Influence of season on milk fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of grazing goats in a Mediterranean environment: a sustainable agro-food system
Vittorio Lo Presti A , Raffaella Tudisco B , Ambra R. Di Rosa A , Nadia Musco B , Piera Iommelli
B * , Federico Infascelli B , Micaela Grossi B , Maria Ferrara B , Biagina Chiofalo A , Pietro Lombardi B and Marianna Oteri A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy.
B Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli 80100, Italy.
Animal Production Science 63(7) 689-703 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN21538
Submitted: 19 October 2021 Accepted: 3 January 2023 Published: 24 January 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Context: Pasture is widely used in rural Mediterranean areas as a local resource for animal feeding in a sustainable food system.
Aims: The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of pasture from a Mediterranean environment on milk fatty acid profile and organoleptic characteristics in grazing Cilentana goats bred in Cilento (Salerno province, southern Italy).
Methods: Twelve Cilentana dairy goats, grazing on local feeding resources were studied for 5 months (from May to September), starting from 60 days after kidding. Bodyweight and milk yield were recorded, whereas milk samples were collected and analysed for milk chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Milk organoleptic characteristics were analysed using an instrumental sensory platform.
Key results: Season significantly (P < 0.01) affected the pasture fatty acid profile, with the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content (64.83%) occurring in May. Results of the milk fatty acid composition, permitted to classify as ‘High quality’ the goat milks sampled in May and June, with the significantly (P < 0.01) highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; 23.98% and 25.37%) and PUFA (4.74% and 4.43%) contents and lowest saturated fatty acid:unsaturated fatty acid (SFA:UFA) ratio (2.50 and 2.36), and as ‘Low quality’ those sampled in August and September with the significantly (P < 0.01) highest SFA (75.79% and 75.84%) content. Milk n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was always lower than 4. Some sensory differences in milk organoleptic characteristics were detected by the artificial senses platform, which would be almost impossible to detect by a human panel.
Conclusions: Milk samples obtained from grazing goats were influenced by the quality of local feeding resources in terms of nutraceutical value and sensory profile.
Implications: Pasture influenced the composition of milk functional compounds, improving the UFAs and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, widely recognised as having beneficial effects on human health. The n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, lower than 4, confirms the positive effects of pasture on nutritional characteristics of goat milk and underlines the important role of pasture of marginal areas for the quality of livestock products in the frame of a sustainable agro-food system. Some differences were detected by the artificial senses platform among milk samples, which were almost impossible to detect by a human panel, highlighting the potentiality of the artificial senses to link animal-sourced foods to a territory.
Keywords: animal nutrition, artificial senses, fatty acid profile, goat milk, milk quality, milk sensory profile, pasture, sustainable livestock production system.
References
Addis M, Cabiddu A, Pinna G, Decandia M, Piredda G, Pirisi A, Molle G (2005) Milk and cheese fatty acid composition in sheep fed Mediterranean forages with reference to conjugated linoleic acid cis-9,trans-11. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 3443–3454.| Milk and cheese fatty acid composition in sheep fed Mediterranean forages with reference to conjugated linoleic acid cis-9,trans-11.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Agabriel C, Cornu A, Journal C, Sibra C, Grolier P, Martin B (2007) Tanker milk variability according to farm feeding practices: vitamins A and E, carotenoids, color, and terpenoids. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 4884–4896.
| Tanker milk variability according to farm feeding practices: vitamins A and E, carotenoids, color, and terpenoids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alothman M, Hogan SA, Hennessy D, Dillon P, Kilcawley KN, O’Donovan M, Tobin J, Fenelon MA, O’Callaghan TF (2019) The ‘Grass-Fed’ milk story: understanding the impact of pasture feeding on the composition and quality of bovine milk. Foods 8, 350–374.
| The ‘Grass-Fed’ milk story: understanding the impact of pasture feeding on the composition and quality of bovine milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ampuero S, Bosset JO (2003) The electronic nose applied to dairy products: a review. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 94, 1–12.
| The electronic nose applied to dairy products: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
AOAC (2012) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 19th edn. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Arlington, VA, USA)
Belury MA (2002) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Annual Review of Nutrition 22, 505–531.
| Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bendall JG, Olney SD (2001) Hept-cis-4-enal: analysis and flavour contribution to fresh milk. International Dairy Journal 11, 855–864.
| Hept-cis-4-enal: analysis and flavour contribution to fresh milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bovolenta S, Corazzin M, Saccà E, Gasperi F, Biasioli F, Ventura W (2009) Performance and cheese quality of Brown cows grazing on mountain pasture fed two different levels of supplementation. Livestock Science 124, 58–65.
| Performance and cheese quality of Brown cows grazing on mountain pasture fed two different levels of supplementation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bovolenta S, Romanzin A, Corazzin M, Spanghero M, Aprea E, Gasperi F, Piasentier E (2014) Volatile compounds and sensory properties of Montasio cheese made from the milk of Simmental cows grazing on alpine pastures. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 7373–7385.
| Volatile compounds and sensory properties of Montasio cheese made from the milk of Simmental cows grazing on alpine pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brzóska F (2006) Effect of fatty acid calcium salts from linseed oil on the yield and n-3 fatty acid content of milk and on blood plasma parameters of cows. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 15, 347–360.
| Effect of fatty acid calcium salts from linseed oil on the yield and n-3 fatty acid content of milk and on blood plasma parameters of cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpino S, Mallia S, La Terra S, Melilli C, Licitra G, Acree TE, Barbano DM, Van Soest PJ (2004) Composition and aroma compounds of Ragusano cheese: native pasture and total mixed rations. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 816–830.
| Composition and aroma compounds of Ragusano cheese: native pasture and total mixed rations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chilliard Y, Ferlay A (2004) Dietary lipids and forages interactions on cow and goat milk fatty acid composition and sensory properties. Reproduction Nutrition Development 44, 467–492.
| Dietary lipids and forages interactions on cow and goat milk fatty acid composition and sensory properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chilliard Y, Ferlay A, Mansbridge RM, Doreau M (2000) Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Annales de Zootechnie 49, 181–205.
| Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chilliard Y, Glasser F, Ferlay A, Bernard L, Rouel J, Doreau M (2007) Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 828–855.
| Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chiofalo B, Liotta L, Zumbo A, Chiofalo V (2004) Administration of olive cake for ewe feeding: effect on milk yield and composition. Small Ruminant Research 55, 169–176.
| Administration of olive cake for ewe feeding: effect on milk yield and composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Christie WW (1993) Preparation of ester derivatives of fatty acids for chromatographic analysis. In ‘Advances in lipid methodology-two’. (Ed. WW Christie) pp. 69–111. (Oily Press: Dundee, Scotland, UK)
Coppa M, Martin B, Pradel P, Leotta B, Priolo A, Vasta V (2011) Effect of a hay-based diet or different upland grazing systems on milk volatile compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, 4947–4954.
| Effect of a hay-based diet or different upland grazing systems on milk volatile compounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Croissant AE, Washburn SP, Dean LL, Drake MA (2007) Chemical properties and consumer perception of fluid milk from conventional and pasture-based production systems. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 4942–4953.
| Chemical properties and consumer perception of fluid milk from conventional and pasture-based production systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Currò S, Manuelian CL, De Marchi M, Claps S, Rufrano D, Neglia G (2019) Effects of breed and stage of lactation on milk fatty acid composition of Italian goat breeds. Animals 9, 764
| Effects of breed and stage of lactation on milk fatty acid composition of Italian goat breeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Czauderna M, Kowalczyk J, Żebrowska T, Michalski JP, Wąsowska I (2007) Response of milk fatty acid profile to various protein levels in goat diets with similar fatty acid content. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 16, 548–553.
| Response of milk fatty acid profile to various protein levels in goat diets with similar fatty acid content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Decandia M, Cabiddu A, Molle G, Branca A, Epifani G, Pintus S, Tavera F, Piredda G, Pinna G, Addis M (2007) Effect of different feeding systems on fatty acid composition and volatile compound content in goat milk. In ‘Advanced nutrition and feeding strategies to improve sheep and goat. Vol. 74’. Options Mediterraneenes Series A. (Eds A Priolo, L Biondi, H Ben Salem, P Morand-Fehr) pp. 129–134. (CIHEAM)
Dhiman TR, Nam S-H, Ure AL (2005) Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and meat. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 45, 463–482.
| Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and meat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Di Rosa AR, Leone F (2018) Application of electronic nose systems on animal-source food: an overview. In ‘Electronic nose technologies and advances in machine olfaction’. (Eds Y Albastaki, F Albalooshi) pp. 151–174. (IGI Global: Hershey, PA, USA) https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3862-2.ch008
Di Rosa AR, Leone F, Cheli F, Chiofalo V (2017) Fusion of electronic nose, electronic tongue and computer vision for animal source food authentication and quality assessment – a review. Journal of Food Engineering 210, 62–75.
| Fusion of electronic nose, electronic tongue and computer vision for animal source food authentication and quality assessment – a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Di Rosa AR, Leone F, Bressan F, Battaglia G, Veccia T, Chiofalo V (2018) Radio frequency heating of milk–effects on quality, safety, and shelf life assessed using artificial senses and chemometric tools. Electronics 7, 402
| Radio frequency heating of milk–effects on quality, safety, and shelf life assessed using artificial senses and chemometric tools.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Di Rosa AR, Leone F, Cheli F, Chiofalo V (2019) Novel approach for the characterisation of sicilian honeys based on the correlation of physico-chemical parameters and artificial senses. Italian Journal of Animal Science 18, 389–397.
| Novel approach for the characterisation of sicilian honeys based on the correlation of physico-chemical parameters and artificial senses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dubroeucq H, Martin B, Ferlay A, Pradel P, Verdier-Metz I, Chilliard Y, Agabriel J, Coulon J (2002) Cow’s feeding may modify sensory properties of milk. Rencontre Recherche Ruminants 9, 351–354.
D’Urso S, Cutrignelli MI, Calabrò S, Bovera F, Tudisco R, Piccolo V, Infascelli F (2008) Influence of pasture on fatty acid profile of goat milk. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 92, 405–410.
| Influence of pasture on fatty acid profile of goat milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Enser M, Hallett KG, Hewett B, Fursey GAJ, Wood JD, Harrington G (1998) Fatty acid content and composition of UK beef and lamb muscle in relation to production system and implications for human nutrition. Meat Science 49, 329–341.
| Fatty acid content and composition of UK beef and lamb muscle in relation to production system and implications for human nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Faulkner H, O’Callaghan TF, McAuliffe S, Hennessy D, Stanton C, O’Sullivan MG, Kerry JP, Kilcawley KN (2018) Effect of different forage types on the volatile and sensory properties of bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 1034–1047.
| Effect of different forage types on the volatile and sensory properties of bovine milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fedele V, Rubino R, Claps S, Sepe L, Morone G (2005) Seasonal evolution of volatile compounds content and aromatic profile in milk and cheese from grazing goat. Small Ruminant Research 59, 273–279.
| Seasonal evolution of volatile compounds content and aromatic profile in milk and cheese from grazing goat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Galina MA, Osnaya F, Cuchillo HM, Haenlein GFW (2007) Cheese quality from milk of grazing or indoor fed Zebu cows and Alpine crossbred goats. Small Ruminant Research 71, 264–272.
| Cheese quality from milk of grazing or indoor fed Zebu cows and Alpine crossbred goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gama MAS, Garnsworthy PC, Griinari JM, Leme PR, Rodrigues PHM, Souza LWO, Lanna DPD (2008) Diet-induced milk fat depression: association with changes in milk fatty acid composition and fluidity of milk fat. Livestock Science 115, 319–331.
| Diet-induced milk fat depression: association with changes in milk fatty acid composition and fluidity of milk fat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griinari JM, Dwyer DA, McGuire MA, Bauman DE, Palmquist DL, Nurmela KVV (1998) Trans-octadecenoic acids and milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 1251–1261.
| Trans-octadecenoic acids and milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guichard G, Leconte D, Picoche B, Simo J-C (2006) Influence de la composition floristique des prairies permanentes normandes sur les caractéristiques des laits crus dérivés. Fourrages 188, 457–475.
Gómez-Cortés P, Frutos P, Mantecón AR, Juárez M, De La Fuente MA, Hervás G (2008) Addition of olive oil to dairy ewe diets: effect on milk fatty acid profile and animal performance. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3119–3127.
| Addition of olive oil to dairy ewe diets: effect on milk fatty acid profile and animal performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill JP (2017) Assessing the overall impact of the dairy sector. In ‘Achieving sustainable production of milk. Vol. 2’, 1st edn. (Ed. N. van Belzen) pp. 325–348. (Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing: Cambridge, UK) https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351114202
Infascelli L, Tudisco R, Iommelli P, Capitanio F (2021) Milk quality and animal welfare as a possible marketing lever for the economic development of rural areas in southern Italy. Animals 11, 1059
| Milk quality and animal welfare as a possible marketing lever for the economic development of rural areas in southern Italy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
INRA (1978) ‘Alimentation Des Ruminants.’ (INRA: Paris, France)
Jahreis G, Dawczynski C (2020) Chapter 4: Trans and conjugated fatty acids in dairy products: cause for concern?. In ‘Milk and dairy foods’. (Ed. D Ian Givens) pp. 87–120. (Academic Press)
Januszewska-Jóźwiak K, Synowiecki J (2008) Charakterystyka i przydatność składników szarłatu w biotechnologii żywności [Characteristics and suitability of amaranth components in food biotechnology]. Biotechnologia 3, 89–102.
Kilcawley KN (2017) Cheese flavour. In ‘Fundamentals of cheese science’. 2nd edn. (Eds PF Fox, TP Guinee, TM Cogan, PLH McSweeney) pp. 443–474. (Springer US: Boston, MA, USA; and New York, NY, USA)
Kudrna V, Marounek M (2006) The influence of feeding rapeseed cake and extruded soyabean on the performance of lactating cows and the fatty acid pattern of milk. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 15, 361–369.
| The influence of feeding rapeseed cake and extruded soyabean on the performance of lactating cows and the fatty acid pattern of milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lerch S, Ferlay A, Graulet B, Cirié C, Verdier-Metz I, Montel MC, Chilliard Y, Martin B (2015) Extruded linseeds, vitamin E and plant extracts in corn silage-based diets of dairy cows: effects on sensory properties of raw milk and uncooked pressed cheese. International Dairy Journal 51, 65–74.
| Extruded linseeds, vitamin E and plant extracts in corn silage-based diets of dairy cows: effects on sensory properties of raw milk and uncooked pressed cheese.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lock AL, Garnsworthy PC (2003) Seasonal variation in milk conjugated linoleic acid and Δ9-desaturase activity in dairy cows. Livestock Production Science 79, 47–59.
| Seasonal variation in milk conjugated linoleic acid and Δ9-desaturase activity in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lock AL, Corl BA, Barbano DM, Bauman DE, Ip C (2004) The anticarcinogenic effect of trans-11 18:1 is dependent on its conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA by Δ9-desaturase in rats. The Journal of Nutrition 134, 2698–2704.
| The anticarcinogenic effect of trans-11 18:1 is dependent on its conversion to cis-9, trans-11 CLA by Δ9-desaturase in rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mariaca RG, Berger TFH, Gauch R, Imhof MI, Jeangros B, Bosset JO (1997) Occurrence of volatile mono- and sesquiterpenoids in highland and lowland plant species as possible precursors for flavor compounds in milk and dairy products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45, 4423–4434.
| Occurrence of volatile mono- and sesquiterpenoids in highland and lowland plant species as possible precursors for flavor compounds in milk and dairy products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meľuchová B, Blaško J, Kubinec R, Górová R, Dubravská J, Margetín M, Soják L (2008) Seasonal variations in fatty acid composition of pasture forage plants and CLA content in ewe milk fat. Small Ruminant Research 78, 56–65.
| Seasonal variations in fatty acid composition of pasture forage plants and CLA content in ewe milk fat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moate PJ, Williams SRO, Torok VA, Hannah MC, Ribaux BE, Tavendale MH, Eckard RJ, Jacobs JL, Auldist MJ, Wales WJ (2014) Grape marc reduces methane emissions when fed to dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 5073–5087.
| Grape marc reduces methane emissions when fed to dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morales FDAR, Genís JMC, Guerrero YM (2019) Current status, challenges and the way forward for dairy goat production in Europe. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 32, 1256–1265.
| Current status, challenges and the way forward for dairy goat production in Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morand-Fehr P, Fedele V, Decandia M, Le Frileux Y (2007) Influence of farming and feeding systems on composition and quality of goat and sheep milk. Small Ruminant Research 68, 20–34.
| Influence of farming and feeding systems on composition and quality of goat and sheep milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mosley EE, Powell GL, Riley MB, Jenkins TC (2002) Microbial biohydrogenation of oleic acid to trans isomers in vitro. Journal of Lipid Research 43, 290–296.
| Microbial biohydrogenation of oleic acid to trans isomers in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mosley EE, Shafii B, Moate PJ, McGuire MA (2006) Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized directly from vaccenic acid in lactating dairy cattle. The Journal of Nutrition 136, 570–575.
| Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized directly from vaccenic acid in lactating dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nantapo CTW, Muchenje V, Hugo A (2014) Atherogenicity index and health-related fatty acids in different stages of lactation from Friesian, Jersey and Friesian × Jersey cross cow milk under a pasture-based dairy system. Food Chemistry 146, 127–133.
| Atherogenicity index and health-related fatty acids in different stages of lactation from Friesian, Jersey and Friesian × Jersey cross cow milk under a pasture-based dairy system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nozière P, Graulet B, Lucas A, Martin B, Grolier P, Doreau M (2006) Carotenoids for ruminants: from forages to dairy products. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 418–450.
| Carotenoids for ruminants: from forages to dairy products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nudda A, McGuire MA, Battacone G, Pulina G (2005) Seasonal variation in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in milk fat of sheep and its transfer to cheese and ricotta. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1311–1319.
| Seasonal variation in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in milk fat of sheep and its transfer to cheese and ricotta.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Callaghan TF, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Kilcawley KN, O’Donovan M, Dillon P, Ross RP, Stanton C (2016) Effect of pasture versus indoor feeding systems on raw milk composition and quality over an entire lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 9424–9440.
| Effect of pasture versus indoor feeding systems on raw milk composition and quality over an entire lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Callaghan TF, Mannion DT, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, O’Sullivan MG, Leeuwendaal N, Beresford TP, Dillon P, Kilcawley KN, Sheehan JJ, Ross RP, Stanton C (2017) Effect of pasture versus indoor feeding systems on quality characteristics, nutritional composition, and sensory and volatile properties of full-fat cheddar cheese. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 6053–6073.
| Effect of pasture versus indoor feeding systems on quality characteristics, nutritional composition, and sensory and volatile properties of full-fat cheddar cheese.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pajor F, Galló O, Steiber O, Tasi J, Póti P (2009) The effect of grazing on the composition of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and other fatty acids of milk and cheese in goats. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 18, 429–439.
| The effect of grazing on the composition of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and other fatty acids of milk and cheese in goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pipoyan D, Stepanyan S, Stepanyan S, Beglaryan M, Costantini L, Molinari R, Merendino N (2021) The effect of trans fatty acids on human health: regulation and consumption patterns. Foods 10, 2452
| The effect of trans fatty acids on human health: regulation and consumption patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Platt I, Rao LG, El-Sohemy A (2007) Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on mineralized bone nodule formation from human osteoblast-like cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine. (Maywood) 232, 246–252.
Povolo M, Contarini G, Mele M, Secchiari P (2007) Study on the influence of pasture on volatile fraction of Ewes’ dairy products by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 556–569.
| Study on the influence of pasture on volatile fraction of Ewes’ dairy products by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rajeswara Rao BR, Kaul PN, Mallavarapu GR, Ramesh S (1996) Effect of seasonal climatic changes on biomass yield and terpenoid composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24, 627–635.
| Effect of seasonal climatic changes on biomass yield and terpenoid composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rohloff J (1999) Monoterpene composition of essential oil from peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) with regard to leaf position using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 3782–3786.
| Monoterpene composition of essential oil from peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) with regard to leaf position using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanz Sampelayo MR, Perez L, Boza J, Amigo L (1998) Forage of different physical forms in the diets of lactating Granadina goats: nutrient digestibility and milk production and composition. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 492–498.
| Forage of different physical forms in the diets of lactating Granadina goats: nutrient digestibility and milk production and composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanz Sampelayo MR, Chilliard Y, Schmidely Ph, Boza J (2007) Influence of type of diet on the fat constituents of goat and sheep milk. Small Ruminant Research 68, 42–63.
| Influence of type of diet on the fat constituents of goat and sheep milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Solaiman SG (2010) ‘Goat science and production.’ 1st edn. pp. 193–216. (Wiley-Blackwell: Ames, IA, USA)
Song H-J, Grant I, Rotondo D, Mohede I, Sattar N, Heys SD, Wahle KWJ (2005) Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 508–517.
| Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Strzalkowska N, Jóźwik A, Bagnicka E, Krzyzewski J, Horbańczuk K, Pyzel B, Horbańczuk JO (2009) Chemical composition, physical traits and fatty acid profile of goat milk as related to the stage of lactation. Animal Science Papers and Reports 27, 311–320.
Tornambé G, Cornu A, Pradel P, Kondjoyan N, Carnat AP, Petit M, Martin B (2006) Changes in terpene content in milk from pasture-fed cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 2309–2319.
| Changes in terpene content in milk from pasture-fed cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tornambé G, Cornu A, Verdier-Metz I, Pradel P, Kondjoyan N, Figueredo G, Hulin S, Martin B (2007) Addition of pasture plant essential oil in milk: influence on chemical and sensory properties of milk and cheese. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 58–69.
| Addition of pasture plant essential oil in milk: influence on chemical and sensory properties of milk and cheese.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tretola M, Ottoboni M, Di Rosa AR, Giromini C, Fusi E, Rebucci R, Leone F, Dell’Orto V, Chiofalo V, Pinotti L (2017) Former food products safety evaluation: computer vision as an innovative approach for the packaging remnants detection. Journal of Food Quality 2017, 1–6.
| Former food products safety evaluation: computer vision as an innovative approach for the packaging remnants detection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tsiplakou E, Mountzouris KC, Zervas G (2006) Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in grazing sheep and goat milk fat. Livestock Science 103, 74–84.
| Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in grazing sheep and goat milk fat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tudisco R, Cutrignelli MI, Calabrò S, Piccolo G, Bovera F, Guglielmelli A, Moniello G, Infascelli F (2010) Influence of organic systems on milk fatty acid profile and CLA in goats. Small Ruminant Research 88, 151–155.
| Influence of organic systems on milk fatty acid profile and CLA in goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tudisco R, Calabrò S, Cutrignelli MI, Moniello G, Grossi M, Gonzalez OJ, Piccolo V, Infascelli F (2012) Influence of organic systems on stearoyl–CoA desaturase gene expression in goat milk. Small Ruminant Research 106, S37–S42.
| Influence of organic systems on stearoyl–CoA desaturase gene expression in goat milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tudisco R, Grossi M, Calabrò S, Cutrignelli MI, Musco N, Addi L, Infascelli F (2014) Influence of pasture on goat milk fatty acids and stearoyl–CoA desaturase expression in milk somatic cells. Small Ruminant Research 122, 38–43.
| Influence of pasture on goat milk fatty acids and stearoyl–CoA desaturase expression in milk somatic cells.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tudisco R, Chiofalo B, Lo Presti V, Morittu VM, Moniello G, Grossi M, Musco N, Grazioli R, Mastellone V, Lombardi P, Infascelli F (2019a) Influence of feeding linseed on SCD activity in grazing goat mammary glands. Animals 9, 786
| Influence of feeding linseed on SCD activity in grazing goat mammary glands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tudisco R, Morittu VM, Addi L, Moniello G, Grossi M, Musco N, Grazioli R, Mastellone V, Pero ME, Lombardi P, Infascelli F (2019b) Influence of pasture on stearoyl–CoA desaturase and miRNA 103 expression in goat milk: preliminary results. Animals 9, 606–617.
| Influence of pasture on stearoyl–CoA desaturase and miRNA 103 expression in goat milk: preliminary results.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ulbricht TLV, Southgate DAT (1991) Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. The Lancet 338, 985–992.
| Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3598.
| Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Villeneuve M-P, Lebeuf Y, Gervais R, Tremblay GF, Vuillemard JC, Fortin J, Chouinard PY (2013) Milk volatile organic compounds and fatty acid profile in cows fed timothy as hay, pasture, or silage. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 7181–7194.
| Milk volatile organic compounds and fatty acid profile in cows fed timothy as hay, pasture, or silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams CM (2000) Dietary fatty acids and human health. Annales de Zootechnie 49, 165–180.
| Dietary fatty acids and human health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wood JD, Richardson RI, Nute GR, Fisher AV, Campo MM, Kasapidou E, Sheard PR, Enser M (2004) Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review. Meat Science 66, 21–32.
| Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zardin E, Silcock P, Siefarth C, Bremer PJ, Beauchamp J (2016) Dynamic changes in the volatiles and sensory properties of chilled milk during exposure to light. International Dairy Journal 62, 35–38.
| Dynamic changes in the volatiles and sensory properties of chilled milk during exposure to light.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
