Codiversification of orchids (Pterostylidinae) and their associated mycorrhizal fungi
J. Tupac Otero A B C , Peter H. Thrall C , Mark Clements D , Jeremy J. Burdon C and Joseph T. Miller D E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira, Valle, Colombia.
B Instituto de Estudios Ambientales IDEA – Palmira, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira, Valle, Colombia.
C CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
D CSIRO Plant Industry and the Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: joe.miller@csiro.au
Australian Journal of Botany 59(5) 480-497 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT11053
Submitted: 16 February 2011 Accepted: 12 July 2011 Published: 5 September 2011
Abstract
Fungal symbionts involved in mycorrhizal associations are known to vary considerably in both specificity and the level of benefits conferred on their plant hosts. For orchids, association with a suitable mycorrhizal fungus is vital for successful germination, growth and establishment. Using an evolutionarily distinct group of Australasian terrestrial orchids, the Pterostylidinae (Cranichiadeae: Orchidaceae), we assessed potential codiversification and the level of response between this diverse host group (~250 species) and their associated fungal symbionts. All fungal isolates recovered (~200 from 41 host species covering all major orchid clades) were identified as species of Ceratobasidium, which clustered into strongly supported groups using nuclear (ITS) and mitochondrial (ML 4–5) gene sequences. Three clades within the Pterostylidinae phylogeny showed associations with specific fungal clades. The results suggest the occurrence of local adaptation by the fungal symbionts to the orchid host, particularly in diverse and widespread host taxa. Results of cross-inoculation in vitro germination experiments revealed correlations between certain mycorrhizal fungal clades and particular orchid taxa, with germination generally being most effective when seeds were inoculated with fungal strains from the same clade as found naturally associated with the orchid species. We found only general congruence between the orchid and fungal phylogenies, suggesting that strict codivergerence between these orchids and their mycorrhizal associates has not occurred at the broad level of resolution studied.
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