Modelling the effects of row configuration on sorghum yield reliability in north-eastern Australia
Jeremy Whish A I , Giles Butler B , Michael Castor C , Shayne Cawthray D , Ian Broad E , Peter Carberry A , Graeme Hammer E F , Greg McLean E , Richard Routley G and Steven Yeates HA CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Agricultural Production Systems Research Unit, PO Box 102, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
B NSW Primary Industries, Tamworth Centre for Crop Improvement, Calala Lane, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia.
C Michael Castor and Associates, 48 Winton Street, Goondiwindi, Qld 4390, Australia.
D Simply Budgets, 218 Green Gully Rd, Murphys Creek, Qld 4350, Australia.
E Qld Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural Production Systems Research Unit, PO Box 102, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
F School of Land and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
G Qld Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural Production Systems Research Unit, Roma Research Station, PO Box 308, Roma, Qld 4455, Australia.
H CSIRO Plant Industry, 20 Vanderlin Dve, Berrimah, NT 0828, Australia.
I Corresponding author. Email: jeremy.whish@csiro.au
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56(1) 11-23 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR04128
Submitted: 11 June 2004 Accepted: 11 November 2004 Published: 31 January 2005
Abstract
In recent years, many sorghum producers in the more marginal (<600 mm annual rainfall) cropping areas of Queensland and northern New South Wales have used skip row configurations in an attempt to improve yield reliability and reduce sorghum production risk.
This paper describes modifications made to the APSIM sorghum module to account for the difference in water usage and light interception between alternative crop planting configurations, and then demonstrates how this new model can be used to quantify the long-term benefits of skip sorghum production.
Detailed measurements of light interception and water extraction from sorghum crops grown in solid, single and double skip row configurations were collected from on-farm experiments in southern Qld and northern NSW. These measurements underpinned changes to the APSIM-Sorghum model so that it accounted for the elliptical water uptake pattern below the crop row and the reduced total light interception associated with skip row configurations.
Long-term simulation runs using long-term weather files for locations near the experimental sites were used to determine the value of skip row sorghum production as a means of maintaining yield reliability. These simulations showed a trade-off between long-term average production (profitability) and annual yield reliability (risk of failure this year). Over the long term, the production of sorghum in a solid configuration produced a higher average yield compared with sorghum produced in a skip configuration. This difference in average yield is a result of the solid configuration having a higher yield potential compared with the skip configurations. Skip configurations limit the yield potential as a safeguard against crop failure. To achieve the higher average yield in the solid configuration the producer suffers some total failures. Skip configurations reduce the chance of total failure by capping the yield potential, which in turn reduces the long-term average yield. The decision on what row configuration to use should be made tactically and requires consideration of the starting soil water, the soil’s plant-available water capacity (PAWC), and the farm family’s current attitude to risk.
Additional keywords: sorghum, simulation modelling, APSIM, light interception.
Acknowledgments
We thank members of the Eastern Farming Systems Project and the reviewers for their comments.
Support from the Grains Research and Development Corporation is duly acknowledged.
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