Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Crop and Pasture Science Crop and Pasture Science Society
Plant sciences, sustainable farming systems and food quality
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > CP > AR06120
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 57(11)

Botrytis grey mould of chickpea: a review of biology, epidemiology, and disease management*

S. Pande A J , J. Galloway B , P. M. Gaur A , K. H. M. Siddique C , H. S. Tripathi D , P. Taylor E , M. W. J. MacLeod B C , A. K. Basandrai F , A. Bakr G , S. Joshi H , G. Krishna Kishore I , D. A. Isenegger E , J. Narayana Rao A and M. Sharma A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru – 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

B Centre for Cropping Systems, Department of Agriculture Western Australia, PO Box 483, Northam, WA 6401, Australia.

C Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture (CLIMA), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

D GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263 145, Uttaranchal, India.

E Department of Crop Production, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.

F Chaudary Saravan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Visvavidyalaya, Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Dhaulakuan – 173 001, Himachal Pradesh, India.

G Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur – 1701, Bangladesh.

H Nepal Agricultural Research Council Department of Plant Pathology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, PO Box 5459, Nepal.

I Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon S7N 0X2, Canada.

J Corresponding author. Email: s.pande@cgiar.org

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57(11) 1137-1150 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR06120
Submitted: 18 April 2006  Accepted: 3 July 2006   Published: 27 October 2006

Abstract

Botrytis grey mould (BGM), caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., is an economically important disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), especially in areas where cool, cloudy, and humid weather persists. Several epidemics of BGM causing complete crop loss in the major chickpea-producing countries have been reported. The pathogen B. cinerea mainly survives between seasons on infected crop debris and seeds. Despite extensive investigations on pathological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of B. cinerea causing grey mould type diseases on chickpea and several other hosts, the nature of infection processes and genetic basis of pathogen variability have not been clearly established. This lack of information coupled with the need for repeated application of chemical fungicides forced the deployment of host plant resistance (HPR) as a major option for BGM management. Effective and repeatable controlled-environment and field-screening techniques have been developed for identification of HPR. Of the selected portion of chickpea germplasm evaluated for BGM resistance, only few accessions belonging to both cultivated and wild Cicer spp. were tolerant to BGM, and the search for higher levels of disease resistance continues. Fungicide application based on disease predictive models is helpful in precision-based fungicide application. Integrated disease management (IDM) of BGM has proved more effective than any of the individual disease management components in large-scale, on-farm studies conducted in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Further information on the biology of B. cinerea and epidemiology of the disease is needed to strengthen the IDM programs. In this paper the biology of B. cinerea including its variability, epidemiology of BGM, identified sources of resistance, and other management options, and available information on biochemical and genetic basis of disease resistance have been reviewed with a mention of future research priorities.

Additional keywords: Botryotinia fuckeliana, biochemical, histopathological, variability.


Acknowledgments

This publication is results from the research project Integrated Management of Botrytis Grey Mould of Chickpea in Bangladesh and Australia, CS1-2001-039, funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), for the benefit of developing countries.


References


Agarwal A, Tripathi HS (1999) Biological and chemical control of botrytis gray mould of chickpea. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 29, 52–56. open url image1

Agarwal A, Tripathi HS, Rathi YPS (1999) Integrated management of gray mould of chickpea. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 29, 116–117. open url image1

Ahmed AU, Bakr MA, Hossain MS, Chowdhury JA (2002) Integrated management of Botrytis grey mould disease in chickpea. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 27, 237–242. open url image1

Alfonso C, Raposo R, Melgarejo P (2000) Genetic diversity in Botrytis cinerea populations on vegetable crops in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain. Plant Pathology 49, 243–251.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Ardley J , Weichel TJ (2005) Genetic comparison of Botrytis from different hosts. In ‘Paper presented at the 15th Australasian Plant Pathology Conference on Innovations for Sustainable Plant Health’. Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Geelong, Vic., 26–29 September 2005. pp. 367. (Australian Plant Pathology Society: Canberra)

Bakr MA , Afzal MA , Johansen C , MacLeod WJ , Siddique KHM (2005) Integrated management of Botrytis grey mould of chickpea: On-farm evaluation in Bangladesh. In ‘Paper presented in the 15th Australasian Plant Pathology Conference on Innovations for Sustainable Plant Health’. Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Geelong, Vic., 26–29 September 2005. pp. 193. (Australian Plant Pathology Society: Canberra)

Bakr MA , Ahmed F (1992) Botrytis gray mold of chickpea in Bangladesh. In ‘Botrytis gray mold of chickpea. Summary Proceedings of the BARI/ICRISAT Working Group Meeting’. (Eds MP Haware, DG Faris, CLL Gowda) pp. 10–12. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Bakr MA , Hossain MS , Ahmed AU (1997) Research on botrytis gray mold of chickpea in Bangladesh. In ‘Recent advances in research on botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, JM Lenne, CLL Gowda) pp. 15–18. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Bakr MA , Rahman ML , Ahmed AU (2002) Manifestation of Botrytis grey mould in chickpea in Bangladesh. In ‘Integrated management of Botrytis grey mould of chickpea in Bangladesh and Australia’. (Eds MA Bakr, KHM Siddique, C Johansen) pp. 63–69.

Bakr MA , Rahman MM , Ahmed F , Kumar J (1993) Progress in management of botrytis gray mold of chickpea in Bangladesh. In ‘Recent advances in research in botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, CLL Gowda, D McDonald) pp. 17–19. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Bourrel C, Vilarem G, Perineau F (1993) Chemical analysis, bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties of the essential oil of elecampane (Inula helenium L.). Journal of Essential Oil Research 5, 411–417. open url image1

Bretag TW, Mebalds MI (1987) Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from Cicer arietinum (chickpea) grown in north-western Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 141–148.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Burgess DR, Bretag T, Keane PJ (1997a) Seed-to-seedling transmission of Botrytis cinerea in chickpea and disinfestations of seed with moist heat. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, 223–229.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Burgess DR, Bretag T, Keane PJ (1997b) Biocontrol of seedborne Botrytis cinerea in chickpea with Gliocaldium roseum. Plant Pathology 46, 298–305.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Butler DR (1993) How important is crop microclimate in chickpea botrytis gray mold? In ‘Recent advances in research on botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, CLL Gowda, D McDonald) pp. 7–9. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Butler EJ , Bisby GR (1931) ‘The fungi of India. Sci. Monograph No. 1.’ pp. XVIII 237. (ICAR: New Delhi)

Carranza JM (1965) Wilt of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) caused by B. cinerea (In Spanish). Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de la Plata 41, 135–138. open url image1

Chand H (1997) Botrytis grey mould of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in India — a review. Agricultural Review 18, 43–48. open url image1

Chaturvedi R, Singh IS, Gupta AK (1995) Inheritance of resistance to Botrytis grey mould in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Legume Research 18, 1–4. open url image1

Coley-Smith JR (1980) Sclerotia and other structures in survival. In ‘The biology of Botrytis’. (Eds JR Coley-Smith, K Verhoeff, WR Jarvis) pp. 85–114. (Academic Press: London)

Cother EJ (1977a) Identification and control of root-rot fungi in Cicer arietinum (chickpea). Plant Disease Reporter 61, 736–740. open url image1

Cother EJ (1977b) Isolation of important pathogenic fungi from seeds of Cicer arietinum. Seed Science and Technology 5, 593–597. open url image1

Daferena DJ, Ziogas BN, Polissiou MC (2003) The effectiveness of plant essential oils on the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis sub sp. michiganensis. Crop Protection 22, 39–44.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Davidson JA , Pande S , Bretag TW , Lindbeck KD , Kishore GK (2004) Biology and management of Botrytis spp. in legume crops. In ‘Botrytis: biology, pathology and control’. (Eds Y Elad, B Williamson, P Tudzynski, N Delen) pp. 295–318. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: The Netherlands)

De Lorenzo G, D’Ovidio R, Cervone F (2001) The role of polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) in defense against pathogenic fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology 39, 313–335.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Deak M, Horvath GV, Davletova S, Totok K, Sass L, Vass I, Barna B, Kiraly Z, Dudits D (1999) Plants ectopically expressing the iron-binding protein, ferritin, are tolerant to oxidative damage and pathogens. Nature Biotechnology 17, 192–196.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Dhar V , Rathi YPS , Tripathi HS , Pal M , Singh G , Haware MP , Upadhyay JP (1993) Multilocational screening for Botrytis gray mold resistance in India. In ‘Recent advances in research on Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, CLL Gowda, D McDonald) pp. 14–16. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Elad Y , Shtienberg D , Yunis H , Mahrer Y (1992) Epidemiology of grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea in vegetable greenhouses. In ‘Recent Advances in Botrytis Research. Proceedings of the 10th International Botrytis Symposium’. Heraklion, Crete, Greece. (Eds K Verhoeff, NE Malathrakis, B Williamson) pp. 147–158. (Pudoc Scientific Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands)

FAO (2005) ‘FAO bulletin of statistics.’ (Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations, Rome) http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/collections?subset=agriculture.

Faretra F , Grindle M (1992) Genetic studies of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea). In ‘Recent Advances in Botrytis Research. Proceedings of the 10th International Botrytis Symposium’. Heraklion, Crete, Greece. (Eds K Verhoeff, NE Malathrakis, B Williamson) pp. 7–16. (Pudoc Scientific Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands)

Fournier E, Giraud T, Loiseau A, Vautrin D, Estoup A, Solignac M, Cornuet JM, Brygoo Y (2002) Characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite loci in the fungus Botrytis cinerea (Ascomycota). Molecular Ecology Notes 2, 253–255.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Galloway J , MacLeod B (2003) Survival of Botrytis cinerea on chickpea stubble in Western Australia. In ‘Proceedings of the Botrytis Workshop of the 8th International Congress of Plant Pathology’. Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1–2 February 2003. pp. 1–4.

Galloway J , MacLeod B , Sherriff L , Harrod A (2004) Survival of botrytis grey mould on chickpea stubble. In ‘Pulse Updates, Proceedings of the 2004 Crop Updates’. Perth, WA, 18–19 February 2004. (Eds K Regan, M Harries) pp. 72.

Giraud T, Fortini D, Levis C, Leroux P, Brygoo Y (1997) RFLP markers show genetic recombination in Botrytinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) and transposable elements reveal two sympatric species. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 1177–1185.
| PubMed |
open url image1

Grewal JS, Laha SK (1983) Chemical control of botrytis blight of chickpea. Indian Journal of Phytopathology 36, 516–520. open url image1

Grewal JS , Pal M , Rewal N (1992) Botrytis gray mold of chickpea in India. In ‘Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, DG Faris, CLL Gowda) pp. 6–8. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Gurah SN , Singh G , Sharma YR (2003) Diseases of chickpea and their management. In ‘Chickpea research in India’. (Eds Massod Ali, Shiv Kumar, NB Singh) pp. 195–227. (Indian Institute of Pulses Research: Kanpur, India)

Hamilton-Kemp TR, McCracken CT, Loughrin JH, Andersen RA, Hildebrand DF (1992) Effect of some natural volatile compounds on the pathogenic fungi, Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea. Journal of Chemical Ecology 18, 1083–1091.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Harrison JG (1988) The biology of Botrytis spp. on Vicia beans and chocolate leaf spot disease — a review. Plant Pathology 37, 168–201. open url image1

Haware MP (1998) Diseases of chickpea. In ‘The pathology of food and pasture legumes’. (Eds DJ Allen, JM Lenne) pp. 473–516. (ICARDA, CAB International: Wallingford, UK)

Haware MP , McDonald D (1992) Integrated management of botrytis gray mold of chickpea. In ‘Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, DG Faris, CLL Gowda) pp. 3–6. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Haware MP , McDonald D (1993) Botrytis gray mold of chickpea. In ‘Recent advances in research on Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, CLL Gowda, D McDonald) pp. 3–6. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Haware MP, Mukherjee PK, Lenne JM, Jayanthi S, Tripathi HS, Rathi YPS (1999) Integrated biological-chemical control of Botrytis gray mold of chickpea. Indian Phytopathology 52, 174–176. open url image1

Haware MP, Narayana Rao J, Pundir RPS (1992) Evaluation of wild Cicer species for resistance to four chickpea diseases. International Chickpea Newsletter 27, 16–17. open url image1

Haware MP, Nene YL (1982) Screening chickpea for resistance to botrytis gray mold. International Chickpea Newsletter 6, 17–18. open url image1

Haware MP , Nene YL , Mathur SB (1986) ‘Seedborne diseases of chickpea. Technical Bulletin No. 1.’ (Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries: Copenhagen, Denmark; and ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Horsfall JG, Dimond AE (1957) Interaction of tissue sugar, growth substances and disease susceptibility. Z. Pflanzenkel. Pflanzenpathol. Pflanzenschutz. 64, 415–421. open url image1

Isenegger DA , MacLeod WJ , Ford R , Pande S , Abu Bakr M , Taylor PWJ (2005) Genetic structure of Botrytis cinerea that causes Botrytis grey mould disease of chickpea in Bangladesh. Innovations for sustainable plant health – 15th Australian Plant Pathological Society Handbook, pp. 224.

Jarvis WR (1980) Epidemiology. In ‘The biology of Botrytis’. (Eds JR Coley Smith, K Verhoeff, WR Jarvis) pp. 219–250. (Academic Press: London)

Joshi MM, Singh RS (1969) A Botrytis gray mould of gram. Indian Phytopathology 22, 125–128. open url image1

Joshi S (1992) Botrytis gray mold of chickpea in Nepal. In ‘Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, DG Faris, CLL Gowda) pp. 12–13. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Karki PB , Joshi S , Chaudhary G , Chaudhary RN (1993) Studies on Botrytis gray mold of chickpea in Nepal. In ‘Recent advances in research on Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, CLL Gowda, D McDonald) pp. 11–13. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Kishimoto K, Nishizawa Y, Tabei Y, Hibi T, Nakajima M, Akutsu K (2002) Detailed analysis of rice chitinase gene expression in transgenic cucumber plants showing different levels of disease resistance to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). Plant Science 162, 655–662.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Kishore GK (2005) Cultural, morphological, pathogenic and genetic variation in Botrytis cinerea, causal agent of gray mold in chickpea. PhD thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Knights EJ , Siddique KHM (2002) Manifestation of Botrytis cinerea on chickpeas in Australia. In ‘Workshop Proceedings Integrated Management of Botrytis Grey Mould of Chickpea in Bangladesh and Australia’. pp. 70–77. (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute: Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh)

Laha SK, Grewal JS (1983) Botrytis blight of chickpea and its perpetuation through seed. Indian Phytopathology 36, 630–634. open url image1

Lenne JM , Haware MP (1997) Options for disease management of Botrytis gray mould of chickpea. In ‘Recent advances in research on Botrytis gray mould of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, JM Lenne, CLL Gowda) pp. 5–7. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

MacLeod W , Sweetingham M (2000) Botrytis grey mould of chickpea. In ‘Proceedings Pulse Research and Industry Development in Western Australia’ (Eds K Regan, P White, KHM Siddique) pp. 87–88. (Agriculture Western Australia: Perth, Australia)

Mahmood M , Sinha BK (1990) Gray mold disease of bengal gram in Bihar. Final Technical Bulletin, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Bihar, India, pp. 35.

Malik BA , Iqbal SM , Bashir M (1993) Present status and Future research outlook for Botrytis gray mold – a potential threat to chickpea in Pakistan. In ‘Recent advances in research in botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, CLL Gowda, D McDonald) pp. 19–20. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

McDonald BA, Linde C (2002) Pathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential, and durable resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology 40, 349–379.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Meeta M, Badi PS, Jindal KK (1988) Host range of Botrytis cinerea the incitant of grey mould of gram. Plant Disease Research 3, 77–78. open url image1

Meeta M, Bedi PS, Kumar K (1986) Chemical control of gray mold of gram caused by Botrytis cinerea in Punjab. Journal of Research 23, 435–438. open url image1

Mitter N, Grewal JS, Pal M (1997) Biochemical changes in chickpea genotypes resistant and susceptible to grey mould. Indian Phytopathology 50, 490–498. open url image1

Mohhamadi AG (1987) Phenols in relation to resistance against Ascochyta blight and Botrytis grey mould of Chickpeas. MS(Ag.) thesis, Plant Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India.

Moyano C, Alfonso C, Gallego J, Raposo R, Melgarejo P (2003) Comparison of RAPD and AFLP marker analysis as a means to study the genetic structure of Botrytis cinerea populations. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109, 515–522.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Mukherjee PK, Haware MP (1993) Biological control of Botrytis gray mold of chickpea. International Chickpea Newsletter 28, 14–15. open url image1

Mukherjee PK, Haware MP, Jayanthi S (1995) Preliminary investigations in integrated biocontrol of botrytis gray mold of chickpea. Indian Phytopathology 48, 141–149. open url image1

Mukherjee PK, Haware MP, Raghu K (1997) Induction and evaluation of benomyl-tolerant mutants of Trichoderma viride for biological control of Botrytis grey mould of chickpea. Indian Phytopathology 50, 485–489. open url image1

Nakamura Y, Sawada H, Kobayashi S, Nakajima I, Yoshikawa M (1999) Expression of soybean β-1,3-endoglucanase cDNA and effect on disease tolerance in kiwifruit plants. Plant Cell Reporter 18, 527–532.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Nene YL , Reddy MV (1987) Chickpea diseases and their control. In ‘The chickpea’. (Eds MC Saxena, KB Singh) pp. 233–270. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)

Nene YL , Reddy MV , Haware MP , Ghanejar AM , Amin KS (1991) ‘Field diagnosis of chickpea diseases and their control.’ ICRISAT Information Bulletin No. 28, pp. 1–52. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Nene YL , Sheila VK , Sharma SB (1984) A world list of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) pathogens. ICRISAT Pulse Pathology Progress Report 32, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Pande S , Neupane RK , Bakr MA , Stevenson PC , Rao JN , MacLeod WJ , Siddique KHM , Kishore GK , Chaudhary RN , Joshi S , Johansen C (2005 a) Rehabilitation of chickpea in Nepal and Bangladesh through integrated management of Botrytis gray mold. In ‘Paper presented in the 15th Australasian Plant Pathology Conference on Innovations for Sustainable Plant Health’. 26–29 September 2005, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, Geelong, Vic. pp. 224. (Australian Plant Pathology Society: Canberra)

Pande S , Singh G , Rao JN , Bakr MA , Chaurasia PCP , Joshi S , Johansen C , Singh SD , Kumar J , Rahman MM , Gowda CLL (2002) Integrated management of botrytis gray mold of chickpea. Information Bulletin No. 61, ICRISAT, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Pande S, Stevenson PC, Rao JN, Neupane RK, Chaudhary RN, Grzywacz D, Baurai VA, Kishore GK (2005b) Reviving chickpea production in Nepal through integrated crop management, with emphasis on Botrytis gray mold. Plant Disease 89, 1252–1262. open url image1

Pandey BK (1988) Studies on Botrytis gray mold of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). PhD thesis, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Pandey MP, Beniwa SPS, Arora PP (1982) Field reaction of chickpea varieties to Botrytis gray mold. International Chickpea Newsletter 7, 13. open url image1

Phan HTT, Ford R, Taylor PWJ (2003) Population structure of Ascochyta rabiei in Australia based on STMS fingerprints. Fungal Diversity 13, 111–129. open url image1

Powell ALT, Van KJ, Ten HA, Visser J, Greve LC, Bennet AB, Labavitch JM (2000) Transgenic expression of pear PGIP in tomato limits fungal colonization. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 13, 942–950.
| PubMed |
open url image1

Rathi YPS, Tripathi HS (1991) Host range of Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold of chickpea. International Chickpea Newsletter 24, 37–38. open url image1

Rathi YPS , Tripathi HS (1993) Botrytis gray mold of chickpea: survival and management. Final Technical Report of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India.

Rathi YPS , Tripathi HS (1995) Significance of foliage detopping in integrated management of Botrytis grey mould of chickpea. In ‘Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Grain Legumes’. pp. 183. (AEP: Copenhagen, Denmark)

Rathi YPS, Tripathi HS, Chaube HS, Beniwal SPS, Nene YL (1984) Screening chickpea for resistance to Botrytis gray mold. International Chickpea Newsletter 11, 31–33. open url image1

Reddy MV, Ghanekar AM, Nene YL, Haware MP, Tripathi HS, Rathi YPS (1993) Effect of vinclozolin spray, plant growth habit and inter-row spacing on Botrytis grey mold and yield of chickpea. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 21, 112–113. open url image1

Reddy MV , Nene YL , Singh G , Bashir M (1990) Strategies for management of foliar diseases of chickpea. In ‘Chickpea in the nineties: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Chickpea Improvement’. 4–8 December 1989, ICRISAT, India. (Eds HA van Rheenen, MC Saxena, BJ Walley, SD Hall) pp. 117–127. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Reddy MV, Singh O, Bharati MP, Sah RP, Joshi S (1988) Botrytis grey mold epiphytotic of chickpea in Nepal. International Chickpea Newsletter 19, 15. open url image1

Rewal N, Grewal JS (1989a) Effect of temperature, light and relative humidity on conidial germination of three strains of Botrytis cinerea infecting chickpea. Indian Phytopathology 42, 79–83. open url image1

Rewal N, Grewal JS (1989b) Differential response of chickpea to grey mould. Indian Phytopathology 42, 265–268. open url image1

Rewal N, Grewal JS (1989c) Inheritance of resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. Cicer arietinum. Euphytica 44, 61–63.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Saxena NP , Johansen C (1997) Integrated management of botrytis gray mold of chickpea: agronomic and physiological factors. In ‘Recent advances in research on Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, JM Lenne, CLL Gowda) pp. 21–28. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Senthil G, Williamson B, Dinkins RD, Ramsay G (2004) An efficient transformation system for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Cell Reports 23, 297–303.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Sethi SC , Onhar S , van Rheenen HA (1993) Breeding for Botrytis gray mold resistance at ICRISAT. In ‘Recent advances in research in botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, CLL Gowda, D McDonald) pp. 21–24. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Shaw FJF, Ajrekar SL (1915) The genus Rhizoctonia in India. Mem. Dept. Agric. India. Bot. Series 7, 117. open url image1

Singh DP, Kant L (1999) Identification of resistance to Botrytis gray mold in chickpea. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter 6, 13. open url image1

Singh G (1997) Epidemiology of botrytis gray mold of chickpea. In ‘Recent advances in research on botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, JM Lenne, CLL Gowda) pp. 47–50. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Singh G, Bhan LK (1986) Chemical control of gray mold in chickpea. International Chickpea Newsletter 15, 18–20. open url image1

Singh G, Kapoor S (1984) Role of incubation and photoperiod on the intensity of botrytis gray mold of chickpea. International Chickpea Newsletter 12, 23–24. open url image1

Singh G, Kapoor S (1985) Screening for combined resistance to Botrytis gray mold and Ascochyta blight of chickpea. International Chickpea Newsletter 12, 21–22. open url image1

Singh G, Kaur L (1989) Genetic variability studies and scope for improvement in chickpea. Punjab, India International Chickpea Newsletter 20, 7. open url image1

Singh G, Kaur L (1990) Chemical control of gray mold of chickpea. Plant Disease Research 5, 132–137. open url image1

Singh G, Kaur L, Sharma YR (1991) Ascochyta blight and gray mold resistance in wild species of Cicer. Crop Improvement 18, 150–151. open url image1

Singh G , Kumar B , Sharma YR (1997) Botrytis gray mold of chickpea in Punjab, India. In ‘Recent advances in research on Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, JM Lenne, CLL Gowda) pp. 13–14. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Singh G , Sharma YR , Bains TS (1998) Status of botrytis gray mold of chickpea research in Punjab, India. In ‘Recent advances in research and management of botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds S Pande, MA Bakr, C Johansen) pp. 7–14. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Singh MP (1989) Studies on survivability of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., causal agent of grey mould of chickpea. MS thesis, Govind Ballab Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, UP, India.

Singh MP, Tripathi HS (1992) Effect of temperature and depth of burial on survival of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., causal organism of grey mold of chickpea. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 22, 39–43. open url image1

Singh MP, Tripathi HS (1993) Effect of storage temperatures on the survival of Botrytis cinerea in chickpea seeds. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 23, 177–179. open url image1

Singh RB (1970) Studies on the control of blight and wilt of gram. MSc thesis, Govind Ballab Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, UP, India.

Stevenson PC, Haware MP (1999) Maackiain in Cicer bijugum Rech. f. associated with resistance to Botrytis grey mould. Biochemical Systematics Ecology 27, 761–767.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Tabei Y, Kitade S, Nishizawa Y, Kikuchi N, Kayano T, Hibi T, Akutsu K (1998) Transgenic cucumber plants harboring a rice chitinase gene exhibit enhanced resistance to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). Plant Cell Reports 17, 159–164.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Takatsu Y, Nishizawa Y, Hibi T, Akutsu K (1999) Transgenic Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura) expressing a rice chitinase gene shows enhanced resistance to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). Scientia Horticulturae 82, 113–123.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Tewari SK, Pandey MP, Pandya BP, Chaube HS, Tripathi HS (1985) Inheritance of resistance to Botrytis grey mould in chickpea. International Chickpea Newsletter 12, 11–12. open url image1

Tripathi HS , Rathi YPS (1992) Epidemiology of botrytis gray mold of chickpea. In ‘Botrytis gray mold of chickpea’. (Eds MP Haware, DG Faris, CLL Gowda) pp. 8–9. (ICRISAT: Patancheru, AP, India)

Tripathi HS, Rathi YPS (1999) Current research status of botrytis gray mould of chickpea — a review. Agricultural Research Communications Centre India 20, 135–139. open url image1

Tripathi HS, Rathi YPS (2000) Resistance to Botrytis gray mould in chickpea: Screening technique and identification of resistance sources. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 30, 231–232. open url image1

Urbasch I (1986) In vivo-investigations on the formation and function of chlamydospores of Botrytis cinerea Pers. in the host-parasite system Fuchsia hybrida-B. cinerea. Journal of Phytopathology 117, 276–282. open url image1

Wilson CL, Solar JM, El-Ghaouth A, Wisniewski ME (1997) Rapid evaluation of plant extracts and essential oils for antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. Plant Disease 81, 204–210. open url image1

Wright D (2000) Pulse disease diagnostics. In ‘Pulse research and industry development in Western Australia’. (Eds K Regan, P White, KHM Siddique) pp. 93–94. (Agriculture Western Australia: Perth, W. Aust.)

Ye XY, Ng TB, Rao PF (2002) Cicerin and arietin, novel chickpea peptides with different antifungal potencies. Peptides 23, 817–822.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1









*This review is one of a series commissioned by the Editorial Advisory Committee of the Journal.