‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems
Dennis BaldocchiEcosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, 137 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Email: Baldocchi@nature.berkeley.edu
Australian Journal of Botany 56(1) 1-26 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT07151
Submitted: 10 August 2007 Accepted: 24 December 2007 Published: 7 February 2008
Abstract
Published eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere from a global network are distilled, synthesised and reviewed according to time scale, climate and plant functional types, disturbance and land use. Other topics discussed include history of the network, errors and issues associated with the eddy covariance method, and a synopsis of how these data are being used by ecosystem and climate modellers and the remote-sensing community. Spatial and temporal differences in net annual exchange, FN, result from imbalances in canopy photosynthesis (FA) and ecosystem respiration (FR), which scale closely with one another on annual time scales. Key findings reported include the following: (1) ecosystems with the greatest net carbon uptake have the longest growing season, not the greatest FA; (2) ecosystems losing carbon were recently disturbed; (3) many old-growth forests act as carbon sinks; and (4) year-to-year decreases in FN are attributed to a suite of stresses that decrease FA and FR in tandem. Short-term flux measurements revealed emergent-scale processes including (1) the enhancement of light use efficiency by diffuse light, (2) dynamic pulses in FR following rain and (3) the acclimation FA and FR to temperature. They also quantify how FA and FR respond to droughts and heat spells.
Acknowledgements
The FLUXNET project has received support from NASA, NSF and ILEAPS. The author is currently supported by NSF grant DEB 0639235, by the Office of Science (BER), US DOE grant DE-FG02–06ER64308 and the Berkeley Water Center/Microsoft e Science project. Much appreciation is expressed to the many collaborators and colleagues who have helped collect the data and have discussed results and findings. In particular, I thank Riccardo Valentini, Steve Running, Bev Law and Bob Cook for helping me shepherd the FLUXNET project during the past decade and to all the collaborating scientists in the regional networks. I also thank Markus Reichstein and Dario Papale, and my former FLUXNET post-docs, Eva Falge, Lianhong Gu and Matthias Falk, for bringing new ideas and energy to the project. Finally, appreciation is extended to Alexander Knohl, Siyan Ma, Markus Reichstein, Youngryel Ryu and Rodrigo Vargas for their internal reviews of this manuscript.
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