliation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pinkard EA, Battaglia M, Mohammed C (2007) Defoliation and nitrogen effects on photosynthesis and growth of Eucalyptus globulus. Tree Physiology 27, 1053–1063.
| Defoliation and nitrogen effects on photosynthesis and growth of Eucalyptus globulus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17403659PubMed |
Raeder U, Broda P (1985) Rapid preparation of DNA from filamentous fungi. Letters in Applied Microbiology 1, 17–20.
| Rapid preparation of DNA from filamentous fungi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reinoso C (1992) Variation in Eucalyptus globulus in susceptibility to Mycosphaerella leaf diseases. Master of Forest Science Thesis, University of Melbourne, Victoria.
SAS Institute (1997) ‘SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements through Release 6.12.’ (SAS Institute: Cary, NC)
Simeto S, Balmelli G, Martínez G, Torres D, González P, Fros D, Bentancur O, Pérez CA (2010) Relevamiento sanitario de Eucalyptus spp. en el sureste y litoral oeste del país. INIA Serie Actividades de Difusión 629, 41–51.
Stone C (2001) Reducing the impact of insect herbivory in eucalypt plantations through management of extrinsic influences on tree vigour. Austral Ecology 26, 482–488.
| Reducing the impact of insect herbivory in eucalypt plantations through management of extrinsic influences on tree vigour.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stone C, Matsuki M, Carnegie A (2003) ‘Pest and disease assessment in young eucalypt plantations: field manual for using the crown damage index.’ (National Forest Inventory, Bureau of Rural Sciences: Canberra)
Stram DO, Lee JW (1994) Variance components testing in the longitudinal mixed effects model. Biometrics 50, 1171–1177.
| Variance components testing in the longitudinal mixed effects model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 7786999PubMed |
Tibbits WN, Boomsma DB, Jarvis S (1997) Distribution, biology, genetics and improvement programs for Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens around the world. In ‘Proceedings of the 24th southern forest tree improvement conference’. (Eds T White, D Huber, G Powell) pp. 81–95. (Southern Tree Improvement Committee: Orlando, FL.
Volker PW, Dean CA, Tibbits WN, Ravenwood IC (1990) Genetic parameters and gains expected from selection in Eucalyptus globulus in Tasmania. Silvae Genetica 39, 18–21.
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In ‘PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications’. (Eds MA Innis, DH Gelfand, JJ Snindky, TJ White) pp. 315–322. (Academic Press: San Diego, CA)
