Register      Login
Animal Production Science Animal Production Science Society
Food, fibre and pharmaceuticals from animals
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical indexes of male sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Bao Kun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3539-6303 A , Wang Xiaoxu A , Wang Kaiying A , Li Guangyu A B and Liu Hanlu A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.

B Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266000, China.

* Correspondence to: liuhanlu2003@163.com

Handling Editor: Gordon Dryden

Animal Production Science 62(3) 248-253 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN21026
Submitted: 15 March 2021  Accepted: 8 October 2021   Published: 11 November 2021

© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Context: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is very important for animals and humans. CLA has many important biological functions, such as reducing fat and increasing muscle, antioxidation, improving immunity and so on. CLA requirements for deer have not been established.

Aims: A single-factor test was conducted to evaluate the effects of CLA supplementation on male sika deer.

Methods: Sixteen deer were divided in four groups (from G0 to G3) of four animals, each according to their bodyweight. Deer in G0 were fed a basal diet without CLA supplementation. Deer in G1, G2 and G3 were fed diets supplemented with CLA at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical indexes were measured.

Key results: The results suggested that the average daily gain of deer increased with conjugated linoleic acid supplementation (P < 0.05); maximal growth performance was seen in G2. The average daily feed intake showed differences among the treatments (P < 0.01). The highest average daily feed intake was observed in Group G2. Feed to gain ratio (F:G) in Groups G1, G2 and G3 was different from that in Group G0 (P < 0.01). The digestibility of crude protein and ether extract was increased by conjugated linoleic acid concentrations (P < 0.05). The alkaline phosphatase activity showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in Groups G2 and G3, compared with Group G0. There were significant differences in cholesterol between G1 and G2 groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: The results indicated that conjugated linoleic acid supplementation to diet plays a positive role in the growth of sika deer.

Implications: This experiment has shown the effects of dietary supplementation with CLA in sika deer breeding. It has layed a good foundation for the application of CLA supplementation in sika deer industry to promote the healthy development of sika deer breeding industry.

Keywords: biochemical indexes, blood, conjugated linoleic acid, digestibility, growth performance, nutrient, requirement, sika deer.


References

Agazzi A, Invernizzi G, Campagnoli A (2010) Effect of different dietary fats on hepatic gene expression in transition dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research 93, 31–40.
Effect of different dietary fats on hepatic gene expression in transition dairy goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (2005) ‘Official methods of analysis.’, 15th edn. (AOAC: Arlington, VA)

Bao K, Wang K, Wang X, Zhang T, Liu H, Li G (2017) Effects of dietary manganese supplementation on nutrient digestibility and production performance in male sika deer (Cervus nippon. Animal Science Journal 88, 463–467.
Effects of dietary manganese supplementation on nutrient digestibility and production performance in male sika deer (Cervus nippon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27481564PubMed |

Bao K, Wang X, Wang K, Yang Y, Li G (2020) Effects of dietary supplementation with selenium and vitamin E on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and blood parameters in female sika deer (Cervus nippon. Biological Trace Element Research 195, 454–460.
Effects of dietary supplementation with selenium and vitamin E on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and blood parameters in female sika deer (Cervus nippon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31452087PubMed |

Benchaar C, Romero-Pérez GA, Chouinard PY, Hassanat F, Eugene M, Petit HV, Côrtes C (2012) Supplementation of increasing amounts of linseed oil to dairy cows fed total mixed rations: effects on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, protozoal populations, and milk fatty acid composition. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 4578–4590.
Supplementation of increasing amounts of linseed oil to dairy cows fed total mixed rations: effects on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, protozoal populations, and milk fatty acid composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22818472PubMed |

Du M, Ahn DU (2002) Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth rate of live birds and on the abdominal fat content and quality of broiler meat. Poultry Science 81, 428–433.
Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth rate of live birds and on the abdominal fat content and quality of broiler meat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11902422PubMed |

Ferreira EM, Pires AV, Susin I, Gentil RS, Parente MOM, Nolli CP, Meneghini RCM, Mendes CQ, Ribeiro CVDM (2014) Growth, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and meat fatty acid profile of lambs fed soybean oil partially replaced by fish oil blend. Animal Feed Science and Technology 187, 9–18.
Growth, feed intake, carcass characteristics, and meat fatty acid profile of lambs fed soybean oil partially replaced by fish oil blend.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gomaa AS, Kholif AE, Kholif AM, Salama R, El-Alamy HA, Olafadehan OA (2018) Sunflower oil and Nannochloropsisoculata microalgae as sources of unsaturated fatty acids for mitigation of methane production and enhancing diets’nutritive value. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, 1751–1759.
Sunflower oil and Nannochloropsisoculata microalgae as sources of unsaturated fatty acids for mitigation of methane production and enhancing diets’nutritive value.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29397713PubMed |

Guo YH, Liu HH, Zhang QE (2019) Effects of different levels of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, slaughter performance and blood biochemical indexes of Qinza cattle. Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry 5, 132–136.

Hoffmann A, Görlich S, Steingass H, Terry H, Schollenberger M, Hartung K, Mosenthin R (2016) Milk production and milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed crushed rapeseed or rapeseed oil. Livestock Science 190, 31–34.
Milk production and milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed crushed rapeseed or rapeseed oil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ivan M, Mir PS, Mir Z, Entz T, He ML, McAllister TA (2004) Effects of dietary sunflower seeds on rumen protozoa and growth of lambs. British Journal of Nutrition 92, 303–310.
Effects of dietary sunflower seeds on rumen protozoa and growth of lambs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jiang W, Nie S, Qu Z, Bi C, Shan A (2014) The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid composition of broilers fed corn dried distillers grains with solubles. Poultry Science 93, 1202–1210.
The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid composition of broilers fed corn dried distillers grains with solubles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24795313PubMed |

Kholif AE, Morsy TA, Abd El Tawab AM, Anele UY, Galyean ML (2016) Effect of supplementing diets of Anglo-Nubian goats with soybean and flaxseed oils on lactational performance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64, 6163–6170.
Effect of supplementing diets of Anglo-Nubian goats with soybean and flaxseed oils on lactational performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27415418PubMed |

Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Park Y (2016a) Conjugated linoleic acid: potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 7, 221–244.
Conjugated linoleic acid: potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26735796PubMed |

Kim Y, Kim D, Park Y (2016b) Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) promotes endurance capacity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ-mediated mechanism in mice. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 38, 125–133.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) promotes endurance capacity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ-mediated mechanism in mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Li XZ, Yan CG, Lee HG, Choi CW, Song MK (2012) Influence of dietary plant oils on mammary lipogenic enzymes and the conjugated linoleic acid content of plasma and milk fat of lactating goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology 174, 26–35.
Influence of dietary plant oils on mammary lipogenic enzymes and the conjugated linoleic acid content of plasma and milk fat of lactating goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Prieto-Manrique EP, Mahecha-Ledesma L, Vargas-Sánchez JE, Angulo-Arizala J (2018) The effect of sunflower seed oil supplementation on the milk fatty acid contents of cows fed leucaena in an intensive silvopastoral system. Animal Feed Science and Technology 239, 55–65.
The effect of sunflower seed oil supplementation on the milk fatty acid contents of cows fed leucaena in an intensive silvopastoral system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roy A, Mandal GP, Patra AK (2013) Evaluating the performance, carcass traits and conjugated linoleic acid content in muscle and adipose tissues of Black Bengal goats fed soybean oil and sunflower oil. Animal Feed Science and Technology 185, 43–52.
Evaluating the performance, carcass traits and conjugated linoleic acid content in muscle and adipose tissues of Black Bengal goats fed soybean oil and sunflower oil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shen PY, Kershaw JC, Yue Y, Wang O, Kim K-H, McClements DJ, Park Y (2018) Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fat accumulation, activity, and proteomics analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chemistry 249, 193–201.
Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fat accumulation, activity, and proteomics analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wu SG, Qi GH, Zheng J (1999) Survey of trace element copper. Feed Industry 20, 5–7.

Wu XZ, Zhang TT, Guo JG, Liu Z, Yang FH, Gao XH (2015) Copper bioavailability, blood parameters, and nutrient balance in mink. Journal of Animal Science 93, 176–184.
Copper bioavailability, blood parameters, and nutrient balance in mink.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25568366PubMed |

Xing FF, Yan FY, Kong XF (2008) Effects of Gly-Cu and Met-Cu replacing copper sulfate as dietary additive on serum biochemical parameters of piglets. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Science 24, 378–380.

Zhang HJ, Guo YM, Tian YD, Yuan JM (2008) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid improves antioxidant capacity in broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 49, 213–221.
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid improves antioxidant capacity in broiler chicks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18409096PubMed |

Zhang JL, Ma JF, Liang XJ (2021) Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth and serum biochemical indexes of lactating Tan lamb. Feed Research 10, 1–4.

Zhao TZ (2014) Effect and the initial mechanism research of dietary oil sources on fatty acid and intramucular fat contents of lamb. PhD thesis, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.