Feeding extruded linseed or soybean and hay free-choice to Rubia Gallega young heifers does not substantially alter health-enhancing fatty acids in meat
Laura González
A * , Teresa Moreno A , Esperanza Bispo A and Michael E. R. Dugan B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departamento de Producción Animal, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo (C.I.A.M), AGACAL, Apdo 10, 15080 A Coruña, Spain.
B Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada.
Animal Production Science 62(16) 1618-1629 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN20599
Submitted: 16 November 2020 Accepted: 17 May 2022 Published: 15 July 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Context: A common strategy to try and improve the fatty acid (FA) composition of meat and fat from cattle has been to feed protected oil or oilseeds.
Aims: Concentrate containing 4.5% fat from vegetable oil, extruded linseed or extruded soybean were fed free-choice with hay to Rubia Gallega heifers to examine the effects on meat (Longissimus thoracis (LT)) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) FAcompositions, and effects on meat and carcass quality. A secondary aim was to assess treatment effects on levels of specific desirable FAs in meat and fat.
Methods: Twenty-four 7-month-old Rubia Gallega heifers were assigned to three experimental diets: control concentrate (with palm oil) or concentrates containing either extruded linseed (LS) or extruded soybeans. Concentrates and hay were fed for 90 days before slaughter at an average age and weight of 300 days and 350 kg, respectively.
Key results: Minor treatment effects on animal performance, carcass traits and meat quality were noted. Relative to the control concentrate diet, feeding the linseed diet led to a slight increase in α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in SCF (P < 0.001), no change in 18:3n-3 in LT, reduced n-6/n-3 ratios in both LT and SCF (LT, P < 0.01; SCF, P < 0.001), and avoided ∑(t6- to t10-)18:1 accumulation in either tissue (LT, P = 0.017; SCF, P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Although FA improvements when feeding linseed could be viewed as positive for human health, quantitatively, feeding extruded oilseeds and hay free-choice were ineffective at creating rumen conditions needed to substantially enrich n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) or desirable biohydrogenation intermediates in LT.
Implications: To produce high-quality Rubia Gallega meat with meaningful and consistent enrichments of polyunsaturated FAs and beneficial biohydrogenation products will require more efficient methods for ruminal protection of PUFA, and further investigations into the timing and amounts of PUFA-enriched concentrate feeding.
Keywords: cattle feeding, conjugated linoleic acid, meat production, meat quality, oilseeds, omega 3 fatty acids, ruminant nutrition, trans vaccenic acid.
References
Aldai N, Dugan MER, Juárez M, Martínez A, Osoro K (2010) Double-muscling character influences the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles in concentrate-fed yearling bulls. Meat Science 85, 59–65.| Double-muscling character influences the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles in concentrate-fed yearling bulls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20374865PubMed |
Aldai N, de Renobales M, Barron LJR, Kramer JKG (2013) What are the trans fatty acids issues in foods after discontinuation of industrially produced trans fats? Ruminant products, vegetable oils, and synthetic supplements. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 115, 1378–1401.
| What are the trans fatty acids issues in foods after discontinuation of industrially produced trans fats? Ruminant products, vegetable oils, and synthetic supplements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alves SP, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Bessa RJB (2008) Improved method for fatty acid analysis in herbage based on direct transesterification followed by solid-phase extraction. Journal of Chromatography A 1209, 212–219.
| Improved method for fatty acid analysis in herbage based on direct transesterification followed by solid-phase extraction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18814883PubMed |
Alves SP, Vahmani P, Mapiye C, McAllister TA, Bessa RJB, Dugan MER (2021) Trans-10 18:1 in ruminant meats: a review. Lipids 56, 539–562.
| Trans-10 18:1 in ruminant meats: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 34608647PubMed |
Bauchart D, Roy A, Lorenz S, Chardigny J-M, Ferlay A, Gruffat D, Sébédio J-L, Chilliard Y, Durand D (2007) Butters varying in trans-18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid modify plasma lipoproteins in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Lipids 42, 123–133.
| Butters varying in trans-18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid modify plasma lipoproteins in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17393218PubMed |
Bispo E, Monserrat L , González L, Franco D, Moreno T (2010) Effect of weaning status on animal performance and meat quality of Rubia Gallega calves. Meat Science 86(3), 832–838.
| Effect of weaning status on animal performance and meat quality of Rubia Gallega calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bispo E, Moreno T, Thomas A, Durand D, Monserrat L, Gonzalez L, Bauchart D (2011) Effects of weaning and finishing feeding treatment on fatty acids, especially cis and trans C18:1 isomers, in the Longissimus thoracis muscle of Galician Blond calves. Animal 5, 802–812.
| Effects of weaning and finishing feeding treatment on fatty acids, especially cis and trans C18:1 isomers, in the Longissimus thoracis muscle of Galician Blond calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22440003PubMed |
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology 37, 911–917.
| A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 13671378PubMed |
Bourne MC (1978) Texture profile analysis. Food Technology 32, 62–66.
British Department of Health (BDH) (1994) Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular diseases. Report on health and social subjects, 46. H.M. (Stationary Office: London, UK)
Brouwer IA, Wanders AJ, Katan MB (2013) Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular health: research completed? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 541–547.
| Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular health: research completed?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23531781PubMed |
Carreau JP, Dubacq JP (1978) Adaptation of a macro-scale method to the micro-scale for fatty acid methyl transesterification of biological lipid extracts. Journal of Chromatography A 151, 384–390.
| Adaptation of a macro-scale method to the micro-scale for fatty acid methyl transesterification of biological lipid extracts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Corl BA, Baumgard LH, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM, Phillips BS, Bauman DE (2001) The role of Δ9-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 12, 622–630.
| The role of Δ9-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12031255PubMed |
Dilzer A, Park Y (2012) Implication of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in human health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 52, 488–513.
| Implication of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in human health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22452730PubMed |
EC (1996) Regulation 2400/96. Commission Regulation of 17 December 1996, on the entry of certain names in the ‘Register of protected designation of origin and protected geographical indications’ provided for in Council Regulation (EEC) 2081/92 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs.’ Official Journal of the European Union, L327, 11.
EC (2003) Directive 2003/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 July 2003 amending Council Directive 86/609/EEC on the approximation of Laws, Regulations and Administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the Protection of Animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union, L230, 32–33.
EC (2006) Regulation 103/2006. Commission Regulation of 20 January 2006, adopting additional provisions for the application of the Community scale for the classification of carcases of adult bovine animals. Official Journal of the European Union, L17, 6.
(2009) Labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the Commission related to labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EFSA Journal 1176, 1–11.
Gebauer SK, Chardigny J-M, Jakobsen MU, Lamarche B, Lock AL, Proctor SD, Baer DJ (2011) Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Advances in Nutrition 2, 332–354.
| Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22332075PubMed |
González L, Bispo E, Carracedo S, Resch C, Roca A, Moreno T (2011) Effect of double-muscling genotype on animal, carcass and meat quality characteristics from calves of Galician Blond breed. In ‘Proceedings of the 57th international congress of meat science and technology’. pp. 259–262. (Curran Associates Inc.: Red Hook, NY)
González L, Moreno T, Bispo E, Dugan MER, Franco D (2014) Effect of supplementing different oils: Linseed, sunflower and soybean, on animal performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profile of veal from “Rubia Gallega” calves. Meat Science 96, 829–836.
| Effect of supplementing different oils: Linseed, sunflower and soybean, on animal performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profile of veal from “Rubia Gallega” calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24200577PubMed |
Jenkins TC, Bridges WC (2007) Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 778–789.
| Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lourenço M, Ramos-Morales E, Wallace RJ (2010) The role of microbes in rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation and their manipulation. Animal 4, 1008–1023.
| The role of microbes in rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation and their manipulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22444606PubMed |
Mach N, Bach A, Velarde A, Devant M (2008) Association between animal, transportation, slaughterhouse practices, and meat pH in beef. Meat Science 78, 232–238.
| Association between animal, transportation, slaughterhouse practices, and meat pH in beef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22062275PubMed |
Maddock TD, Bauer ML, Koch KB, Anderson VL, Maddock RJ, Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ, Lardy GP (2006) Effect of processing flax in beef feedlot diets on performance, carcass characteristics, and trained sensory panel ratings. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1544–1551.
| Effect of processing flax in beef feedlot diets on performance, carcass characteristics, and trained sensory panel ratings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16699112PubMed |
Mapiye C, Aalhus JL, Turner TD, Rolland DC, Basarab JA, Baron VS, McAllister TA, Block HC, Uttaro B, Lopez-Campos O, Proctor SD, Dugan MER (2013) Effects of feeding flaxseed or sunflower-seed in high-forage diets on beef production, quality and fatty acid composition. Meat Science 95, 98–109.
| Effects of feeding flaxseed or sunflower-seed in high-forage diets on beef production, quality and fatty acid composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23669875PubMed |
Mapiye C, Vahmani P, Mlambo V, Muchenje V, Dzama K, Hoffman LC, Dugan MER (2015) The trans-octadecenoic fatty acid profile of beef: implications for global food and nutrition security. Food Research International 76, 992–1000.
| The trans-octadecenoic fatty acid profile of beef: implications for global food and nutrition security.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación (MAPA) (2020) El sector de la carne de vacuno en cifras: Principales Indicadores Económicos. Subdirección General de Producciones Ganaderas y Cinegéticas, Dirección General de Producciones y Mercados Agrarios. Catálogo de Publicaciones de la Administración General del Estado, 2020. Available at https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/estadisticas/cortoindicadoreseconomicoscarnedevacuno2020_06_15_tcm30-381390.pdf
Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación (MAPA) (2021) Raza bovina Rubia Gallega, 2021. Available at https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/zootecnia/razas-ganaderas/razas/catalogo-razas/bovino/rubia-gallega/default.aspx
Moreno T, Varela A, Portela C, Pérez N, Carballo JA, Montserrat L (2007) The effect of grazing on the fatty acid profile of Longissimus thoracis muscle in Galician Blond calves. Animal 1, 1227–1235.
| The effect of grazing on the fatty acid profile of Longissimus thoracis muscle in Galician Blond calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22444867PubMed |
National Research Council (NRC) (2000) ‘Nutrient requirements of beef cattle.’ 7th rev. edn. (The National Academies Press: Washington, DC)
| Crossref |
Noci F, French P, Monahan FJ, Moloney AP (2007) The fatty acid composition of muscle fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue of grazing heifers supplemented with plant oil-enriched concentrates. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1062–1073.
| The fatty acid composition of muscle fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue of grazing heifers supplemented with plant oil-enriched concentrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17121969PubMed |
Oliveira DM, Ladeira MM, Chizzotti ML, Machado Neto OR, Ramos EM, Gonçalves TM, Bassi MS, Lanna DPD, Ribeiro JS (2011) Fatty acid profile and qualitative characteristics of meat from zebu steers fed with different oilseeds. Journal of Animal Science 89, 2546–2555.
| Fatty acid profile and qualitative characteristics of meat from zebu steers fed with different oilseeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21383038PubMed |
Pereira PMCC, Vicente AFRB (2013) Meat nutritional composition and nutritive role in the human diet. Meat Science 93, 586–592.
| Meat nutritional composition and nutritive role in the human diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ponnampalam EN, Sinclair AJ, Hosking BJ, Egan AR (2002) Effects of dietary lipid type on muscle fatty acid composition, carcass leanness, and meat toughness in lambs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 628–636.
| Effects of dietary lipid type on muscle fatty acid composition, carcass leanness, and meat toughness in lambs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11890398PubMed |
Raes K, De Smet S, Demeyer D (2004) Effect of dietary fatty acids on incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in lamb, beef and pork meat: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 113, 199–221.
| Effect of dietary fatty acids on incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in lamb, beef and pork meat: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Razminowicz RH, Kreuzer M, Leuenberger H, Scheeder MRL (2008) Efficiency of extruded linseed for the finishing of grass-fed steers to counteract a decline of omega-3 fatty acids in the beef. Livestock Science 114, 150–163.
| Efficiency of extruded linseed for the finishing of grass-fed steers to counteract a decline of omega-3 fatty acids in the beef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saini RK, Keum Y-S (2018) Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: dietary sources, metabolism, and significance – a review. Life Sciences 203, 255–267.
| Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: dietary sources, metabolism, and significance – a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29715470PubMed |
Simopoulos AP (2011) Evolutionary aspects of diet: the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and the brain. Molecular Neurobiology 44, 203–215.
| Evolutionary aspects of diet: the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and the brain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21279554PubMed |
Sofi F, Buccioni A, Cesari F, Gori AM, Minieri S, Mannini L, Casini A, Gensini GF, Abbate R, Antongiovanni M (2010) Effects of a dairy product (pecorino cheese) naturally rich in cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on lipid, inflammatory and haemorheological variables: a dietary intervention study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20, 117–124.
| Effects of a dairy product (pecorino cheese) naturally rich in cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on lipid, inflammatory and haemorheological variables: a dietary intervention study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19473822PubMed |
St-Pierre NR (2007) Design and analysis of pen studies in the animal sciences. Journal of Dairy Science 90, E87–E99.
| Design and analysis of pen studies in the animal sciences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17517755PubMed |
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute (SAS) (2009) ‘SAS user’s guide: statistics. SAS for Windows. Release 9.2.’ (Cary NC: SAS Institute Inc.)
Sukhija PS, Palmquist DL (1988) Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36, 1202–1206.
| Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vahmani P, Aalhus JL, Rolland DC, McAllister TA, Prieto N, Block HC, Proctor SD, Guan LL, Dugan MER (2017a) Sequential feeding of lipid supplement enriches beef adipose tissues with 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation Intermediates. Lipids 52, 641–649.
| Sequential feeding of lipid supplement enriches beef adipose tissues with 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation Intermediates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28547181PubMed |
Vahmani P, Rolland DC, Mapiye C, Dunne PG, Aalhus JL, Juarez M, McAllister TA, Prieto N, Dugan MER (2017b) Increasing desirable polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in fresh beef intramuscular fat. CAB Reviews 12, 1–17.
| Increasing desirable polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in fresh beef intramuscular fat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vahmani P, Ponnampalam EN, Kraft J, Mapiye C, Bermingham EN, Watkins PJ, Proctor SD, Dugan MER (2020) Bioactivity and health effects of ruminant meat lipids. Invited Review. Meat Science 165, 108114
| Bioactivity and health effects of ruminant meat lipids. Invited Review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32272342PubMed |
Waters SM, Kelly JP, O’Boyle P, Moloney AP, Kenny DA (2009) Effect of level and duration of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the transcriptional regulation of Δ9-desaturase in muscle of beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 87, 244–252.
| Effect of level and duration of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the transcriptional regulation of Δ9-desaturase in muscle of beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18791145PubMed |
Wijendran V, Hayes KC (2004) Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health. Annual Review of Nutrition 24, 597–615.
| Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15189133PubMed |
