Leaf traits of Eucalyptus arenacea (Myrtaceae) as indicators of edge effects in temperate woodlands of south-eastern Australia
Thomas E. Wright A B D E , Sabine Kasel C , Michael Tausz A and Lauren T. Bennett A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia.
B CRC for Forestry, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia.
C Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Vic. 3121, Australia.
D Present address: AECOM, Level 45, 80 Collins Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: thomas.wright@aecom.com
Australian Journal of Botany 61(5) 365-375 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT13061
Submitted: 6 March 2013 Accepted: 3 June 2013 Published: 25 July 2013
Abstract
Despite recent trends in using plant functional traits to describe ecosystem responses to environmental change, few studies have examined the capacity of traits to represent environmental variation for individual species at small spatial scales, such as across forest edges. We examined the utility of 12 easy-to-measure leaf traits (fresh weight to dry weight ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), osmolality, δ13C, δ15N, and concentrations of key nutrients) to detect edge effects on the function of a dominant woodland tree, Eucalyptus arenacea Marginson & Ladiges. The study included replicate E. arenacea trees at the woodland edge (0 m) and interior (75 m from edge) of three woodlands adjoined by pasture and three woodlands adjoined by plantation established on pasture. Leaf traits proved useful in identifying potentially degrading processes at woodland edges. Notably, greater leaf P concentrations and δ15N in edge than interior trees irrespective of edge type (pasture versus plantation) indicated persistent effects of nutrient enrichment from agricultural practices; and leaf osmolality and Na concentrations indicated greatest exposure of woodland trees to salinity at pasture edges. Nonetheless, leaf traits proved less useful in detecting edge effects on tree physiology, with most traits being non-responsive to a pronounced interactive effect of edge type and distance from edge on physiological measures. In addition, negative correlations between SLA and physiological measures of tree productivity were contrary to global relationships. Overall, we found that although particular leaf traits indicated potentially degrading processes of nutrient enrichment and salinisation, they were not reliable indicators of small-scale edge effects on the physiological function of E. arenacea.
Additional keywords: Eucalyptus globulus, fragmentation, land use, plantation.
References
Adams MA, Grierson PF (2001) Stable isotopes at natural abundance in terrestrial plant ecology and ecophysiology: an update. Plant Biology 3, 299–310.| Stable isotopes at natural abundance in terrestrial plant ecology and ecophysiology: an update.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmvF2ruro%3D&md5=3eb40d4b7c571c341282fa3823d7678eCAS |
Aggangan RT, O’Connell AM, Mcgrath JF, Dell B (1998) Fertilizer and previous land-use effects on C and N mineralization in soils from Eucalyptus globulus plantations. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30, 1791–1798.
| Fertilizer and previous land-use effects on C and N mineralization in soils from Eucalyptus globulus plantations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlt1Sksbk%3D&md5=ff2833cbfaa14f38eecaf4f3284e2870CAS |
Albert CH, Thuiller W, Yoccoz NG, Douzet R, Aubert S, Lavorel S (2010) A multi-trait approach reveals the structure and the relative importance of intra- vs. interspecific variability in plant traits. Functional Ecology 24, 1192–1201.
| A multi-trait approach reveals the structure and the relative importance of intra- vs. interspecific variability in plant traits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson MJ, Gorley RN, Clarke KR (2008) ‘PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: guide to software and statistical methods.’ (PRIMER-E: Plymouth, UK)
Anonymous (2010) ‘Australia’s plantations. National plantation inventory update 2010.’ (Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Bureau of Rural Sciences: Canberra)
Anten NPR, Schieving F, Werger MJA (1995) Patterns of light and nitrogen distribution in relation to whole canopy carbon gain in C3 and C4 mono-and dicotyledonous species. Oecologia 101, 504–513.
| Patterns of light and nitrogen distribution in relation to whole canopy carbon gain in C3 and C4 mono-and dicotyledonous species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barrett-Lennard EG (2002) Restoration of saline land through revegetation. Agricultural Water Management 53, 213–226.
| Restoration of saline land through revegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baxter NM, Robinson NJ (2001) ‘A land resource assessment of the Glenelg Hopkins region.’ (Agriculture Victoria, Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Bendigo, Vic.)
Benyon RG, Theiveyanathan S, Doody TM (2006) Impacts of tree plantations on groundwater in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 54, 181–192.
| Impacts of tree plantations on groundwater in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Callister AN, Adams MA (2006) Water stress impacts on respiratory rate, efficiency and substrates, in growing and mature foliage of Eucalyptus spp. Planta 224, 680–691.
| Water stress impacts on respiratory rate, efficiency and substrates, in growing and mature foliage of Eucalyptus spp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xnsl2isLw%3D&md5=b38aa4052c8d6a89241b6d120c38cd26CAS | 16525782PubMed |
Callister AN, Arndt SK, Adams MA (2006) Comparison of four methods for measuring osmotic potential of tree leaves. Physiologia Plantarum 127, 383–392.
| Comparison of four methods for measuring osmotic potential of tree leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XosVKhu7Y%3D&md5=b3d205a41ca3f0c3b474ae6dd0fe7c80CAS |
Chapin FS, Zavaleta ES, Eviner VT, Naylor RL, Vitousek PM, Reynolds HL, Hooper DU, Lavorel S, Sala OE, Hobbie SE (2000) Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405, 234–242.
| Consequences of changing biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsFyjsL8%3D&md5=b783eb06fbde2297eab329e35f06a788CAS | 10821284PubMed |
Cienciala E, Mellander PE, Ku Era J, Opluštilová M, Ottosson-Löfvenius M, Bishop K (2002) The effect of a north-facing forest edge on tree water use in a boreal Scots pine stand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 693–702.
| The effect of a north-facing forest edge on tree water use in a boreal Scots pine stand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clifton C, Daamen C, Horne A, Sherwood J (2006) Water, land use change and new forests: what are the challenges for south-western Victoria? Australian Forestry 69, 95–100.
| Water, land use change and new forests: what are the challenges for south-western Victoria?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Close DC, Davidson NJ, Watson T (2008) Health of remnant woodlands in fragments under distinct grazing regimes. Biological Conservation 141, 2395–2402.
| Health of remnant woodlands in fragments under distinct grazing regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cornelissen JHC, Quested HM, Van Logtestijn RSP, Pérez-Harguindeguy N, Gwynn-Jones D, Díaz S, Callaghan TV, Press MC, Aerts R (2006) Foliar pH as a new plant trait: can it explain variation in foliar chemistry and carbon cycling processes among subarctic plant species and types? Oecologia 147, 315–326.
| Foliar pH as a new plant trait: can it explain variation in foliar chemistry and carbon cycling processes among subarctic plant species and types?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28%2Fotl2itg%3D%3D&md5=2b71fb41339811cc43db589fe6031e0aCAS |
Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ (2002) Ecological consequences of altered hydrological regimes in fragmented ecosystems in southern Australia: impacts and possible management responses. Austral Ecology 27, 546–564.
| Ecological consequences of altered hydrological regimes in fragmented ecosystems in southern Australia: impacts and possible management responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ, Atkins L (2004a) The influence of local elevation on the effects of secondary salinity in remnant eucalypt woodlands: changes in understorey communities. Plant and Soil 265, 253–266.
| The influence of local elevation on the effects of secondary salinity in remnant eucalypt woodlands: changes in understorey communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXns12rsQ%3D%3D&md5=6ab6cb89c87b29d9314f77ab582f60f6CAS |
Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ, Atkins L, Hodgson G (2004b) The influence of local elevation on soil properties and tree health in remnant eucalypt woodlands affected by secondary salinity. Plant and Soil 265, 175–188.
| The influence of local elevation on soil properties and tree health in remnant eucalypt woodlands affected by secondary salinity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXns12ktQ%3D%3D&md5=336066ff9db8696ed141586a2e71a302CAS |
Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ, Standish RJ (2008) What’s new about old fields? Land abandonment and ecosystem assembly. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, 104–112.
| What’s new about old fields? Land abandonment and ecosystem assembly.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cunningham SA, Summerhayes B, Westoby M (1999) Evolutionary divergences in leaf structure and chemistry, comparing rainfall and soil nutrient gradients. Ecological Monographs 69, 569–588.
| Evolutionary divergences in leaf structure and chemistry, comparing rainfall and soil nutrient gradients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dawson TE, Mambelli S, Plamboeck AH, Templer PH, Tu KP (2002) Stable isotopes in plant ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33, 507–559.
| Stable isotopes in plant ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Díaz S, Cabido M, Zak M, Carretero EM, Aranibar J (1999) Plant functional traits, ecosystem structure and land-use history along a climatic gradient in central-western Argentina. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 651–660.
| Plant functional traits, ecosystem structure and land-use history along a climatic gradient in central-western Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Díaz S, Hodgson JG, Thompson K, Cabido M, Cornelissen JHC, Jalili A, Montserrat-Marti G, Grime JP, Zarrinkamar F, Asri Y (2004) The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science 15, 295–304.
Dorrough J, Moxham C, Turner V, Sutter G (2006) Soil phosphorus and tree cover modify the effects of livestock grazing on plant species richness in Australian grassy woodland. Biological Conservation 130, 394–405.
| Soil phosphorus and tree cover modify the effects of livestock grazing on plant species richness in Australian grassy woodland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Duncan DH, Dorrough J, White M, Moxham C (2008) Blowing in the wind? Nutrient enrichment of remnant woodlands in an agricultural landscape. Landscape Ecology 23, 107–119.
| Blowing in the wind? Nutrient enrichment of remnant woodlands in an agricultural landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ehleringer JR, Field CB, Lin Z, Kuo C (1986) Leaf carbon isotope and mineral composition in subtropical plants along an irradiance cline. Oecologia 70, 520–526.
| Leaf carbon isotope and mineral composition in subtropical plants along an irradiance cline.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans RD (2001) Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition. Trends in Plant Science 6, 121–126.
| Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlsFGrsr4%3D&md5=3ea5accd53b2bc4cf82abecfea3ca67bCAS | 11239611PubMed |
Farquhar GD, Sharkey TD (1982) Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 33, 317–345.
| Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XktlKjs7o%3D&md5=594f89a58d4bbd59b475a8bf69bbc611CAS |
Garnier E, Lavorel S, Ansquer P, Castro H, Cruz P, Dolezal J, Eriksson O, Fortunel C, Freitas H, Golodets C (2007) Assessing the effects of land-use change on plant traits, communities and ecosystem functioning in grasslands: a standardized methodology and lessons from an application to 11 European sites. Annals of Botany 99, 967–985.
| Assessing the effects of land-use change on plant traits, communities and ecosystem functioning in grasslands: a standardized methodology and lessons from an application to 11 European sites.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17085470PubMed |
Giambelluca TW, Ziegler AD, Nullet MA, Truong DM, Tran LT (2003) Transpiration in a small tropical forest patch. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 117, 1–22.
| Transpiration in a small tropical forest patch.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gower JC (1966) Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika 53, 325–338.
Granger L, Kasel S, Adams MA (1994) Tree decline in southeastern Australia: nitrate reductase activity and indications of unbalanced nutrition in Eucalyptus ovata (Labill.) and E. camphora (R.T.Baker) communities at Yellingbo, Victoria. Oecologia 98, 221–228.
| Tree decline in southeastern Australia: nitrate reductase activity and indications of unbalanced nutrition in Eucalyptus ovata (Labill.) and E. camphora (R.T.Baker) communities at Yellingbo, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Green TH, Mitchell RJ (1992) Effects of nitrogen on the response of loblolly pine to water stress. I. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. New Phytologist 122, 627–633.
| Effects of nitrogen on the response of loblolly pine to water stress. I. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhvFSksLk%3D&md5=2511c10d8c1d6fa023565caba8df8702CAS |
Grigg AM, Pate JS, Unkovich MJ (2000) Responses of native woody taxa in Banksia woodland to incursion of groundwater and nutrients from bordering agricultural land. Australian Journal of Botany 48, 777–792.
| Responses of native woody taxa in Banksia woodland to incursion of groundwater and nutrients from bordering agricultural land.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gross N, Suding KN, Lavorel S (2007) Leaf dry matter content and lateral spread predict response to land use change for six subalpine grassland species. Journal of Vegetation Science 18, 289–300.
| Leaf dry matter content and lateral spread predict response to land use change for six subalpine grassland species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gross N, Robson TM, Lavorel S, Albert C, Le Bagousse-Pinguet Y, Guillemin R (2008) Plant response traits mediate the effects of subalpine grasslands on soil moisture. New Phytologist 180, 652–662.
| Plant response traits mediate the effects of subalpine grasslands on soil moisture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M%2FmsV2ksw%3D%3D&md5=60ee1400b44e6fb30a3007ad4849fad4CAS | 18657216PubMed |
Gross N, Kunstler G, Liancourt P, De Bello F, Suding KN, Lavorel S (2009) Linking individual response to biotic interactions with community structure: a trait-based framework. Functional Ecology 23, 1167–1178.
| Linking individual response to biotic interactions with community structure: a trait-based framework.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guehl JM, Fort C, Ferhi A (1995) Differential response of leaf conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and water-use efficiency to nitrogen deficiency in maritime pine and pedunculate oak plants. New Phytologist 131, 149–157.
| Differential response of leaf conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and water-use efficiency to nitrogen deficiency in maritime pine and pedunculate oak plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harper KA, Macdonald SE, Burton PJ, Chen J, Brosofske KD, Saunders SC, Euskirchen ES, Roberts DAR, Jaiteh MS, Esseen P (2005) Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Biology 19, 768–782.
| Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hirose T, Werger MJA, Van Rheenen JWA (1989) Canopy development and leaf nitrogen distribution in a stand of Carex acutiformis. Ecology 70, 1610–1618.
| Canopy development and leaf nitrogen distribution in a stand of Carex acutiformis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hobbie EA, Colpaert JV (2004) Nitrogen availability and mycorrhizal colonization influence water use efficiency and carbon isotope patterns in Pinus sylvestris. New Phytologist 164, 515–525.
| Nitrogen availability and mycorrhizal colonization influence water use efficiency and carbon isotope patterns in Pinus sylvestris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hobbs RJ (2001) Synergisms among habitat fragmentation, livestock grazing, and biotic invasions in southwestern Australia. Conservation Biology 15, 1522–1528.
| Synergisms among habitat fragmentation, livestock grazing, and biotic invasions in southwestern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hobbs RJ, Atkins L (1991) Interactions between annuals and woody perennials in a Western Australian nature reserve. Journal of Vegetation Science 2, 643–654.
| Interactions between annuals and woody perennials in a Western Australian nature reserve.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hobbs RJ, Yates CJ (2003) Impacts of ecosystem fragmentation on plant populations: generalising the idiosyncratic. Australian Journal of Botany 51, 471–488.
| Impacts of ecosystem fragmentation on plant populations: generalising the idiosyncratic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Högberg P, Johannisson C, Hällgren JE (1993) Studies of 13C in the foliage reveal interactions between nutrients and water in forest fertilization experiments. Plant and Soil 152, 207–214.
| Studies of 13C in the foliage reveal interactions between nutrients and water in forest fertilization experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Isbell RF (2002) ‘The Australian soil classification.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
Johnson GN, Young AJ, Scholes JD, Horton P (1993) The dissipation of excess excitation energy in British plant species. Plant, Cell & Environment 16, 673–679.
| The dissipation of excess excitation energy in British plant species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtVaguro%3D&md5=8c0593356af23eea4e97ab4d92c3f944CAS |
Jones R (1968) The leaf area of an Australian heathland with reference to seasonal changes and the contribution of individual species. Australian Journal of Botany 16, 579–588.
| The leaf area of an Australian heathland with reference to seasonal changes and the contribution of individual species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kapos V, Ganade G, Matsui E, Victoria RL (1993) 13C as an indicator of edge effects in tropical rainforest reserves. Journal of Ecology 81, 425–432.
| 13C as an indicator of edge effects in tropical rainforest reserves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lavorel S, Garnier E (2002) Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail. Functional Ecology 16, 545–556.
| Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Le Roux X, Walcroft AS, Daudet FA, Sinoquet H, Chaves MM, Rodrigues A, Osorio L (2001) Photosynthetic light acclimation in peach leaves: importance of changes in mass: area ratio, nitrogen concentration, and leaf nitrogen partitioning. Tree Physiology 21, 377–386.
| Photosynthetic light acclimation in peach leaves: importance of changes in mass: area ratio, nitrogen concentration, and leaf nitrogen partitioning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fgslygsg%3D%3D&md5=9d62a1d9ba6c0f4188f946b271ad81aaCAS | 11282577PubMed |
Li C (2000) Population differences in water-use efficiency of Eucalyptus microtheca seedlings under different watering regimes. Physiologia Plantarum 108, 134–139.
| Population differences in water-use efficiency of Eucalyptus microtheca seedlings under different watering regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhslOhsbw%3D&md5=1374421bb0c35d6c25f2bab8ddd048caCAS |
Marcar NE, Guo J, Crawford DF (1999) Response of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., E. globulus Labill. subsp. globulus and E. grandis W.Hill to excess boron and sodium chloride. Plant and Soil 208, 251–257.
| Response of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., E. globulus Labill. subsp. globulus and E. grandis W.Hill to excess boron and sodium chloride.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltFCrtrw%3D&md5=2f22510578aaef3c6dd5914f14bac2abCAS |
Marenco RA, Antezana-Vera SA, Nascimento HCS (2009) Relationship between specific leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf water content and SPAD-502 readings in six Amazonian tree species. Photosynthetica 47, 184–190.
| Relationship between specific leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf water content and SPAD-502 readings in six Amazonian tree species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marsh NR, Adams MA (1995) Decline of Eucalyptus tereticornis near Bairnsdale, Victoria: insect herbivory and nitrogen fractions in sap and foliage. Australian Journal of Botany 43, 39–50.
| Decline of Eucalyptus tereticornis near Bairnsdale, Victoria: insect herbivory and nitrogen fractions in sap and foliage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonald RI, Urban DL (2004) Forest edges and tree growth rates in the North Carolina Piedmont. Ecology 85, 2258–2266.
| Forest edges and tree growth rates in the North Carolina Piedmont.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meers TL, Bell TL, Enright NJ, Kasel S (2010) Do generalisations of global trade-offs in plant design apply to an Australian sclerophyllous flora? Australian Journal of Botany 58, 257–270.
Merchant A, Adams M (2005) Stable osmotica in Eucalyptus spathulata-responses to salt and water deficit stress. Functional Plant Biology 32, 797–805.
| Stable osmotica in Eucalyptus spathulata-responses to salt and water deficit stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXptVWktb0%3D&md5=1d3f52b9d748f0a1c1922390ff1d9383CAS |
Merchant A, Arndt SK, Callister A, Adams MA (2009) Quercitol plays a key role in stress tolerance of Eucalyptus leptophylla (F.Muell) in naturally occurring saline conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany 65, 296–303.
| Quercitol plays a key role in stress tolerance of Eucalyptus leptophylla (F.Muell) in naturally occurring saline conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlKqt74%3D&md5=b81f2fda134bcf1d6a2c50fd68566c5cCAS |
Muir BG (1979) Observations on wind-blown superphosphate in native vegetation. Western Australian Naturalist 14, 128–130.
Murcia C (1995) Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, 58–62.
| Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7itFWkuw%3D%3D&md5=2feae451c4a3095775424c5ff65f941fCAS |
Nativ RJ, Ephrath E, Berliner PR, Saranga Y (1999) Drought resistance and water use efficiency in Acacia saligna. Australian Journal of Botany 47, 577–586.
| Drought resistance and water use efficiency in Acacia saligna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Niinemets Ü, Valladares F (2004) Photosynthetic acclimation to simultaneous and interacting environmental stresses along natural light gradients: optimality and constraints. Plant Biology 6, 254–268.
| Photosynthetic acclimation to simultaneous and interacting environmental stresses along natural light gradients: optimality and constraints.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c3ksVOltQ%3D%3D&md5=3319b93d2ff81edf2ecc2588ca06ea9fCAS | 15143434PubMed |
National Land and Water Resources Audit (NLWRA) (2001) ‘Australian dryland salinity assessment.’ (NLWRA: Canberra)
Prat D, Fathi-Ettai RA (1990) Variation in organic and mineral components in young Eucalyptus seedlings under saline stress. Physiologia Plantarum 79, 479–486.
| Variation in organic and mineral components in young Eucalyptus seedlings under saline stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXltFamtrw%3D&md5=a450ffb4929476c5a2de77f4a8e7e7c1CAS |
Prober SM, Smith FP (2009) Enhancing biodiversity persistence in intensively used agricultural landscapes: a synthesis of 30 years of research in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 132, 173–191.
| Enhancing biodiversity persistence in intensively used agricultural landscapes: a synthesis of 30 years of research in the Western Australian wheatbelt.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reich PB, Ellsworth DS, Walters MB, Vose JM, Gresham C, Volin JC, Bowman WD (1999) Generality of leaf trait relationships: a test across six biomes. Ecology 80, 1955–1969.
| Generality of leaf trait relationships: a test across six biomes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schulze ED, Williams RJ, Farquhar GD, Schulze W, Langridge J, Miller JM, Walker BH (1998) Carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination and nitrogen nutrition of trees along a rainfall gradient in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 25, 413–426.
| Carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination and nitrogen nutrition of trees along a rainfall gradient in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scougall SA, Majer JD, Hobbs RJ (1993) Edge effects in grazed and ungrazed Western Australian wheatbelt remnants in relation to ecosystem reconstruction. Nature Conservation 3, 163–178.
Sheriff DW, Nambiar EKS, Fife DN (1986) Relationships between nutrient status, carbon assimilation and water use efficiency in Pinus radiata (D.Don) needles. Tree Physiology 2, 73–88.
| Relationships between nutrient status, carbon assimilation and water use efficiency in Pinus radiata (D.Don) needles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14975843PubMed |
Sizer N, Tanner EVJ (1999) Responses of woody plant seedlings to edge formation in a lowland tropical rainforest, Amazonia. Biological Conservation 91, 135–142.
| Responses of woody plant seedlings to edge formation in a lowland tropical rainforest, Amazonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Spangenberg A, Kölling C (2004) Nitrogen deposition and nitrate leaching at forest edges exposed to high ammonia emissions in southern Bavaria. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 152, 233–255.
| Nitrogen deposition and nitrate leaching at forest edges exposed to high ammonia emissions in southern Bavaria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFSjs7Y%3D&md5=0eec597ed462eec9fbbb8ee0fe16cdc4CAS |
Specht RL (1970) Vegetation. In ‘The Australian environment’. 4th edn. (Ed. GW Leeper) pp. 44–67 (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne)
Standish RJ, Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ, Kobryn HT (2006) Legacy of land-use evident in soils of Western Australia’s wheatbelt. Plant and Soil 280, 189–207.
| Legacy of land-use evident in soils of Western Australia’s wheatbelt.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhslOrs7Y%3D&md5=907a7d5aabaf6ba9ac165dccc923c601CAS |
Suding K, Sandral AV, Chapiniii FS, Hc JO, Davi DU, Stephen T, Marie-La Ure NA (2008) Scaling environmental change through the community-level: a trait-based response-and-effect framework for plants. Global Change Biology 14, 1125–1140.
| Scaling environmental change through the community-level: a trait-based response-and-effect framework for plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thumma BR, Naidu BP, Chandra A, Cameron DF, Bahnisch LM, Liu C (2001) Identification of causal relationships among traits related to drought resistance in Stylosanthes scabra using QTL analysis. Journal of Experimental Botany 52, 203–214.
| Identification of causal relationships among traits related to drought resistance in Stylosanthes scabra using QTL analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtVajtbY%3D&md5=78f897fdcc7a573bb98f1fe80b4b3fcdCAS | 11283164PubMed |
Veen AWL, Klaassen W, Kruijt B, Hutjes RWA (1996) Forest edges and the soil–vegetation-atmosphere interaction at the landscape scale: the state of affairs. Progress in Physical Geography 20, 292–310.
| Forest edges and the soil–vegetation-atmosphere interaction at the landscape scale: the state of affairs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Violle C, Navas ML, Vile D, Kazakou E, Fortunel C, Hummel I, Garnier E (2007) Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos 116, 882–892.
| Let the concept of trait be functional!Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Voicu MF, Comeau PG (2006) Microclimatic and spruce growth gradients adjacent to young aspen stands. Forest Ecology and Management 221, 13–26.
| Microclimatic and spruce growth gradients adjacent to young aspen stands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Warren CR, Tausz M, Adams MA (2005) Does rainfall explain variation in leaf morphology and physiology among populations of red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon subsp. tricarpa) grown in a common garden? Tree Physiology 25, 1369–1378.
| Does rainfall explain variation in leaf morphology and physiology among populations of red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon subsp. tricarpa) grown in a common garden?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16105804PubMed |
Warren CR, Dreyer E, Tausz M, Adams MA (2006) Ecotype adaptation and acclimation of leaf traits to rainfall in 29 species of 16-year-old Eucalyptus at two common gardens. Functional Ecology 20, 929–940.
| Ecotype adaptation and acclimation of leaf traits to rainfall in 29 species of 16-year-old Eucalyptus at two common gardens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weathers KC, Cadenasso ML, Pickett STA (2001) Forest edges as nutrient and pollutant concentrators: potential synergisms between fragmentation, forest canopies, and the atmosphere. Conservation Biology 15, 1506–1514.
| Forest edges as nutrient and pollutant concentrators: potential synergisms between fragmentation, forest canopies, and the atmosphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weiher E, Van Der Werf A, Thompson K, Roderick M, Garnier E, Eriksson O (1999) Challenging Theophrastus: a common core list of plant traits for functional ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 609–620.
| Challenging Theophrastus: a common core list of plant traits for functional ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Westoby M, Falster DS, Moles AT, Vesk PA, Wright IJ (2002) Plant ecological strategies: some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33, 125–159.
| Plant ecological strategies: some leading dimensions of variation between species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M (2001) Strategy shifts in leaf physiology, structure and nutrient content between species of high-and low-rainfall and high-and low-nutrient habitats. Functional Ecology 15, 423–434.
| Strategy shifts in leaf physiology, structure and nutrient content between species of high-and low-rainfall and high-and low-nutrient habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright IJ, Groom PK, Lamont BB, Poot P, Prior LD, Reich PB, Schulze ED, Veneklaas EJ, Westoby M (2004a) Leaf trait relationships in Australian plant species. Functional Plant Biology 31, 551–558.
| Leaf trait relationships in Australian plant species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, Ackerly DD, Baruch Z, Bongers F, Cavender-Bares J, Chapin T, Cornelissen JHC, Diemer M (2004b) The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428, 821–827.
| The worldwide leaf economics spectrum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjt1Crt74%3D&md5=ecab0c2b186489650165ad106cd5e1adCAS | 15103368PubMed |
Wright IJ, Reich PB, Cornelissen JHC, Falster DS, Garnier E, Hikosaka K, Lamont BB, Lee W, Oleksyn J, Osada N (2005) Assessing the generality of global leaf trait relationships. New Phytologist 166, 485–496.
| Assessing the generality of global leaf trait relationships.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15819912PubMed |
Wright TE, Kasel S, Tausz M, Bennett LT (2010) Edge microclimate of temperate woodlands as affected by adjoining land use. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150, 1138–1146.
| Edge microclimate of temperate woodlands as affected by adjoining land use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright TE, Tausz M, Kasel S, Volkova L, Merchant A, Bennett LT (2012) Edge type affects leaf-level water relations and estimated transpiration of Eucalyptus arenacea. Tree Physiology 32, 280–293.
| Edge type affects leaf-level water relations and estimated transpiration of Eucalyptus arenacea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22367763PubMed |
Yates CJ, Hobbs RJ (1997) Temperate eucalypt woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration. Australian Journal of Botany 45, 949–973.
| Temperate eucalypt woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yates CJ, Hobbs RJ (2000) Temperate eucalypt woodlands in Australia – an overview. In ‘Temperate eucalypt woodlands in Australia’. (Eds CJ Yates, RJ Hobbs) pp. 1–5. (Surrey Beatty: Sydney)
Zarcinas BA, Cartwright B, Spouncer LR (1987) Nitric acid digestion and multi-element analysis of plant material by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 18, 131–146.
| Nitric acid digestion and multi-element analysis of plant material by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhslahurY%3D&md5=44f2715ce125b6185ed67ef9174f27a5CAS |
Zimmerman JK, Ehleringer JR (1990) Carbon isotope ratios are correlated with irradiance levels in the Panamanian orchid Catasetum viridiflavum. Oecologia 83, 247–249.
| Carbon isotope ratios are correlated with irradiance levels in the Panamanian orchid Catasetum viridiflavum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38%2Fnt1Wqsg%3D%3D&md5=24b156bc1066db288c4077d2c23b0ed5CAS | 22160118PubMed |
