Fermentation profile and chemical composition of Mombasa grass silage treated with chitosan and microbial inoculant
Mariana Campana
A , Jozivaldo Prudêncio Gomes de Morais A , Thainá Moreira Garcia A , Estefani Capucho A , Marjorye Nunes A , Jesus Alberto Cardoso Osório B , Francine Basso Facco C and Tiago Antonio Del Valle C *
A
B
C
Abstract
The ensiling process presents losses that are associated with the fermentative profile, resulting in lower nutritional value, and lower aerobic stability of silages.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan and microbial inoculants addition in Mombasa grass (Megathyrsus maximus) silage (MGS) fermentation profile and losses, chemical composition, in situ degradation, and aerobic stability.
Forty experimental silos (PVC tubing with 28-cm inner diameter and 25-cm height) were used in a randomised block (n = 5) design to evaluate the following treatments: (1) MGS without additives (control, CON); (2) MGS treated with 5.0 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU) of Lactobacillus buchneri (NCIM 40788) per gram of fresh matter (LBB); (3) MGS treated with 1.6 × 105 CFU of L. plantarum and 1.6 × 105 CFU of Pediococcus acidilactici per gram of fresh matter (LPP); and (4) MGS treated with 6 g/kg DM of chitosan (CHI).
The treatments did not alter the pH, ammonia-N, butyric, and lactic acid concentrations in the silage. The use of LPP reduced the ethanol content, while CHI increased propionic and branched-chain fatty acids compared with other treatments. Fermentation losses and dry-matter recovery were not affected by treatments. Chitosan reduced the organic matter of the MGS in relation to the other treatments, without having an impact on the other variables of chemical composition. The treatments did not influence the in vitro degradation, nor the pH and temperature after aerobic exposure of the silage.
Chitosan increases ethanol compared with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria inoculation and does not affect ammonia-N of Mombasa grass silage. In addition, chitosan and microbial inoculants have limited effects on Mombasa grass silage fermentation losses, nutritional value, and aerobic stability.
Chitosan does not reduce fermentation losses or improve the nutritional value of grass silage.
Keywords: aerobic stability, bacteria, chemical silage additive, feed quality, in vitro degradation, neutral detergent fibre, organic acids, silage.
References
Bernardes TF, do Rêgo AC (2014) Study on the practices of silage production and utilization on Brazilian dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 1852-1861.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Borreani G, Tabacco E, Schmidt RJ, Holmes BJ, Muck RE (2018) Silage review: factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 3952-3979.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Casali AO, Detmann E, Valadares Filho SdC, Pereira JC, Henriques LT, de Freitas SG, Paulino MF (2008) Influence of incubation time and particles size on indigestible compounds contents in cattle feeds and feces obtained by in situ procedures. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 37, 335-342.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Crown SB, Marze N, Antoniewicz MR (2015) Catabolism of branched chain amino acids contributes significantly to synthesis of odd-chain and even-chain fatty acids in 3t3-l1 adipocytes. PLoS ONE 10, e0145850.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Daniel JLP, Weiß K, Custódio L, Neto AS, Santos MC, Zopollatto M, Nussio LG (2013) Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in sugarcane silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology 185, 101-105.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Danner H, Holzer M, Mayrhuber E, Braun R (2003) Acetic acid increases stability of silage under aerobic conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 562-567.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Del Valle TA, Zenatti TF, Antonio G, Campana M, Gandra JR, Zilio EMC, de Mattos LFA, de Morais JGP (2018) Effect of chitosan on the preservation quality of sugarcane silage. Grass and Forage Science 73, 630-638.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Del Valle TA, Antonio G, Zilio EMdC, Dias MSdS, Gandra JR, Castro FABd, Campana M, Morais JPGd (2020) Chitosan level effects on fermentation profile and chemical composition of sugarcane silage. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 57, e162942.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Del Valle TA, Campana M, Pereira NR, Osório JAC, Garcia TM, Capucho E, de Morais JPG (2022) Lactobacillus buchneri inoculation compared to chitosan and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria improves sugarcane silage conservation. The Journal of Agricultural Science 160, 317-324.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
de Morais JPG, Cantoia Júnior R, Garcia TM, Capucho E, Campana M, Gandra JR, Ghizzi LG, Del Valle TA (2021) Chitosan and microbial inoculants in whole-plant soybean silage. The Journal of Agricultural Science 159, 227-235.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ferreira DdJ, Zanine AdM, Santos EM, de Oliveira JS, Araujo Pinho RM (2015) Lactic acid bacteria of potential as a means of inhibiting undesirable microorganisms in warm season grass silages. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 8, 1-11.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Freitas AWdP, Pereira JC, Rocha FC, Costa MG, Leonel FdP, Ribeiro MD (2006) Evaluation of the nutritional quality of sugarcane silage treated with microbial additives and soybean crop residue. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 35, 38-47.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gandra JR, Oliveira ER, Takiya CS, Goes RHTB, Paiva PG, Oliveira KMP, Gandra ERS, Orbach ND, Haraki HMC (2016) Chitosan improves the chemical composition, microbiological quality, and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 214, 44-52.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gandra JR, Takiya CS, Del Valle TA, Oliveira ER, de Goes RHTB, Gandra ERS, Batista JDO, Araki HMC (2018) Soybean whole-plant ensiled with chitosan and lactic acid bacteria: microorganism counts, fermentative profile, and total losses. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 7871-7880.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Gandra JR, Del Valle TA, Pause AGdS, Pedrini CA, Oliveira ERd, Goes RHdTBd, Oliveira KMPd, Batista JDdO, Antonio G, Noia IZ, Acosta A (2022) Whole-plant soybean ensiling with chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant: fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and sheep intake and digestibility. Revista Brasileira de Saude Produção Animal 23, e2220502022.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gomes ALM, Auerbach HU, Lazzari G, Moraes A, Nussio LG, Jobim CC, Daniel JLP (2021) Sodium nitrite-based additives improve the conservation and the nutritive value of guinea grass silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 279, 115033.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Goy RC, Britto Dd, Assis OBG (2009) A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polimeros 19, 241-247.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Haigh PM (1990) Effect of herbage water-soluble carbohydrate content and weather conditions at ensilage on the fermentation of grass silages made on commercial farms. Grass and Forage Science 45, 263-271.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hall MB (2000) Calculation of non-neutral detergent fiber carbohydrate content of feeds that contain non-protein nitrogen. Available at https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/16/13/00001/AN08700.pdf
Holzer M, Mayrhuber E, Danner H, Braun R (2003) The role of Lactobacillus buchneri in forage preservation. Trends in Biotechnology 21, 282-287.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Jobim CC, Nussio LG, Reis RA, Schmidt P (2007) Methodological advances in evaluation of preserved forage quality. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 36, 101-119.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Khota W, Pholsen S, Higgs D, Cai Y (2018) Comparative analysis of silage fermentation and in vitro digestibility of tropical grass prepared with Acremonium and Tricoderma species producing cellulases. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 31, 1913-1922.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kleinschmit DH, Kung L, Jr (2006) A meta-analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn and grass and small-grain silages. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 4005-4013.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
McDougall EI (1948) Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep’s saliva. Biochemical Journal 43, 99-109.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Mohammadzadeh H, Khorvash M, Ghorbani GR, Yang WZ (2012) Frosted corn silage with or without bacterial inoculants in dairy cattle ration. Livestock Science 145, 153-159.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Muck RE (2010) Silage microbiology and its control through additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, 183-191.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Muck RE, Nadeau EMG, McAllister TA, Contreras-Govea FE, Santos MC, Kung L, Jr (2018) Silage review: recent advances and future uses of silage additives. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 3980-4000.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Ohshima M, McDonald P (1978) A review of the changes in nitrogenous compounds of herbage during ensilage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 29, 497-505.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Oliveira AS, Weinberg ZG, Ogunade IM, Cervantes AAP, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, Kim D, Li X, Gonçalves MCM, Vyas D, Adesogan AT (2017) Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 4587-4603.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Pezzopane JRM, Santos PM, Evangelista SRM, Bosi C, Cavalcante ACR, Bettiol GM, de Miranda Gomide CA, Pellegrino GQ (2017) Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia: climate trends and regional pasture production in Brazil. Grass and Forage Science 72, 104-117.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Pinto ACJ, Millen DD (2019) Nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by feedlot cattle nutritionists: the 2016 Brazilian survey. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 99, 392-407.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Pryce JD (1969) A modification of the Barker-Summerson method for the determination of lactic acid. The Analyst 94, 1151-1152.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Ranjit NK, Kung L, Jr (2000) The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, or a chemical preservative on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 526-535.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Rigueira JPS, Pereira OG, Ribeiro KG, Mantovani HC, Agarussi MCN (2013) The chemical composition, fermentation profile, and microbial populations in tropical grass silages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 42, 612-621.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Şenel S, McClure SJ (2004) Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 56, 1467-1480.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Sirakaya S, Büyükkılıç Beyzi S (2022) Treatment of alfalfa silage with chitosan at different levels to determine chemical, nutritional, fermentation, and microbial parameters. Journal of Animal Feed and Science 31, 73-80.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sniffen CJ, O’Connor JD, Van Soest PJ, Fox DG, Russell JB (1992) A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science 70, 3562-3577.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zheng Y, Yates M, Aung H, Cheng Y-S, Yu C, Guo H, Zhang R, VanderGheynst J, Jenkins BM (2011) Influence of moisture content on microbial activity and silage quality during ensilage of food processing residues. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 34, 987-995.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
