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REVIEW

Antlers as bioindicators of environmental pollution: principles, achievements, and future research directions

Uwe Kierdorf https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0531-2460 A * , Catharina Ludolphy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-5500 A and Horst Kierdorf https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-9631 A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany.

* Correspondence to: uwe.kierdorf@uni-hildesheim.de

Handling Editor: Gordon Dryden

Animal Production Science 63(16) 1594-1606 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN22145
Submitted: 8 April 2022  Accepted: 6 July 2022   Published: 1 August 2022

© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

The periodically detached and regenerated antlers are a diagnostic trait of deer (family Cervidae) and represent the most rapidly growing bones of mammals. During their species-specific and seasonally fixed growth period of a few months, antlers can accumulate large amounts of ‘bone-seeking’ elements that are incorporated into the bone mineral. This makes antlers ‘naturally standardised’ environmental samples that can be used to monitor environmental pollution of deer habitats by these elements. The present contribution reviews studies utilising hard antlers as environmental archives to reconstruct temporal and spatial variation of contaminant levels in different geographic regions. We further discuss the use of lead isotope signatures in antlers for source apportionment of environmental lead and the impact of excess fluoride uptake on antler mineralisation. In addition, promising areas for future research using antlers as bioindicators are discussed.

Keywords: antlers, biomonitoring, bone mineralisation, environmental archives, fluoride, isotopic signatures, lead, strontium, trace elements.


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