Determination of the optimal priming interval of rumen fluids used as inocula for the in vitro digestibility trials through radial enzyme diffusion method
M. Simoni
A C , E. Tsiplakou B , R. Pitino A , A. Quarantelli A and F. Righi A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Science, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
B Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Iera odos 75, GR-11855, Athens, Greece.
C Corresponding author. Email: marica.simoni@unipr.it
Animal Production Science 61(5) 525-531 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN20197
Submitted: 27 March 2020 Accepted: 23 October 2020 Published: 20 November 2020
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY
Abstract
Context: Determination of the neutral detergent fibre digestibility is one of the important parameters to consider when formulating diets. However, the in vitro determination shows low repeatability because of the source of rumen-fluid inoculum. Priming of the rumen fluid inocula, obtained through an oesophageal probe, has been proposed to overcome this issue.
Aim: The objective of the study was to investigate the evolution of the microbial enzymatic activities of different rumen fluids during a priming procedure, to establish the fermentation interval that minimises the differences among rumen-fluid degradative potentials.
Methods: Three farms for each type of diet were involved in the study. Rumen fluids were obtained from dry and lactating cows fed the following four diet types: 100% hay or a diet with 80 : 20 forage : concentrate ratio (F : C) as dry-cow diets, and ad libitum hay and concentrate, or a total mixed ration (both at 60 : 40 F : C) as lactating-cow diets. On each farm, rumen fluid was collected from three Holstein cows by using an oesophageal probe, and mixed. Two aliquots of each rumen fluid mix were added to the medium containing the same priming substrate in an in vitro batch-fermentation system. During the incubation, the fermentation fluids were sampled in duplicate at 0-, 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 24- and 48-h intervals. Enzymatic activities of amylase, cellulase and xylanase were determined by radial enzyme diffusion method.
Key results: Initial enzymatic activities were quite variable and increased with an increasing incubation time. By 24 h, amylase showed similar values among high-concentrate diet fermentation fluids, and a lower data dispersion in comparison to the other intervals; cellulase was characterised by similar values in all the fermentation fluids derived from diets including concentrates, and xylanase showed similar activity in the fermentation fluids derived from high-concentrate diets. Development of the enzymatic activity of the fermentation fluids derived from the 100% hay diet differed from the others.
Conclusions: A 24-h priming procedure was needed to stabilise and equalise the enzymatic activity of the rumen fluid from cows fed high-concentrate diets. This was not observed in rumen fluid from cows fed hay-based diets.
Implications: The 24-h-primed rumen fluid can be used to increase the repeatability of neutral detergent fibre digestibility determination.
Keywords: dairy cows, in vitro digestibility, nutrient analysis.
References
Agarwal N, Saxena J, Saha S, Chaudhary LC, Kamra DN (2004) Changes in fermentation characteristics, microbial populations and enzyme profile in the rumen of buffalo as affected by roughage level in the diet. Bubalus Bubalis 3, 81–90.Argyle JL, Hespell RB (1987) Digestion of alfalfa hay using washed ruminal bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 70, 2525–2533.
| Digestion of alfalfa hay using washed ruminal bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baba Y, Matsuki Y, Mori Y, Suyama Y, Tada C, Fukuda Y, Saito M, Nakai Y (2017) Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass by cattle rumen fluid for methane production: bacterial flora and enzyme activity analysis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 123, 489–496.
| Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass by cattle rumen fluid for methane production: bacterial flora and enzyme activity analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28143676PubMed |
Belanche A, Doreau M, Edwards JE, Moorby JM, Pinloche E, Newbold CJ (2012) Shifts in the rumen microbiota due to the type of carbohydrate and level of protein ingested by dairy cattle are associated with changes in rumen fermentation. The Journal of Nutrition 142, 1684–1692.
| Shifts in the rumen microbiota due to the type of carbohydrate and level of protein ingested by dairy cattle are associated with changes in rumen fermentation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22833657PubMed |
Chaudhry AS (2008) Slaughtered cattle as a source of rumen fluid to evaluate supplements for in vitro degradation of grass nuts and barley straw. The Open Veterinary Science Journal 2, 16–22.
| Slaughtered cattle as a source of rumen fluid to evaluate supplements for in vitro degradation of grass nuts and barley straw.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cinotti S (1987) Proposta di una nuova sonda per il prelievo del liquido ruminale. In ‘Atti della Società Italiana di Buiatria, XIX Congresso Nazionale’, Punta Ala (GR), Italy, 8–10 May 1987, 775–782. (Società Italiana di Buiatria: Perugia, Italy).
Comino L, Righi F, Coppa M, Quarantelli A, Tabacco E, Borreani G (2015) Relationships among early lactation milk fat depression, cattle productivity and fatty acid composition on intensive dairy farms in northern Italy. Italian Journal of Animal Science 14, 350–361.
| Relationships among early lactation milk fat depression, cattle productivity and fatty acid composition on intensive dairy farms in northern Italy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dadvar P, Mohammadabadi T, Sari M, Fayazi J (2018) In vitro fiber digestibility, gas production and enzyme activity of cellulolytic bacteria of Arabian camels (dromedary) fed cultivable and pasture forage. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 8, 527–538.
Ding G, Chang Y, Zhou Z, Ren L, Meng Q (2014) Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient degradation and cellulase activity of steers fed diets with different concentrate to forage ratios. World Journal of Agricultural Research 2, 303–308.
| Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient degradation and cellulase activity of steers fed diets with different concentrate to forage ratios.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2010) Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes. Official Journal of European Union L276, 33–79.
Goering HK, Van Soest PJ (1970) ‘Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagent, procedures and some applications)’. Agriculture handbook no. 379, pp. 20 (USDA-ARS: Washington, DC)
Goeser JP, Combs DK (2009) An alternative method to assess 24-h ruminal in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3833–3841.
| An alternative method to assess 24-h ruminal in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19620667PubMed |
Goeser JP, Hoffman PC, Combs DK (2009) Modification of a rumen fluid priming technique for measuring in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3842–3848.
| Modification of a rumen fluid priming technique for measuring in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19620668PubMed |
Hall MB, Mertens DR (2012) A ring test of in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility: analytical variability and sample ranking. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 1992–2003.
| A ring test of in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility: analytical variability and sample ranking.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22459845PubMed |
Hobson PN, Stewart CC (1997‘The rumen microbial eco-system.’ Blackie Academic & Professional, London)
Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng K-J (1999) Effect of diet, digesta processing, freezing and extraction procedure on some polysaccharide-degrading activities of ruminal contents. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, 73–81.
| Effect of diet, digesta processing, freezing and extraction procedure on some polysaccharide-degrading activities of ruminal contents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huhtanen P, Khalili H (1992) The effect of sucrose supplements on particle-associated carboxymethylcellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activities in cattle given grass–silage-based diet. British Journal of Nutrition 67, 245–255.
| The effect of sucrose supplements on particle-associated carboxymethylcellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activities in cattle given grass–silage-based diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1317721PubMed |
Kamra DN, Saha S, Bhatt N, Chaudhary LC, Agarwal N (2003) Effect of diet on enzyme profile, biochemical changes and in sacco degradability of feeds in the rumen of buffalo. Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16, 374–379.
| Effect of diet on enzyme profile, biochemical changes and in sacco degradability of feeds in the rumen of buffalo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kim JN, Song J, Kim EJ, Chang J, Kim C-H, Seo S, Chang MB, Bae G-S (2019) Effects of short-term fasting on in vivo rumen microbiota and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Asian–Australasian Journal of Animal Science 32, 776–782.
| Effects of short-term fasting on in vivo rumen microbiota and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li DY, Lee SS, Choi NJ, Lee SY, Sung HG, Ko JY, Yun SG, Ha JK (2003) Feeding system on rumen fermentation and digestion. Asian–Australian Journal of Animal Science 16, 1482–1486.
Martin C, Michalet-Doreau B (1995) Variations in mass and enzyme activity of rumen microorganisms: effect of barley and buffer supplements. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 67, 407–413.
| Variations in mass and enzyme activity of rumen microorganisms: effect of barley and buffer supplements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morgavi DP, Beauchemin KA, Nsereko VL, Rode LM, Iwaasa AD, Yang WZ, McAllister TA, Wang Y (2000) Synergy between ruminal fibrolytic enzymes and enzymes from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 1310–1321.
| Synergy between ruminal fibrolytic enzymes and enzymes from Trichoderma longibrachiatum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10877396PubMed |
Raghuvansi SKSS, Prasad R, Tripathi MK, Mishra AS, Chaturvedi OH, Misra AK, Saraswat BL, Jakhmola RC (2007) Effect of complete feed blocks or grazing and supplementation of lambs on performance, nutrient utilisation, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial enzymes. Animal 1, 221–226.
| Effect of complete feed blocks or grazing and supplementation of lambs on performance, nutrient utilisation, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial enzymes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Righi F, Quarantelli A, Tonelli L, Renzi M, Gandolfi B (2007) Use of Penn State particle separator for the evaluation of total mixed rations typical of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production area. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, 347–349.
| Use of Penn State particle separator for the evaluation of total mixed rations typical of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Righi F, Romanelli S, Renzi M, Quarantelli A (2009) “In vivo” and “in vitro” degradability of diets for Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production. Italian Journal of Animal Science 8, 331–333.
| “In vivo” and “in vitro” degradability of diets for Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simoni M, Temmar R, Bignamini DA, Foskolos A, Sabbioni A, Ablondi M, Quarantelli A, Righi F (2020) Effects of the combination between selected phytochemicals and the carriers silica and Tween 80 on dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility of common feeds. Italian Journal of Animal Science 19, 723–738.
| Effects of the combination between selected phytochemicals and the carriers silica and Tween 80 on dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility of common feeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sinha SK, Chaturvedi VB, Singh P, Chaudhary LC, Ghosh M, Shivani S (2017) Effect of high and low roughage total mixed ration diets on rumen metabolites and enzymatic profiles in crossbred cattle and buffaloes. Veterinary World 10, 616–622.
| Effect of high and low roughage total mixed ration diets on rumen metabolites and enzymatic profiles in crossbred cattle and buffaloes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28717312PubMed |
Trináctý J, Nedelník J, Lang J, Loucka R, Kucera J (2016) Effect of maize kernel endosperm type and maturity stage on ruminal in situ degradability and post-ruminal in vitro dry matter and starch digestibility. Czech Journal of Animal Science 61, 351–359.
| Effect of maize kernel endosperm type and maturity stage on ruminal in situ degradability and post-ruminal in vitro dry matter and starch digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walsh G, Murphy RA, Killeen GF, Power RF (2005) Quantification of supplemental enzymes in animal feeding stuffs by radial enzyme diffusion. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67, 70–74.
| Quantification of supplemental enzymes in animal feeding stuffs by radial enzyme diffusion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15580494PubMed |
Wang Y, McAllister TA (2002) Rumen microbes, enzymes and feed digestion. A review. Asian–Australasian Journal Animal Science 15, 1659–1676.
| Rumen microbes, enzymes and feed digestion. A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wolff SM, Ellison MJ, Hao Y, Cockrum RR, Truong H, Baraboo M, Cammack KM, Maurer T, Taxis TM, Burch K, Wolff SM, Patil R, Ravelo A, Lamberson WR, Lee HJ, Conant GC, Austin KJ (2017) Diet shifts provoke complex and variable changes in the metabolic networks of the ruminal microbiome. Microbiome 5, 60
| Diet shifts provoke complex and variable changes in the metabolic networks of the ruminal microbiome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28595639PubMed |
Xie X, Yang C, Guan LL, Wang J, Xue M, Liu JX (2018) Persistence of cellulolytic bacteria fibrobacter and treponema after short-term corn stover-based dietary intervention reveals the potential to improve rumen fibrolytic function. Frontiers in Microbiology 9, 1363
| Persistence of cellulolytic bacteria fibrobacter and treponema after short-term corn stover-based dietary intervention reveals the potential to improve rumen fibrolytic function.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29997589PubMed |
Zebeli Q, Tafaj M, Junck B, Ölschläger V, Ametaj BN, Drochner W (2008) Evaluation of the response of ruminal fermentation and activities of nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes to particle length of corn silage in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 2388–2398.
| Evaluation of the response of ruminal fermentation and activities of nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes to particle length of corn silage in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18487661PubMed |
