The role of management in yield improvement of the wheat crop—a review with special emphasis on Western Australia
W. K. Anderson A G , M. A. Hamza B , D. L. Sharma C , M. F. D’Antuono C , F. C. Hoyle C , N. Hill D , B. J Shackley D , M. Amjad E and C. Zaicou-Kunesch FA Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Albany, WA 6330, Australia.
B Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Merredin, WA 6415, Australia.
C Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Northam, WA 6401, Australia.
D Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Katanning, WA 6317, Australia.
E Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Esperance, WA 6450, Australia.
F Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Geraldton, WA 6530, Australia.
G School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Corresponding author. Email: wanderson@agric.wa.gov.au
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56(11) 1137-1149 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR05077
Submitted: 7 March 2005 Accepted: 29 August 2005 Published: 29 November 2005
Abstract
Modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has been well adapted for survival and production in water-limited environments since it was first domesticated in the Mediterranean basin at least 8000 years ago. Adaptation to various environments has been assisted through selection and cross-breeding for traits that contribute to high and stable yield since that time. Improvements in crop management aimed at improving yield and grain quality probably developed more slowly but the rate of change has accelerated in recent decades. Many studies have shown that the contribution to increased yield from improved management has been about double that from breeding. Both processes have proceeded in parallel, although possibly at different rates in some periods, and positive interactions between breeding and management have been responsible for greater improvements than by either process alone.
In southern Australia, management of the wheat crop has focused on improvement of yield and grain quality over the last century. Adaptation has come to be equated with profitability and, recently, with long-term economic and biological viability of the production system. Early emphases on water conservation through the use of bare fallow, crop nutrition through the use of fertilisers, crop rotation with legumes, and mechanisation, have been replaced by, or supplemented with, extensive use of herbicides for weed management, reduced tillage, earlier sowing, retention of crop residues, and the use of ‘break’ crops, largely for management of root diseases.
Yields from rainfed wheat crops in Western Australia have doubled since the late 1980s and water-use efficiency has also doubled. The percentage of the crop in Western Australia that qualifies for premium payments for quality has increased 3–4 fold since 1990. Both these trends have been underpinned by the gradual elimination or management of the factors that have been identified as limiting grain yield, grain quality, or long-term viability of the cropping system.
Additional keywords: grain yield, grain quality, limiting factors.
Acknowledgments
Much of the work discussed in this paper was funded by Western Australian farmers through the Grains Research and Development Corporation. We also acknowledge the technical support of Melaine Kupsch, Mechelle Owen, Anne Smith, Glenda Smith, Laurie Maiolo, Louise Evans, Judith Devenish, Norm McQuade, Veronica Reck, and Ray Tugwell.
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