Commercial equine production in New Zealand 4: welfare implications of the New Zealand production systems

Chris W. Rogers; Kylie Legg; Michaela Gibson; Erica K. Gee

doi:10.1071/AN22424

REVIEW (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 64(1)

Commercial equine production in New Zealand 4: welfare implications of the New Zealand production systems

Chris W. Rogers

^A ^B ^* , Kylie Legg ^A , Michaela Gibson ^A and Erica K. Gee ^A

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.

^B School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.

^* Correspondence to: c.w.rogers@massey.ac.nz

Handling Editor: Wayne Bryden

Animal Production Science 64, AN22424 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN22424

Submitted: 21 November 2022 Accepted: 26 May 2023 Published: 10 July 2023

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

From racehorses to family pets, equine production and management is primarily pasture-based in New Zealand. Pasture-based equine production systems largely reflect the horse’s ecological niche and have a unique set of management and welfare challenges. This review examines the potential welfare issues related to the management of horses in New Zealand. The economic value of horses varies greatly depending on their usage, which covers a wide spectrum from pest species (e.g. feral horses) to production (e.g. racehorses) and companion animals (e.g. leisure and sport horses). The view of where the horse is positioned on this spectrum may cause differing welfare threats to horses, due to the economic considerations, which drive the majority of welfare and managemental decisions. The organisation, management, racing and wastage metrics of the Thoroughbred racehorse industry are well documented, and the benefits of the pasture-based system have become evident through less stressful weaning practices and opportunity for early exercise (which has been associated with longer careers and fewer musculoskeletal injuries). Identification of equine-welfare research priorities in New Zealand remains challenging, given the lack of vertical integration of many sectors of the equine industry resulting in fragmented and limited availability of data.

Keywords: agricultural systems, animal behavior, animal husbandry, animal welfare, bone strength, farming systems, horses, nutrition, pasture, reproduction, surveys.

References

Adams AA, Horohov DW (2013) The effect of an immunomodulator (parapoxvirus ovis) on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in abruptly weaned foals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 153, 118-122.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Apter RC, Householder DD (1996) Weaning and weaning management of foals: a review and some recommendations. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 16, 428-435.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Avery A (1997) ‘Pasture for Horses; a winning resource.’ (Gillingham Printers Ltd: Adelaide, SA, Australia)

Bailey CJ, Rose RJ, Reid SW, Hodgson DR (1997) Wastage in the Australian thoroughbred racing industry: a survey of Sydney trainers. Australian Veterinary Journal 75, 64-66.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bell C, Rogers S, Taylor J, Busby D (2019) Improving the recognition of equine affective states. Animals 9, 1124.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

BHA (The British Horseracing Authority) (2011) A review of the use of the whip in Horseracing. Available at http://www.britishhorseracing.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/WhipReview.pdf [accessed 1 June 2022]

Bishop RM, Scott I, Gee EK, Rogers CW, Pomroy WE, Mayhew IG (2014) Sub-optimal efficacy of ivermectin against Parascaris equorum in foals on three Thoroughbred stud farms in the Manawatu region of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 62, 91-95.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bogers SH, Rogers CW, Bolwell C, Roe WD, Gee EK, McIlwraith CW (2016) Quantitative comparison of the bone mineral density characteristics of third metacarpal distal epiphyses with and without condylar fracture. American Journal of Veterinary Research 77, 32-38.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bolwell CF, Russell LJ, Rogers CW (2010) A cross-sectional survey of training practices of 2-year-old racehorses in the North Island of New Zealand. Comparative Exercise Physiology 7, 37-42.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, French NP, Firth EC (2013) The effect of interruptions during training on the time to the first trial and race start in Thoroughbred racehorses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 108, 188-198.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Rosanowski SM (2020) Commercial equine production in New Zealand. 3. The racing and sport industries. Animal Production Science 60(18), 2164-2174.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

British Horseracing Authority (2022) Revised Penalty Framework. Available at https://www.britishhorseracing.com/regulation/the-whip-2/#:~:text=The%20whip%20may%20only%20be,the%20welfare%20of%20the%20horse [accessed 18 October 2022]

Buckley P, Morton JM, Buckley DJ, Coleman GT (2013) Misbehaviour in Pony Club horses: incidence and risk factors. Equine Veterinary Journal 45, 9-14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Callinan I (Ed.) (2008) ‘Equine influenza: The August 2007 outbreak in Australia. Report of the Equine Influenza Inquiry.’ (Attorney-General’s Department, Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, ACT, Australia). Available at http://www.equineinfluenzainquiry.gov.au/eiiexhibits/REP.0001.001.0001.pdf

Cameron EZ, Linklater WL, Minot EO, Stafford KJ (2001) Population dynamics 1994-98, and management, of Kaimanawa wild horses. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. Available at http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/sfc171.pdf [accessed 25 August 2016]

Charlton JFL, Stewart AW (1999) Pasture species and cultivars used in New Zealand – a list. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 61, 147-166.
| Google Scholar |

Chin YY, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Stafford KJ, Cameron EZ (2022) The pattern of breeding and management within the New Zealand Thoroughbred breeding industry 2005–2015. 1. The stallion population. Animal Production Science
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cohen ND, Gibbs PG, Woods AM (1999) Dietary and other management factors associated with colic in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215, 53-60.
| Google Scholar |

Coleman HJ, Rogers CW, Gee EK (2006) The use of alternative therapies in racing Thoroughbreds. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 66, 279-283.
| Google Scholar |

Cooper JJ, McGreevy PD (Eds) (2002) Stereotypic behaviour in the stabled horse: causes, effects and prevention without compromising horse welfare. In ‘The welfare of horses’. (Kluwer Academic Press: Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Cunningham IJ, Hartley WJ (1959) Ryegrass staggers. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 7, 1-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cymbaluk NF, Christison GI (1990) Environmental effects on thermoregulation and nutrition of horses. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 6, 355-372.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Department of Conservation (2012) Kaimanawa wild horses working plan 2012–2017. Department of Conservation (Te Papa Atawhai), Wellington, New Zealand. Available at http://www.doc.govt.nz/about-us/science-publications/conservation-publications/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/kaimanawa-wild-horses-working-plan-2012-2017/ [accessed October 2022]

Dijkstra AM, Sinnige TC, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF (2016) Preliminary examination of farriery and hoof care practices, and owner reported injuries in sport horses in New Zealand. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 46, 82-88.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dugdale AHA, Curtis GC, Cripps PJ, Harris PA, Argo CM (2011) Effects of season and body condition on appetite, body mass and body composition in ad libitum fed pony mares. The Veterinary Journal 190, 329-337.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Evans D, McGreevy P (2011) An investigation of racing performance and whip use by jockeys in thoroughbred races. PLoS ONE 6, e15622.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fennessy PF (2010) An overview of the New Zealand Thoroughbred Industry. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 70, 137-139.
| Google Scholar |

Fernandes KA, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF, Thomas D (2014) A cross-sectional survey of rider and horse demographics, and the feeding, health and management of Pony Club horses in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 74, 11-16.
| Google Scholar |

Fernandes KA, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF, Thomas D (2015) Body condition and morphometric measures of adiposity in a cohort of Pony Club horses and ponies in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 75, 195-199.
| Google Scholar |

Field JR, Jeffcott LB (1989) Equine laminitis – another hypothesis for pathogenesis. Medical Hypotheses 30, 203-210.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Firth EC, Rogers CW, Doube M, Jopson NB (2005) Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 101-112.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fitzgerald BP, Reedy SE, Sessions DR, Vick MM, Murphy BA (2003) Obesity disrupts the duration of the estrous cycle in the mare. Journal of Animal Science 81 102.
| Google Scholar |

Flash ML, Crabb HK, Hitchens PL, Firestone SM, Stevenson MA, Gilkerson JR (2022) Factors associated with racing performance and career duration for Victorian-born Thoroughbreds. Australian Veterinary Journal 100, 48-55.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Garcia-Seco E, Wilson DA, Kramer J, Keegan KG, Branson KR, Johnson PJ, Tyler JW (2005) Prevalence and risk factors associated with outcome of surgical removal of pedunculated lipomas in horses: 102 cases (1987–2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226, 1529-1537.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gee EK, Rogers CW, Bolwell CF (2020) Commerical equine production in New Zealand. 1. Reproduction and breeding. Animal Production Science 60, 2145-2154.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gibson MJ, Legg KA, Gee EK, Rogers CW (2022a) Race-level reporting of incidents using an online system during three seasons (2019/2020–2021/2022) of Thoroughbred flat racing in New Zealand. Animals 12, 3028.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gibson MJ, Legg KA, Gee EK, Rogers CW (2022b) Race-level reporting of incidents using the new online system during two seasons (2019/2020–2020/2021) of Harness Racing in New Zealand. Jounal of Equine Veterinary Science 119, 104142.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gildea S, Arkins S, Cullinane A (2011) Management and environmental factors involved in equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland 2007–2010. Equine Veterinary Journal 43, 608-617.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Giles SL, Rands SA, Nicol CJ, Harris PA (2014) Obesity prevalence and associated risk factors in outdoor living domestic horses and ponies. PeerJ 2, e299.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gilruth JA (1906) Meningo-cncephalitis (stomach staggers) in horses, cattle, and sheep. Annual Reports from the New Zealand Department of Agriculture 14, 293-297.
| Google Scholar |

Heleski C, Stowe CJ, Fiedler J, Peterson ML, Brady C, Wickens C, MacLeod JN (2020) Thoroughbred racehorse welfare through the lens of ‘social license to operate – with an emphasis on a US perspective. Sustainability 12(5), 1706.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF (1983) Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares. Equine Veterinary Journal 15, 371-372.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hitchens PL, Morrice-West AV, Stevenson MA, Whitton RC (2019) Meta-analysis of risk factors for racehorse catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in flat racing. The Veterinary Journal 245, 29-40.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Horner GW (1989) Infectious disease status of New Zealand horses. Surveillance 16, 14-16.
| Google Scholar |

Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, McKane SA, Pinchbeck GL (2011) A cross-sectional study of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Part 1: Demographics and management practices. Equine Veterinary Journal 43, 30-36.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, McKane SA, Chandler KJ, Pinchbeck GL (2012a) Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Equine Veterinary Journal 44, 94-100.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, McKane SA, Chandler KJ, Pinchbeck GL (2012b) Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases. Equine Veterinary Journal 44, 101-106.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ireland JL, Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KLP, Newton JR (2013) Preventive health care and owner-reported disease prevalence of horses and ponies in Great Britain. Research in Veterinary Science 95, 418-424.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Johnstone LK, Mayhew IG (2013) Flow-mediated K+ secretion in horses intoxicated with lolitrem B (perennial ryegrass staggers). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 61, 159-164.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Jones K (2011) Kaimanawa Heritage Horses. Available at https://kaimanawaheritagehorses.org/2011/07/16/site-welcome/#more-602 [accessed 2022]

Jones B, Goodfellow J, Yeates J, McGreevy P (2015) A critical analysis of the British Horseracing Authority’s review of the use of the Whip in Horseracing. Animals 5, 138-150.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kaplan RM (2002) Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of horses. Veterinary Research 33, 491-507.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kaplan RM (2004) Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report. Trends in Parasitology 20, 477-481.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Landman MAAM, de Blaauw JA, van Weeren PR, Hofland LJ (2004) Field study of the prevalence of lameness in horses with back problems. Veterinary Record 155, 165-168.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Latch GCM, Christensen MJ, Samuels GJ (1984) Five endophytes of Lolium and Festuca in New Zealand. Mycotaxon 20, 535-550.
| Google Scholar |

Leadon DP, O’Toole D, Duggan VE (2012) A demographic survey of unwanted horses in Ireland 2005–2010. Irish Veterinary Journal 65, 3.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Legg KA, Breheny M, Gee EK, Rogers CW (2019) Responding to risk: regulation or prohibition? New Zealand media reporting of Thoroughbred jumps racing 2016–2018. Animals 9, 276.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Legg KA, Gee EK, Cochrane DJ, Rogers CW (2021) Preliminary examination of the biological and industry constraints on the structure and pattern of thoroughbred racing in New Zealand over thirteen seasons: 2005/06–2017/18. Animals 11, 2807.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Linklater WL, Cameron EZ, Stafford KJ, Veltman CJ (2000) Social and spatial structure and range use by Kaimanawa wild horses (Equus caballus: Equidae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 24, 139-152.
| Google Scholar |

Littlewood K, Beausoleil N, Stafford K, Stephens C (2021) ‘What Would You Do?’: How Cat Owners Make End-of-Life Decisions and Implications for Veterinary–Client Interactions. Animals 11(4), 1114.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lloyd S, Smith J, Connan RM, Hatcher MA, Hedges TR, Humphrey DJ, Jones AC (2000) Parasite control methods used by horse owners: factors predisposing to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes. Veterinary Record 146, 487-492.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Longland AC, Barfoot C, Harris PA (2016) Effects of grazing muzzles on intakes of dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrates by ponies grazing spring, summer, and autumn swards, as well as autumn swards of different heights. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 40, 26-33.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lönnell C (2012) Yard differences in training, management and orthopedic injury in showjumping, riding school, and thoroughbred race horses. PhD thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.

Lönnell C, Roepstorff L, Egenvall A (2012) Variation in equine management factors between riding schools with high vs. low insurance claims for orthopaedic injury. The Veterinary Journal 193, 109-113.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Marshall J (2008) Whipping is horse racing’s sore point. Available at www.HorseTalk.co.nz [accessed 2020]

Martig S, Chen W, Lee PVS, Whitton RC (2014) Bone fatigue and its implications for injuries in racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal 46, 408-415.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McGowan C (2011) Welfare of Aged Horses. Animals 1(4), 366-376.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McGowan CM, Ireland JL (2016) Welfare, quality of life, and euthanasia of aged horses. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 32, 355-367.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McGowan CM, Stubbs NC, Jull GA (2007) Equine physiotherapy: a comparative view of the science underlying the profession. Equine Veterinary Journal 39, 90-94.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McGowan TW, Pinchbeck G, Phillips CJC, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, McGowan CM (2010) A survey of aged horses in Queensland, Australia. Part 2: clinical signs and owners’ perceptions of health and welfare. Australian Veterinary Journal 88, 465-471.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McGreevy PD (1997) Do stabled horses cope? Journal of Biological Education 31, 207-211.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McGreevy P, French N, Nicol C (1995a) The prevalence of abnormal behaviours in dressage, eventing and endurance horses in relation to stabling. Veterinary Record 137, 36-37.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McGreevy PD, Cripps PJ, French NP, Green LE, Nicol CJ (1995b) Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behaviour in the Thoroughbred horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 27, 86-91.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mellor DJ, Beausoleil NJ (2015) Extending the ‘Five Domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states. Animal Welfare 24, 241-253.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mellor DJ, Burns M (2020) Using the five domains model to develop welfare assessment guidelines for Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 68, 150-156.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Meredith K, Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, Gee EK (2011) The use of allied health therapies on competition horses in the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59, 123-127.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2011) What New Zealanders Really Think about Animal Welfare, MAF Technical Paper No: 2011/55, at 4.5.1. New Zealand Government, Wellington, New Zealand.

Ministry of Primary Industries (2016) Livestock slaughter statistics. New Zealand Government, Wellington, New Zealand. Available at https://catalogue.data.govt.nz/dataset/livestock-slaughter-statistics [accessed 2022]

Morrice-West AV, Hitchens PL, Walmsley EA, Stevenson MA, Whitton RC (2020) Training practices, speed and distances undertaken by Thoroughbred racehorses in Victoria, Australia. Equine Veterinary Journal 52, 273-280.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Murray RC, Walters JM, Snart H, Dyson SJ, Parkin TDH (2010) Identification of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses. The Veterinary Journal 184, 27-36.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

New Zealand Government (2018) Code of welfare for horses and donkeys. Ministry for Primary Industries (Manatū Ahu Matua), Wellington, New Zealand. Available at https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/46060-Code-of-Welfare-Horses-and-donkeys [accessed 2022]

New Zealand Government (2022) Animal Welfare Act 1999. Ministry of Primary industries (Manatū Ahu Matua), Wellington, New Zealand. Available at https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/DLM49664.html [accessed 2022]

New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing (2021) Rules of Racing. New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing Inc., New Zealand. Available at https://loveracing.nz/nztr/resources/rules-directives-and-policies [accessed Feb 2022]

Nicol C (1999) Understanding equine stereotypies. Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement 28, 20-25.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Nielsen MK (2009) Restrictions of anthelmintic usage: perspectives and potential consequences. Parasites and Vectors 2(Suppl. 2), S7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT (1990) Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 8, 604-611.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

NZPCA (2015) General Regulations. New Zealand Pony Clubs Association Incorporated, New Zealand. Available at http://www.nzpca.org/asset/downloadasset?id=7aeaf72d-2629-47c2-aeb9-60f408d6f106 [accessed October 2022]

Parker M, Goodwin D, Redhead ES (2008) Survey of breeders’ management of horses in Europe, North America and Australia: comparison of factors associated with the development of abnormal behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 114, 206-215.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pell SM, McGreevy PD (1999) Prevalence of stereotypic and other problem behaviours in thoroughbred horses. Australian Veterinary Journal 77, 678-679.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS (2005) Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 2. Conditions interfering with training and racing. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 69-76.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Racing Australia (2022) Australian rules of racing. Available at https://www.racingaustralia.horse/uploadimg/Australian_rules_of_Racing/Australian_Rules_of_Racing_06_May_2022.pdf [accessed October 2022]

Reid K, Rogers CW, Gronqvist G, Gee EK, Bolwell CF (2017) Anxiety and pain in horses measured by heart rate variability and behavior. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 22, 1-6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Robin CA, Ireland JL, Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KLP, Newton JR (2015) Prevalence of and risk factors for equine obesity in Great Britain based on owner-reported body condition scores. Equine Veterinary Journal 47, 196-201.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers GM (1991) Kaimanawa feral horses and their environmental impacts. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 15, 49-64.
| Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Cogger N (2010) A cross sectional survey of biosecurity practices on New Zealand Thoroughbred stud farms in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 58, 64-68.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Dittmer KE (2019) Does Juvenile play programme the equine musculoskeletal system? Animals 9, 646.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Firth EC (2005) Preliminary examination of the New Zealand event horse production system. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 65, 372-377.
| Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Vallance A (2009) ‘Studbook Application for Membership of the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses.’ (New Zealand Sport Horse Promotion Board Inc: Masterton, New Zealand)

Rogers CW, Gee EK, Faram TL (2004a) The effect of two different weaning procedures on the growth of pasture-reared thoroughbred foals in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 401-403.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Gee EK, Faram TL (2004b) The effect of two different weaning procedures on the growth of pasture-reared Thoroughbred foals in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 401-403.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Gee EK, Firth EC (2007a) A cross-sectional survey of Thoroughbred stud farm management in the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 55, 302-307.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Rivero JLL, van Breda E, Lindner A, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM (2007b) Describing workload and scientific information on conditioning horses. Equine Comparative and Exercise Physiology 4, 1-6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Gee EK (2012a) Proactive management of the equine athlete. Animals 2, 640-655.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Tanner JC, van Weeren PR (2012b) Early exercise in the horse. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 7, 375-379.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Gee EK, Peterson ML, McIlwraith CW (2014) Profile and surface conditions of New Zealand Thoroughbred racetracks. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34, 1105-1109.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF (2016) Horse production. In ‘Livestock Production in New Zealand’. (Ed. K Stafford). (Massey University Press: Palmerston North, New Zealand)

Rogers CW, Gee EK, Back PJ (2017a) Pastures and supplements in New Zealand commercial equine production systems. In ‘Pasture and supplements for grazing animals.’ (Eds PV Prattray, IM Brrokes, AM Nicol). Occasional Publication 14. (New Zealand Society of Animal Production: Cambridge, New Zealand)

Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF, Rosanowski SM (2017b) Commerical equine production in New Zealand 2: Growth and development of the equine athlete. Animal Production Science 60, 2155-2163.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Gee EK, Rosanowski SM (2020) Equine musculoskeletal development and performance: impact of the production system and early training. Animal Production Science 60, 2069-2079.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rosanowski SM, Rogers CW, Cogger N, Benschop J, Stevenson MA (2012a) The implementation of biosecurity practices and visitor protocols on non-commercial horse properties in New Zealand. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 107, 85-94.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rosanowski SM, Cogger N, Rogers CW, Benschop J, Stevenson MA (2012b) A description of the demographic characteristics of the New Zealand non-commercial horse population with data collected using a generalised random-tessellation stratified sampling design. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 107, 242-252.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rosanowski SM, Cogger N, Rogers CW, Benschop J, Stevenson MA (2013) An investigation of the movement patterns and biosecurity practices on Thoroughbred and Standardbred stud farms in New Zealand. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 108, 178-187.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rosanowski SM, Rogers CW, Cogger N (2015) The movement pattern of horses around race meetings in New Zealand. Animal Production Science 55, 1075-1080.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rosanowski SM, Carpenter TE, Adamson D, Rogers CW, Pearce P, Burns M, Cogger N (2019) An economic analysis of a contingency model utilising vaccination for the control of equine influenza in a non-endemic country. PLoS ONE 14(1), e0210885.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Scantlebury CE, Archer DC, Proudman CJ, Pinchbeck GL (2015) Management and horse-level risk factors for recurrent colic in the UK general equine practice population. Equine Veterinary Journal 47, 202-206.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Scasta JD, Adams M, Gibbs R, Fleury B (2020) Free-ranging horse management in Australia, New Zealand and the United States: socio-ecological dimensions of a protracted environmental conflict. The Rangeland Journal 42, 27-43.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shrestha K, Gilkerson JR, Stevenson MA, Flash ML (2021) Drivers of exit and outcomes for Thoroughbred racehorses participating in the 2017–2018 Australian racing season. PLoS ONE 16(9), e0257581.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Simmons HRG (2015) Investigation of current equine identification systems utilised in the New zealand Equine industry. Masters Thesis. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.

Smith P (2009) Stuff perception, whipping is cruel. Available at www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sport/stuff-perception-whippingis-cruel/story-e6frg7uo-1111119046038 [accessed 2022]

Tanner JC, Rogers CW, Firth EC (2011) The relationship of training milestones with racing success in a population of Standardbred horses in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59, 323-327.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tanner JC, Rogers CW, Firth EC (2013) The association of 2-year-old training milestones with career length and racing success in a sample of Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. Equine Veterinary Journal 45(1), 20-24.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thompson K, McManus P, Stansall D, Wilson BJ, McGreevy PD (2020) Is Whip Use Important to Thoroughbred Racing Integrity? What Stewards’ Reports Reveal about Fairness to Punters, Jockeys and Horses. Animals 10, 1985.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thomson PC, Hayek AR, Jones B, Evans DL, McGreevy PD (2014) Number, causes and destinations of horses leaving the Australian Thoroughbred and Standardbred racing industries. Australian Veterinary Journal 92, 303-311.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Verhaar N, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF, Rosanowski SM (2014) The feeding practices and estimated workload in a cohort of New Zealand competition horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34, 1257-1262.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Verheyen KLP, Henley WE, Price JS, Wood JLN (2005) Training-related factors associated with dorsometacarpal disease in young Thoroughbred racehorses in the UK. Equine Veterinary Journal 37, 442-448.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Verheyen K, Price J, Lanyon L, Wood J (2006) Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses. Bone 39, 1322-1330.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Waran NK, Clarke N, Farnworth MJ (2008) The effects of weaning on the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110, 42-57.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

West DM, Bruère AN, Ridler AL (2002) ‘The sheep: health, disease and production.’ (Foundation for Continuing Education of the New Zealand Veterinary Association: Palmerston North, New Zealand)

Wilsher S, Allen WR, Wood JLN (2006) Factors associated with failure of Thoroughbred horses to train and race. Equine Veterinary Journal 38, 113-118.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |