Fungi and fire in Australian ecosystems: a review of current knowledge, management implications and future directions
Sapphire J. M. McMullan-Fisher A H , Tom W. May B , Richard M. Robinson C , Tina L. Bell D , Teresa Lebel B , Pam Catcheside E F and Alan York G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Private Bag 78, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
B Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Private Bag 2000, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Vic. 3141, Australia.
C Department of Environment and Conservation, Brain Street, Manjimup, WA 6258, Australia.
D Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
E State Herbarium of South Australia, PO Box 2732, Kent Town, SA 5071, Australia.
F School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
G Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia.
H Corresponding author. Email: sapphire@flyangler.com.au
Australian Journal of Botany 59(1) 70-90 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT10059
Submitted: 3 March 2010 Accepted: 7 December 2010 Published: 10 February 2011
Abstract
Fungi are essential components of all ecosystems in roles including symbiotic partners, decomposers and nutrient cyclers and as a source of food for vertebrates and invertebrates. Fire changes the environment in which fungi live by affecting soil structure, nutrient availability, organic and inorganic substrates and other biotic components with which fungi interact, particularly mycophagous animals. We review the literature on fire and fungi in Australia, collating studies that include sites with different time since fire or different fire regimes. The studies used a variety of methods for survey and identification of fungi and focussed on different groups of fungi, with an emphasis on fruit-bodies of epigeal macrofungi and a lack of studies on microfungi in soil or plant tissues. There was a lack of replication of fire treatment effects in some studies. Nevertheless, most studies reported some consequence of fire on the fungal community. Studies on fire and fungi were concentrated in eucalypt forest in south-west and south-eastern Australia, and were lacking for ecosystems such as grasslands and tropical savannahs. The effects of fire on fungi are highly variable and depend on factors such as soil and vegetation type and variation in fire intensity and history, including the length of time between fires. There is a post-fire flush of fruit-bodies of pyrophilous macrofungi, but there are also fungi that prefer long unburnt vegetation. The few studies that tested the effect of fire regimes in relation to the intervals between burns did not yield consistent results. The functional roles of fungi in ecosystems and the interactions of fire with these functions are explained and discussed. Responses of fungi to fire are reviewed for each fungal trophic group, and also in relation to interactions between fungi and vertebrates and invertebrates. Recommendations are made to include monitoring of fungi in large-scale fire management research programs and to integrate the use of morphological and molecular methods of identification. Preliminary results suggest that fire mosaics promote heterogeneity in the fungal community. Management of substrates could assist in preserving fungal diversity in the absence of specific information on fungi.
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