Phylogeography of the rare Gymnocarpos przewalskii (Caryophyllaceae): indications of multiple glacial refugia in north-western China
S. M. Ma A B , M. L. Zhang A C E and S. C. Sanderson D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
B Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
C Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
D Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Utah 84606, USA.
E Corresponding author. Email: zhangml@ibcas.ac.cn
Australian Journal of Botany 60(1) 20-31 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT11055
Submitted: 16 February 2011 Accepted: 12 December 2011 Published: 3 February 2012
Abstract
We investigated the phylogeography of Gymnocarpos przewalskii Maxim. (Caryophyllaceae), a rare relictual shrub restricted to north-western China, in the context of Quaternary climate oscillations. Three cpDNA regions (psbA–trnH, ycf6–psbM and rpl32–trnL (UAG)) were sequenced for 160 individuals from 16 populations. High genetic diversity (hT = 0.930, hS = 0.425) and a significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, P < 0.01) were identified; 31 different cpDNA haplotypes were detected. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the haplotypes were clustered into five clades, consistent with their distributions in the following four geographic regions: the Tarim Basin, Hami Basin, the western Yumen of Gansu Province and an easternmost region, consisting of populations in the Wulate Rear Banner region in Inner Mongolia, the Jinta and Jingyuan regions in Gansu Province and the Zhongwei region in Ningxia. The existence of regional divergence was supported by AMOVA, which revealed that ~63% of variation was due to differences among the four geographic regions. Four independent glacial refugia were inferred, in the western Tarim Basin, Hami Basin, the Liuyuan region in western Gansu and the easternmost region mentioned. Population bottlenecks and postglacial recolonisation were identified in the northern Tarim Basin, western Yumen and the Jinta region in Gansu Province.
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