Genetic variation, taxonomy and mountain-hopping of four bipolar Carex species (Cyperaceae) analysed by AFLP fingerprinting
K. Vollan A , O. M. Heide A , K. A. Lye A and M. Heun A BA Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
B Corresponding author. Email: manfred.heun@umb.no
Australian Journal of Botany 54(3) 305-313 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT04214
Submitted: 9 December 2004 Accepted: 31 October 2005 Published:
Abstract
The bipolar sedges Carex canescens, C. echinata, C. lachenalii and C. magellanica (including C. paupercula) were analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). The genetic variation of Carex populations from northern Europe was compared with those from the farthest locations in the Southern Hemisphere (i.e. Australia, New Zealand and Chile). This DNA fingerprinting of 152 plants yielded 223 AFLP bands, which were scored as present/absent and converted to Jaccard’s dichotomy coefficients. Unweighted pair-group methods using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), neighbour-joining (NJ), and principal coordinate analysis (PCA) were performed. We obtained AFLP-based separations of the four Carex species that were in full agreement with previous morphology-based taxonomy. A large number of species-specific bands occurred. Hemisphere-specific bands were not identified, but all analyses showed a clear distinction between populations collected from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The results are discussed in relation to the mountain-hopping hypothesis, which is one possible mechanism underlying the bipolar distribution of those species.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge Drs Elizabeth Edgar and Peter N. Johnson of Landcare Research New Zealand for the collection of C. lachenalii in New Zealand, Dr Karen L. Wilson, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, and Ms Genevieve Wright, New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, for help with the localisation of C. canescens and C. echinata in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. Thanks are also due to CSIRO Plant Industry in Canberra, for logistic assistance and support. Mr Per Salvesen, Arboretum and Botanical Garden, University of Bergen, and Mr Arve Elvebakk, University of Tromsø, kindly collected seeds of C. canescens and C. magellanica in Chile. The laboratory expenses were covered by a grant from the Research Council of Norway; project number NFR 148083/730. Thanks also go to Professor Jon Swenson for improving the English.
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