Insect protein in animal nutrition
J. de Souza-Vilela A , N. R. Andrew B and I. Ruhnke A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Trevenna Road, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
B Insect Ecology Lab, Zoology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Trevenna Road, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: iruhnke@une.edu.au
Animal Production Science 59(11) 2029-2036 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19255
Submitted: 2 May 2019 Accepted: 9 July 2019 Published: 13 September 2019
Abstract
Global meat consumption per capita is expected to increase ~40% from 2019 to 2050. Over 30% of the total cropland worldwide is currently being used to produce either livestock and poultry feed or silage to meet the demand. One solution to reduce cropland use for animal feed is to increase the production of alternative protein sources. The primary protein sources for animal nutrition, including soybeans, peas and fish meal, are of increasing demand and are subsequently becoming more expensive, making their long-term use unsustainable. Insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), crickets (Gryllus testaceus Walker) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) offer a viable addition to the feed sources and can provide valuable, high-quality energy, protein and fat to an animal’s diet. Here, we review the environmental benefits of insect feedstuff, current research findings related to the use of insects for animal nutrition, and outline additional products that can generate benefits to insect producers.
Additional keywords: alternative protein, animal feed, Hermetia illucens, livestock, mealworms, sustainable.
References
Adeyeye E, Awokunmi E (2010) Chemical composition of female and male giant African crickets, Brachytrypes membranaceus L. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 1, 125–136.Ahuja K, Deb S (2018) Edible insects market size by product (beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, bees, wasps, ants, scale insects & true bugs), by application (flour, protein bars, snacks), industry analysis report, regional outlook (US, Belgium, Netherlands, UK, France, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil, Mexico), application potential, price trends, competitive market share & forecast, 2018–2024. In ‘Global markets insights’. Available at https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/edible-insects-market [Verified 10 April 2019]
Anderson SJ (2000) Increasing calcium levels in cultured insects. Journal of Zoo Biology 19, 1–9.
| Increasing calcium levels in cultured insects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Andrew NR, Hill SJ (2017) Effect of climate change on insect pest management. In ‘Pest management within the environment: challenges for agronomists, ecologists, economists and policymakers’. (Eds M Coll, E Wajnberg) pp. 197–223. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Oxford, UK) Available at https://books.google.com.au/books?id=mtYtDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [Verified 26 July 2019]
Aniebo A, Owen O (2010) Effects of age and method of drying on the proximate composition of housefly larvae (Musca domestica Linnaeus) meal (HFLM). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9, 485–487.
| Effects of age and method of drying on the proximate composition of housefly larvae (Musca domestica Linnaeus) meal (HFLM).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Archer JA, Bergh L (2000) Duration of performance tests for growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency in four biological types of beef cattle. Livestock Production Science 65, 47–55.
| Duration of performance tests for growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency in four biological types of beef cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arrese EL, Soulages JL (2010) Insect fat body: energy, metabolism, and regulation. Annual Review of Entomology 55, 207–225.
| Insect fat body: energy, metabolism, and regulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19725772PubMed |
Beaulieu A, Williams N, Patience J (2009) Response to dietary digestible energy concentration in growing pigs fed cereal grain-based diets. Journal of Animal Science 87, 965–976.
| Response to dietary digestible energy concentration in growing pigs fed cereal grain-based diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19098234PubMed |
Beskin KV, Holcomb CD, Cammack JA, Crippen TL, Knap AH, Sweet ST, Tomberlin JK (2018) Larval digestion of different manure types by the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) impacts associated volatile emissions. Waste Management 74, 213–220.
| Larval digestion of different manure types by the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) impacts associated volatile emissions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29397276PubMed |
Bett B, Kiunga P, Gachohi J, Sindato C, Mbotha D, Robinson T, Lindahl J, Grace D (2017) Effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of livestock diseases. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 137, 119–129.
| Effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of livestock diseases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28040271PubMed |
Biasato I, Gasco L, De Marco M, Renna M, Rotolo L, Dabbou S, Capucchio MT, Biasibetti E, Tarantola M, Bianchi C, Cavallarin L, Gai F, Pozzo L, Dezzutto D, Bergagna S, Schiavone A (2017) Effects of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) inclusion in diets for female broiler chickens: implications for animal health and gut histology. Animal Feed Science and Technology 234, 253–263.
| Effects of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) inclusion in diets for female broiler chickens: implications for animal health and gut histology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boisen S, Hvelplund T, Weisbjerg MR (2000) Ideal amino acid profiles as a basis for feed protein evaluation. Livestock Production Science 64, 239–251.
| Ideal amino acid profiles as a basis for feed protein evaluation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brinton WF (1998) Volatile organic acids in compost: production and odorant aspects. Compost Science & Utilization 6, 75–82.
| Volatile organic acids in compost: production and odorant aspects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Caligiani A, Marseglia A, Leni G, Baldassarre S, Maistrello L, Dossena A, Sforza S (2018) Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids and chitin. Food Research International 105, 812–820.
| Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids and chitin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29433277PubMed |
Carroll EC, Jin L, Mori A, Muñoz-Wolf N, Oleszycka E, Moran HB, Mansouri S, McEntee CP, Lambe E, Agger EM (2016) The vaccine adjuvant chitosan promotes cellular immunity via DNA sensor cGAS-STING-dependent induction of type I interferons. Immunity 44, 597–608.
| The vaccine adjuvant chitosan promotes cellular immunity via DNA sensor cGAS-STING-dependent induction of type I interferons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26944200PubMed |
Chadwick D, Sommer S, Thorman R, Fangueiro D, Cardenas L, Amon B, Misselbrook T (2011) Manure management: implications for greenhouse gas emissions. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166–167, 514–531.
| Manure management: implications for greenhouse gas emissions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chapagain KA, Hoekstra YA (2008) The global component of freshwater demand and supply: an assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a results of trade in agricultural and industrial products. Water International 33, 19–32.
| The global component of freshwater demand and supply: an assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a results of trade in agricultural and industrial products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chernysh S, Gordya N, Suborova T (2015) Insect antimicrobial peptide complexes prevent resistance development in bacteria. PLoS One 10, e0130788
| Insect antimicrobial peptide complexes prevent resistance development in bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26177023PubMed |
Choi WH, Yun JH, Chu JP, Chu KB (2012) Antibacterial effect of extracts of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: S tratiomyidae) larvae against Gram‐negative bacteria. Entomological Research 42, 219–226.
| Antibacterial effect of extracts of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: S tratiomyidae) larvae against Gram‐negative bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Čičková H, Newton GL, Lacy RC, Kozánek M (2015) The use of fly larvae for organic waste treatment. Waste Management 35, 68–80.
| The use of fly larvae for organic waste treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25453313PubMed |
Cutrignelli MI, Messina M, Tulli F, Randazzo B, Olivotto I, Gasco L, Loponte R, Bovera F (2018) Evaluation of an insect meal of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as soybean substitute: intestinal morphometry, enzymatic and microbial activity in laying hens. Research in Veterinary Science 117, 209–215.
| Evaluation of an insect meal of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as soybean substitute: intestinal morphometry, enzymatic and microbial activity in laying hens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29304440PubMed |
de Castro RJS, Ohara A, Aguilar JGdS, Domingues MAF (2018) Nutritional, functional and biological properties of insect proteins: processes for obtaining, consumption and future challenges. Trends in Food Science & Technology 76, 82–89.
| Nutritional, functional and biological properties of insect proteins: processes for obtaining, consumption and future challenges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
De Marco M, Martínez S, Hernandez F, Madrid J, Gai F, Rotolo L, Belforti M, Bergero D, Katz H, Dabbou S (2015) Nutritional value of two insect larval meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. Animal Feed Science and Technology 209, 211–218.
| Nutritional value of two insect larval meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
De Vilela JS, Andronicos N, Hilliar M, Andrew N, Swick R, Ruhnke I (2019) Black soldier fly larvae in broiler diets did not affect performance but decreased cellular immune parameters. In ‘22nd European symposium in poultry nutrition’, 10–13 June 2019, Gdansk, Poland.
Elhag O, Zhou D, Song Q, Soomro AA, Cai M, Zheng L, Yu Z, Zhang J (2017) Screening, expression, purification and functional characterization of novel antimicrobial peptide genes from Hermetia illucens (L.). PLoS One 12, e0169582
| Screening, expression, purification and functional characterization of novel antimicrobial peptide genes from Hermetia illucens (L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28056070PubMed |
Emmert JL, Baker DH (1997) Use of the ideal protein concept for precision formulation of amino acid levels in broiler diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6, 462–470.
| Use of the ideal protein concept for precision formulation of amino acid levels in broiler diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fan Y, Saito T, Isogai A (2008) Preparation of chitin nanofibers from squid pen β-chitin by simple mechanical treatment under acid conditions. Biomacromolecules 9, 1919–1923.
| Preparation of chitin nanofibers from squid pen β-chitin by simple mechanical treatment under acid conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18547104PubMed |
Finke MD (2002) Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biology: Published in Affiliation with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association 21, 269–285.
| Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Finke MD (2007) Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects. Journal of Zoo Biology 26, 105–115.
| Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19360565PubMed |
Gerland P, Raftery AE, Ševčíková H, Li N, Gu D, Spoorenberg T, Alkema L, Fosdick BK, Chunn J, Lalic N (2014) World population stabilization unlikely this century. Science 346, 234–237.
| World population stabilization unlikely this century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25301627PubMed |
Ghosh S, Lee S-M, Jung C, Meyer-Rochow VB (2017) Nutritional composition of five commercial edible insects in South Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20, 686–694.
| Nutritional composition of five commercial edible insects in South Korea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hafsa J, ali Smach M, Khedher MRB, Charfeddine B, Limem K, Majdoub H, Rouatbi S (2016) Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan films containing Eucalyptus globulus essential oil. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + Technologie 68, 356–364.
| Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan films containing Eucalyptus globulus essential oil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Halloran A, Roos N, Eilenberg J, Cerutti A, Bruun S (2016) Life cycle assessment of edible insects for food protein: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 36, 57
| Life cycle assessment of edible insects for food protein: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Haskell MJ, Rooke JA, Roehe R, Turner SP, Hyslop JJ, Waterhouse A, Duthie C-A (2019) Relationships between feeding behaviour, activity, dominance and feed efficiency in finishing beef steers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 210, 9–15.
| Relationships between feeding behaviour, activity, dominance and feed efficiency in finishing beef steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Herrero M, Wirsenius S, Henderson B, Rigolot C, Thornton P, Havlík P, De Boer I, Gerber PJ (2015) Livestock and the environment: what have we learned in the past decade? Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40, 177–202.
| Livestock and the environment: what have we learned in the past decade?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill WG (2016) Is continued genetic improvement of livestock sustainable? Genetics 202, 877–881.
| Is continued genetic improvement of livestock sustainable?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26953266PubMed |
Hoffmann AA, Rymer PD, Byrne M, Ruthof KX, Whinam J, McGeoch M, Bergstrom DM, Guerin GR, Sparrow B, Joseph L, Hill SJ, Andrew NR, Camac J, Bell N, Riegler M, Gardner JL, Williams SE (2019) Impacts of recent climate change on terrestrial flora and fauna: some emerging Australian examples. Austral Ecology 44, 3–27.
| Impacts of recent climate change on terrestrial flora and fauna: some emerging Australian examples.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holtsmark B (2015) Quantifying the global warming potential of CO2 emissions from wood fuels. Global Change Biology. Bioenergy 7, 195–206.
| Quantifying the global warming potential of CO2 emissions from wood fuels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huis AV, Tomberlin JK (2017) Insects as food and feed: from production to consumption. In ‘The potential of insects as food and feed’. (Eds AV Huis, JK Tomberlin) pp. 37–41. (Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands)
Imsland AK, Reynolds P, Hangstad TA, Jónsdóttir ÓDB, Noble T, Wilson M, Mackie JA, Elvegård TA, Urskog TC, Mikalsen B (2018) Feeding behaviour and growth of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) fed with feed blocks. Aquaculture Research 49, 2006–2012.
| Feeding behaviour and growth of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) fed with feed blocks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jin XH, Heo PS, Hong JS, Kim NJ, Kim YY (2016) Supplementation of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 29, 979–986.
| Supplementation of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27282974PubMed |
Khusro M, Andrew NR, Nicholas A (2012) Insects as poultry feed: a scoping study for poultry production systems in Australia. World’s Poultry Science Journal 68, 435–446.
| Insects as poultry feed: a scoping study for poultry production systems in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kiarie EG, Mills A (2019) Role of feed processing on gut health and function in pigs and poultry: conundrum of optimal particle size and hydrothermal regimens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6, 19
| Role of feed processing on gut health and function in pigs and poultry: conundrum of optimal particle size and hydrothermal regimens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30838217PubMed |
Kim EJ, Utterback PL, Parsons CM (2012) Comparison of amino acid digestibility coefficients for soybean meal, canola meal, fish meal, and meat and bone meal among 3 different bioassays. Poultry Science 91, 1350–1355.
| Comparison of amino acid digestibility coefficients for soybean meal, canola meal, fish meal, and meat and bone meal among 3 different bioassays.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22582292PubMed |
Kim J, Ingale S, Baidoo SK, Chae B (2016) Impact of feed processing technology on nutritional value of pigs feed: a review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 16, 181–196.
| Impact of feed processing technology on nutritional value of pigs feed: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Klasing KC, Thacker P, Lopez MA, Calvert CC (2000) Increasing the calcium content of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) to improve their nutritional value for bone mineraliztion of growing chicks. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31, 512–517.
| Increasing the calcium content of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) to improve their nutritional value for bone mineraliztion of growing chicks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11428399PubMed |
Kouřimská L, Adámková A (2016) Nutritional and sensory quality of edible insects. NFS Journal 4, 22–26.
| Nutritional and sensory quality of edible insects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lalander C, Diener S, Magri ME, Zurbrügg C, Lindström A, Vinnerås B (2013) Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): from a hygiene aspect. The Science of the Total Environment 458–460, 312–318.
| Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): from a hygiene aspect.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23669577PubMed |
Lalander C, Diener S, Zurbrügg C, Vinnerås B (2019) Effects of feedstock on larval development and process efficiency in waste treatment with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Journal of Cleaner Production 208, 211–219.
| Effects of feedstock on larval development and process efficiency in waste treatment with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lee J-A, Kim Y-M, Park Y-K, Yang Y-C, Jung B-G, Lee B-J (2018) Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae enhances immune activities and increases survivability of broiler chicks against experimental infection of Salmonella gallinarum. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 80, 736–740.
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae enhances immune activities and increases survivability of broiler chicks against experimental infection of Salmonella gallinarum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leytem AB, Dungan RS, Bjorneberg DL, Koehn AC (2011) Emissions of ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide from dairy cattle housing and manure management systems. Journal of Environmental Quality 40, 1383–1394.
| Emissions of ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide from dairy cattle housing and manure management systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21869500PubMed |
Li Q, Zheng L, Qiu N, Cai H, Tomberlin JK, Yu Z (2011) Bioconversion of dairy manure by black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) for biodiesel and sugar production. Waste Management 31, 1316–1320.
| Bioconversion of dairy manure by black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) for biodiesel and sugar production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21367596PubMed |
Liu Q, Tomberlin JK, Brady JA, Sanford MR, Yu Z (2008) Black soldier fly (diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reduce Escherichia coli in dairy manure. Environmental Entomology 37, 1525–1530.
| Black soldier fly (diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae reduce Escherichia coli in dairy manure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19161696PubMed |
Macedonio F, Drioli E, Gusev AA, Bardow A, Semiat R, Kurihara M (2012) Efficient technologies for worldwide clean water supply. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 51, 2–17.
| Efficient technologies for worldwide clean water supply.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mahmood T, Mirza M, Nawaz H, Shahid M, Athar M, Hussain M (2017) Effect of supplementing exogenous protease in low protein poultry by-product meal based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 228, 23–31.
| Effect of supplementing exogenous protease in low protein poultry by-product meal based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Makarova O, Rodriguez-Rojas A, Eravci M, Weise C, Dobson A, Johnston P, Rolff J (2016) Antimicrobial defence and persistent infection in insects revisited. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, 20150296
| Antimicrobial defence and persistent infection in insects revisited.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Market Research Report (2017) Chitosan market estimates and trend analysis by application (water treatment, pharmaceutical and biomedical, cosmetics, food and beverage), by region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, RoW), by country, and segment forecasts, 2018–2025. Report ID: 978-1-68038-8. Grand View Research: San Francisco, CA)
Marono S, Loponte R, Lombardi P, Vassalotti G, Pero ME, Russo F, Gasco L, Parisi G, Piccolo G, Nizza S, Di Meo C, Attia YA, Bovera F (2017) Productive performance and blood profiles of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal as total replacement of soybean meal from 24 to 45 weeks of age. Poultry Science 96, 1783–1790.
| Productive performance and blood profiles of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal as total replacement of soybean meal from 24 to 45 weeks of age.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28339710PubMed |
Mayrhofer S, Mikoviny T, Waldhuber S, Wagner AO, Innerebner G, Franke‐Whittle IH, Märk TD, Hansel A, Insam H (2006) Microbial community related to volatile organic compound (VOC) emission in household biowaste. Environmental Microbiology 8, 1960–1974.
| Microbial community related to volatile organic compound (VOC) emission in household biowaste.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17014495PubMed |
Miglietta P, De Leo F, Ruberti M, Massari S (2015) Mealworms for food: a water footprint perspective. Water (Basel) 7, 6190–6203.
| Mealworms for food: a water footprint perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moore K, Mullan B, Kim J, Dunshea F (2017) The effect of Lupinus albus on growth performance, body composition and satiety hormones of male pigs immunized against gonadotrophin releasing factor. Animals (Basel) 7, 15
| The effect of Lupinus albus on growth performance, body composition and satiety hormones of male pigs immunized against gonadotrophin releasing factor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mylonakis E, Podsiadlowski L, Muhammed M, Vilcinskas A (2016) Diversity, evolution and medical applications of insect antimicrobial peptides. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, 20150290
| Diversity, evolution and medical applications of insect antimicrobial peptides.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Naseem S, King AJ (2018) Ammonia production in poultry houses can affect health of humans, birds, and the environment: techniques for its reduction during poultry production. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 25, 15269–15293.
| Ammonia production in poultry houses can affect health of humans, birds, and the environment: techniques for its reduction during poultry production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29705898PubMed |
Newton G, Sheppard D, Watson D, Burtle G, Dove C, Tomberlin J, Thelen E (2005) The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, as a manure management/resource recovery tool. In ‘Symposium on the state of the science of animal manure and waste management’, 5–7 January 2005, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
OECD (2018) ‘OECD agriculture statistics: OECD–FAO agricultural outlook.’ Available at https://data.oecd.org/agroutput/meat-consumption.htm [Verified 5 July 2019]
Oonincx DGAB, van Broekhoven S, van Huis A, van Loon JJA (2015) Feed conversion, survival and development, and composition of four insect species on diets composed of food by-products. PLoS One 10, e0144601
| Feed conversion, survival and development, and composition of four insect species on diets composed of food by-products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Onsongo VO, Osuga IM, Gachuiri CK, Wachira AM, Miano DM, Tanga CM, Kesi SE, Nakimbugwe D, Fiaboe KKM (2018) Insects for income generation through animal feed: effect of dietary replacement of soybean and fish meal with black soldier fly meal on broiler growth and economic performance. Journal of Economic Entomology 111, 1966–1973.
| Insects for income generation through animal feed: effect of dietary replacement of soybean and fish meal with black soldier fly meal on broiler growth and economic performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parry ML, Rosenzweig C, Iglesias A, Livermore M, Fischer G (2004) Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14, 53–67.
| Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Patience JF, Rossoni-Serão MC, Gutiérrez NA (2015) A review of feed efficiency in swine: biology and application. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 6, 33
| A review of feed efficiency in swine: biology and application.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26251721PubMed |
Philippe FX, Nicks B (2015) Review on greenhouse gas emissions from pig houses: production of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide by animals and manure. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 199, 10–25.
| Review on greenhouse gas emissions from pig houses: production of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide by animals and manure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pierozan CR, Agostini PS, Gasa J, Novais AK, Dias CP, Santos RSK, Pereira M, Nagi JG, Alves JB, Silva CA (2016) Factors affecting the daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio of pigs in grow-finishing units: the case of a company. Porcine Health Management 2, 7
| Factors affecting the daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio of pigs in grow-finishing units: the case of a company.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28405433PubMed |
Pulidindi K, Pandey H (2018) Chitosan market size by source (shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters), by end-user (water treatment, cosmetic ans toiletries, food and beverage, healthcare/medical, agrochemical, biotechnology), industry analysis report, regional outlook (US, Canada, Germany, UK, France, Spain, Italy, China, India, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE), application growth potential, price trends, competitive market share and forecast, 2018–2024. Available at https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/chitosan-market [Verified 30 July 2019]
Ran Y, Lannerstad M, Herrero M, Van Middelaar CE, De Boer IJM (2016) Assessing water resource use in livestock production: a review of methods. Livestock Science 187, 68–79.
| Assessing water resource use in livestock production: a review of methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rauw WM, Kanis E, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, Grommers FJ (1998) Undesirable side effects of selection for high production efficiency in farm animals: a review. Livestock Production Science 56, 15–33.
| Undesirable side effects of selection for high production efficiency in farm animals: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ringler C, Bhaduri A, Lawford R (2013) The nexus across water, energy, land and food (WELF): potential for improved resource use efficiency? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 5, 617–624.
| The nexus across water, energy, land and food (WELF): potential for improved resource use efficiency?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ritche H, Roser M (2019) CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. In ‘Our world in data’. Available at https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions [Verified 26 April 2019]
Roser M, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E (2019) World population growth. In ‘Our world in data’. Available at https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth [Verified 5 July 2019]
Rustad IH (2016) Life cycle assessment of fish feed produced from the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). MSc Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,Trondheim, Norway.
Saintilan R, Brossard L, Vautier B, Sellier P, Bidanel J, van Milgen J, Gilbert H (2014) Phenotypic and genetic relationships between growth and feed intake curves and feed efficiency and amino acid requirements in the growing pig. Animal 9, 18–27.
Samolińska W, Kowalczuk-Vasilev E, Grela ER (2018) Comparative effect of different dietary inulin sources and probiotics on growth performance and blood characteristics in growing–finishing pigs. Archives of Animal Nutrition 72, 379–395.
| Comparative effect of different dietary inulin sources and probiotics on growth performance and blood characteristics in growing–finishing pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30183392PubMed |
Schiavone A, De Marco M, Martínez S, Dabbou S, Renna M, Madrid J, Hernandez F, Rotolo L, Costa P, Gai F (2017) Nutritional value of a partially defatted and a highly defatted black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) meal for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 8, 51
| Nutritional value of a partially defatted and a highly defatted black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) meal for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28603614PubMed |
Schlesinger ME (Eds) (2017) ‘Greenhouse-gas-induced climatic change: A critical appraisal of simulations and observations.’ (Elsevier Science: Burlington, Ontario, Canada)
Schlink A, Nguyen M, Viljoen G (2010) Water requirements for livestock production: a global perspective. Revenue Scientific and Techinique 29, 603–619.
| Water requirements for livestock production: a global perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shantibala T, Lokeshwari R, Debaraj H (2014) Nutritional and antinutritional composition of the five species of aquatic edible insects consumed in Manipur, India. Journal of Insect Science 14, 14
| Nutritional and antinutritional composition of the five species of aquatic edible insects consumed in Manipur, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25373161PubMed |
Spranghers T, Ottoboni M, Klootwijk C, Ovyn A, Deboosere S, De Meulenaer B, Michiels J, Eeckhout M, De Clercq P, De Smet S (2017) Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, 2594–2600.
| Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27734508PubMed |
Spranghers T, Michiels J, Vrancx J, Ovyn A, Eeckhout M, De Clercq P, De Smet S (2018) Gut antimicrobial effects and nutritional value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) prepupae for weaned piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 235, 33–42.
Sugiharto S (2017) Effect of turmeric extract on blood parameters, feed efficiency and abdominal fat content in broilers. Journal of The Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 36, 21–26.
Takeda M, Uemoto Y, Inoue K, Ogino A, Nozaki T, Kurogi K, Yasumori T, Satoh M (2018) Evaluation of feed efficiency traits for genetic improvement in Japanese Black cattle. Journal of Animal Science 96, 797–805.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2016) ‘Inventory of US greenhouse gas emissions and sinks.’ Available at https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases [Verified 6 July 2019]
Wang Y-B, Xu B-H (2008) Effect of different selenium source (sodium selenite and selenium yeast) on broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 144, 306–314.
| Effect of different selenium source (sodium selenite and selenium yeast) on broiler chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang H, Zhang Z, Czapar GF, Winkler MK, Zheng J (2013) A full-scale house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae bioconversion system for value-added swine manure reduction. Waste Management & Research 31, 223–231.
| A full-scale house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae bioconversion system for value-added swine manure reduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang Y, Dong Z, Song D, Zhou H, Wang W, Miao H, Wang L, Li A (2018) Effects of microencapsulated probiotics and prebiotics on growth performance, antioxidative abilities, immune functions, and caecal microflora in broiler chickens. Food and Agricultural Immunology 29, 859–869.
| Effects of microencapsulated probiotics and prebiotics on growth performance, antioxidative abilities, immune functions, and caecal microflora in broiler chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Water.org (2019) ‘The water crisis.’ Available at https://water.org/our-impact/water-crisis/ [Verified 5 July 2019]
Wimer L, Lumb R (1967) Lipid composition of the developing larval fat body of Phormia regina. Journal of Insect Physiology 13, 889–898.
| Lipid composition of the developing larval fat body of Phormia regina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 6037999PubMed |
Xiao X, Mazza L, Yu Y, Cai M, Zheng L, Tomberlin JK, Yu J, van Huis A, Yu Z, Fasulo S (2018) Efficient co-conversion process of chicken manure into protein feed and organic fertilizer by Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and functional bacteria. Journal of Environmental Management 217, 668–676.
| Efficient co-conversion process of chicken manure into protein feed and organic fertilizer by Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and functional bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29654970PubMed |
Yhoung-Aree J (2010) Edible insects in Thailand: nutritional values and health concerns, forest insects as food: humans bite back. In ‘Proceedings of a workshop on Asia–Pacific resources and their potential for development’. (Eds PB Durst, DV Johnson, RN Leslie, K Shono) p. 206. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and The Pacific Inc.: Bangkok, Thailand)
Zwart P, Rulkens R (1979) Improving the calcium content of mealworms. International Zoo Yearbook 19, 254–255.
| Improving the calcium content of mealworms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
