Short-term feed intake regulation of dairy cows fed a total mixed ration or grazing forage oats
J. P. Soutto A B , M. Carriquiry A , P. Chilibroste A , A. L. Astessiano A , M. Garcia-Roche A and A. I. Trujillo A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Avenuenida E. Garzón 780, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay.
B Corresponding author. Email: souttojp@gmail.com
Animal Production Science 60(9) 1153-1162 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN18801
Submitted: 12 January 2019 Accepted: 25 October 2019 Published: 12 March 2020
Abstract
The integration of feeding behaviour with hepatic and endocrine–metabolic signals provides insights for a better understanding of short-term intake in dairy pasture-based systems. Therefore, the objective was to quantify hepatic and endocrine–metabolic signals before and after the first daily feeding event relating to feeding behaviour in a total mixed ration (TMR) versus a grazing pasture-based diet. During 15 days of adaptation and 5 days of measurements, 14 multiparous Holstein cows (days in milk = 148 ± 12.7; liveweight = 535 ± 10.9 kg; body condition score = 2.8 ± 0.08 (1–5 scale); milk yield = 28.9 ± 3.32 kg) were assigned to two treatments in a randomised block design: PAS = pasture (herbage allowance = 45 kgDM/cow.day; dry matter (DM) = 21%, net energy requirements for maintenance and lactation = 6.7 MJ/kgDM) + concentrate (0.9% of liveweight) or TMR (55 : 45 forage : concentrate ratio, as-dry basis; DM = 40%, net energy requirements for maintenance and lactation = 7.2 MJ/kgDM) ad libitum in a free stall facility. The DM intake of the first feeding event, feeding behaviour, and total DM intake and milk production, were measured. Blood and liver samples were taken before and after the first feeding event for hormones and metabolites determination. Comparing TMR versus PAS cows, total DM and net energy requirements for maintenance and lactation intake, milk production, and energy balance were greater (P < 0.05), eating and rumination activities were lower (9.2%, P < 0.01; 2.4%, P = 0.06 respectively) and resting activity was greater (11.6%, P < 0.01), whereas duration and DM intake of the first feeding event did not differ. The insulin : glucagon ratio and liver adenosine triphosphate : adenosine diphosphate ratio increased (P < 0.05), and plasma glucose decreased (P < 0.05) after the first feeding event only in TMR cows, probably due to greater flux of propionate to the liver. A negative correlation between post-feeding liver adenosine triphosphate : adenosine diphosphate ratio and post-feeding liver acetyl coenzyme A (r = –0.82, P = 0.045) was also observed only in TMR cows. It is concluded that hepatic and metabolic signals known to support the hepatic oxidation theory in TMR-fed cows appear not to affect the cessation of the first feeding event in mid-lactation cows grazing a pasture-based diet. Further research is required to relate intake rate, flux of nutrients to liver and its response in hepatic metabolism in grazing dairy cows.
Additional keywords: dairy pastures, feeding behaviour, hormones.
References
Allen MS (2000) Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 1598–1624.| Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10908065PubMed |
Allen MS (2014) Drives and limits to feed intake in ruminants. Animal Production Science 54, 1513–1524.
| Drives and limits to feed intake in ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allen MS, Piantoni P (2013) Metabolic control of feed intake: implications for metabolic disease of fresh cows. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 29, 279–297.
| Metabolic control of feed intake: implications for metabolic disease of fresh cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23809892PubMed |
Ametaj BN, Emmanuel DGV, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM (2009) Feeding high proportions of barley grain in a total mixed ration perturbs diurnal patterns of plasma metabolites in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1084–1091.
| Feeding high proportions of barley grain in a total mixed ration perturbs diurnal patterns of plasma metabolites in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19233801PubMed |
AOAC (2000) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 17th edn. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Gaithersburg, MD)
Astessiano AL, Meikle A, Fajardo M, Gil J, Mattiauda DA, Chilibroste P, Carriquiry M (2015) Metabolic and endocrine profiles and hepatic gene expression of Holstein cows fed total mixed ration or pasture with different grazing strategies during early lactation. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 57, 70
| Metabolic and endocrine profiles and hepatic gene expression of Holstein cows fed total mixed ration or pasture with different grazing strategies during early lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26475473PubMed |
Bargo F, Muller LD, Delahoy JE, Cassidy TW (2002) Performance of high producing dairy cows with three different feeding systems combining pasture and total mixed rations. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2948–2963.
| Performance of high producing dairy cows with three different feeding systems combining pasture and total mixed rations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12487461PubMed |
Benson JA, Reynolds CK, Aikman PC, Lupoli B, Beever DE (2002) Effects of abomasal vegetable oil infusion on splanchnic nutrient metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 1804–1814.
| Effects of abomasal vegetable oil infusion on splanchnic nutrient metabolism in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12201532PubMed |
Bines JA, Hart IC (1984) The response of plasma insulin and other hormones to intraruminal infusion of VFA mixtures in cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 64, 304–305.
| The response of plasma insulin and other hormones to intraruminal infusion of VFA mixtures in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bradford BJ, Allen MS (2007) Depression in feed intake by a highly fermentable diet is related to plasma insulin concentration and insulin response to glucose infusion. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3838–3845.
| Depression in feed intake by a highly fermentable diet is related to plasma insulin concentration and insulin response to glucose infusion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17638994PubMed |
Cabrera Estrada JI, Delagarde R, Faverdin P, Peyraud JL (2004) Dry matter intake and eating rate of grass by dairy cows is restricted by internal, but not external water. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114, 59–74.
| Dry matter intake and eating rate of grass by dairy cows is restricted by internal, but not external water.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carriquiry M, Weber WJ, Fahrenkrug SC, Crooker BA (2009) Hepatic gene expression in multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin and fed n-3 fatty acids in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4889–4900.
| Hepatic gene expression in multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin and fed n-3 fatty acids in early lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19762804PubMed |
Chilibroste P (1999) Grazing time: the missing link? A study on the plant-animal interface by integration of experimental and modeling approaches. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Chilibroste P, Tamminga S, Boer H (1997) Effects of length of grazing session, rumen fill and starvation time before grazing on dry-matter intake, ingestive behaviour and dry-matter rumen pool sizes of grazing lactating dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science 52, 249–257.
| Effects of length of grazing session, rumen fill and starvation time before grazing on dry-matter intake, ingestive behaviour and dry-matter rumen pool sizes of grazing lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chilibroste P, Tamminga S, Van Bruchem J, Van der Togt PL (1998) Effect of allowed grazing time, inert rumen bulk and length of starvation before grazing, on the weight, composition and fermentative end- products of the rumen contents of lactating dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science 53, 146–156.
| Effect of allowed grazing time, inert rumen bulk and length of starvation before grazing, on the weight, composition and fermentative end- products of the rumen contents of lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chilibroste P, Soca P, Mattiauda DA, Bentancur O, Robinson PH (2007) Short term fasting as a tool to design effective grazing strategies for lactating dairy cattle: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 1075–1084.
| Short term fasting as a tool to design effective grazing strategies for lactating dairy cattle: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chilibroste P, Dijkstra J, Robinson PH, Tamminga S (2008) A simulation model “CTR Dairy” to predict the supply of nutrients in dairy cows managed under discontinuous feeding patterns. Animal Feed Science and Technology 143, 148–173.
| A simulation model “CTR Dairy” to predict the supply of nutrients in dairy cows managed under discontinuous feeding patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chilibroste P, Mattiauda DA, Bentancur O, Soca P, Meikle A (2012) Effect of herbage allowance on grazing behavior and productive performance of early lactation primiparous Holstein cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 173, 201–209.
| Effect of herbage allowance on grazing behavior and productive performance of early lactation primiparous Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dairy One (2019) Interactive Feed Composition Libraries. Available at: https://dairyone.com/analytical-services/feed-and-forage/feed-composition-library/interactive-feed-composition-library/. [Verified 19 February 2020]
Derno M, Nürnberg G, Schön P, Schwarm A, Röntgen M, Hammon HM, Metges CC, Bruckmaier RM, Kuhla B (2013) Short-term feed intake is regulated by macronutrient oxidation in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 971–980.
| Short-term feed intake is regulated by macronutrient oxidation in lactating Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23219119PubMed |
Edmonson AJ, Lean IJ, Weaver LD, Farver T, Webster G (1989) A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 72, 68–78.
| A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Faverdin P (1999) The effect of nutrients on feed intake in ruminants. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, 523–531.
| The effect of nutrients on feed intake in ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10604183PubMed |
Forbes JM (1995) ‘Voluntary food intake and diet selection in farm animals.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)
Friedman MI (1997) An energy sensor for control of energy intake. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, 41–50.
| An energy sensor for control of energy intake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9168519PubMed |
Gibb MJ, Huckle CA, Nuthall R (1998) Effect of time of day on grazing behaviour by lactating dairy cows. Science 53, 41–46.
| Effect of time of day on grazing behaviour by lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gibb MJ, Huckle CA, Nuthall R, Rook AJ (1999) The effect of physiological state (lactating or dry) and sward surface height on grazing behaviour and intake by dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 63, 269–287.
| The effect of physiological state (lactating or dry) and sward surface height on grazing behaviour and intake by dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gill M, Rommey D (1994) The relationships between the control of meal size and the control of daily intake in ruminants. Livestock Production Science 39, 13–18.
| The relationships between the control of meal size and the control of daily intake in ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gregorini P, Tamminga S, Gunter SA (2006) Review: behavior and daily grazing patterns of cattle. The Professional Animal Scientist 22, 201–209.
| Review: behavior and daily grazing patterns of cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gregorini P, Gunter SA, Masino CA, Beck PA (2007) Effect of ruminal fill on short-term intake rate and grazing dynamics of beef heifers. Grass and Forage Science 62, 346–354.
| Effect of ruminal fill on short-term intake rate and grazing dynamics of beef heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Haydock KP, Shaw NH (1975) The comparative yield method for estimating dry matter yield of pasture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 15, 663–670.
| The comparative yield method for estimating dry matter yield of pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hills JL, Wales WJ, Dunshea FR, Garcia SC, Roche JR (2015) Invited review: an evaluation of the likely effects of individualized feeding of concentrate supplements to pasture-based dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 1363–1401.
| Invited review: an evaluation of the likely effects of individualized feeding of concentrate supplements to pasture-based dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25582585PubMed |
Iqbal S, Zebeli Q, Mazzolari A, Dunn SM, Ametaj BN (2012) Barley grain-based diet treated with lactic acid and heat modulated plasma metabolites and acute phase response in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 90, 3143–3152.
| Barley grain-based diet treated with lactic acid and heat modulated plasma metabolites and acute phase response in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22665665PubMed |
Jones DIH, Moseley G (1993) Laboratory methods for estimating nutritive quality. In ‘Sward Measurement Handbook’. 2nd edn. (Eds A Davies, RD Baker, SA Grant, AS Laidlaw) pp. 265–283. (British Grassland Society: Reading, UK)
Kennedy E, McEvoy M, Murphy JP, O’Donovan M (2009) Effect of restricted access time to pasture on dairy cow milk production, grazing behavior, and dry matter intake. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 168–176.
| Effect of restricted access time to pasture on dairy cow milk production, grazing behavior, and dry matter intake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19109276PubMed |
King MTM, Crossley RE, DeVries TJ (2016) Impact of timing of feed delivery on the behavior and productivity of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 1471–1482.
| Impact of timing of feed delivery on the behavior and productivity of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26709162PubMed |
Kolver ES, Muller LD (1998) Performance and nutrient intake of high producing Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 1403–1411.
| Performance and nutrient intake of high producing Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9621244PubMed |
Lafontan M, Sengenes C, Moro C, Galitzky J, Berlan M (2009) Natriuretic peptides and other lipolytic peptides involved in the control of lipid mobilization. In ‘Peptides in Energy Balance and Obesity’. (Ed. G Frühbeck) pp. 133–161. (CAB Int.: Oxfordshire, UK)
Mattiauda DA, Tamminga S, Gibb MJ, Soca P, Bentancur O, Chilibroste P (2013) Restricting access time at pasture and time of grazing allocation for Holstein dairy cows: ingestive behaviour, dry matter intake and milk production. Livestock Science 152, 53–62.
| Restricting access time at pasture and time of grazing allocation for Holstein dairy cows: ingestive behaviour, dry matter intake and milk production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mendoza A, Cajarville C, Repetto JL (2018) Behaviour of cows fed a total mixed ration with different access time to fresh forage. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 61, 102–108.
| Behaviour of cows fed a total mixed ration with different access time to fresh forage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller-Cushon EK, DeVries TJ (2017) Short communication: associations between feed push-up frequency, feeding and lying behavior, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 2213–2218.
| Short communication: associations between feed push-up frequency, feeding and lying behavior, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28088413PubMed |
Moallem U, Folman Y, Sklan D (2000) Effects of somatotropin and dietary calcium soaps of fatty acids in early lactation on milk production, dry matter intake, and energy balance of high-yielding dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 2085–2094.
| Effects of somatotropin and dietary calcium soaps of fatty acids in early lactation on milk production, dry matter intake, and energy balance of high-yielding dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11003242PubMed |
Nikkhah A (2014) Review: Ruminant feed intake regulation evolution: chronophysiological rhythms perspectives. Biological Rhythm Research 45, 563–577.
| Review: Ruminant feed intake regulation evolution: chronophysiological rhythms perspectives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
NRC (2001) ‘Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle.’ (National Academies Press: Washington, DC)
Oba M, Allen MS (1999) Evaluation of the importance of the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber from forage: effects on dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 589–596.
| Evaluation of the importance of the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber from forage: effects on dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10194678PubMed |
Oba M, Allen MS (2003) Extent of hypophagia caused by propionate infusion is related to plasma glucose concentration in lactating dairy cows. The Journal of Nutrition 133, 1105–1112.
| Extent of hypophagia caused by propionate infusion is related to plasma glucose concentration in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12672927PubMed |
Parker WJ, McCutcheon SN, Carr DH (1989) Effect of herbage type and level of intake on the release of chromic oxide from intraruminal controlled release capsules in sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 537–546.
| Effect of herbage type and level of intake on the release of chromic oxide from intraruminal controlled release capsules in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Patterson DM, McGilloway DA, Cushnahan A, Mayne CS, Laidlaw AS (1998) Effect of duration of fasting period on short-term intake rates of lactating dairy cows. Animal Science 66, 299–305.
| Effect of duration of fasting period on short-term intake rates of lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Penning PD, Hooper GE (1985) An evaluation of the use of short-term weight changes in grazing sheep for estimating herbage intake. Grass and Forage Science 40, 79–84.
| An evaluation of the use of short-term weight changes in grazing sheep for estimating herbage intake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peyraud JL (1998) Techniques for measuring faecal flow, digestibility and intake of herbage in grazing ruminants. Techniques for investigating intake and ingestive behaviour by farm animals. In ‘Proceedings of the 9th European intake workshop’. (Eds AMC Davies, R Giangiacomo) pp. 39–48. (IGER: North Wyke, UK)
Phillips C (2002) Nutritional Behavior. In ‘Cattle Behavior and Welfare’. 2nd edn. (Ed. C Phillips) pp. 123–151. (Blackwell Science: Cornwall, UK)
Piantoni P, Ylioja CM, Allen MS (2015) Feed intake is related to changes in plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration and hepatic acetyl CoA content following feeding in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 98, 6839–6847.
| Feed intake is related to changes in plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration and hepatic acetyl CoA content following feeding in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26210272PubMed |
Ribeiro Filho H, Peyraud JL, Delagarde R (2012) Foraging behavior and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows grazing ryegrass pasture alone or with white clover. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 47, 458–465.
| Foraging behavior and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows grazing ryegrass pasture alone or with white clover.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roca-Fernández AI, Ferris CP, González-Rodríguez A (2013) Short communication. behavioural activities of two dairy cow genotypes (Holstein-Friesian vs. Jersey × Holstein-Friesian) in two milk production systems (grazing vs. confinement). Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 11, 120–126.
| Short communication. behavioural activities of two dairy cow genotypes (Holstein-Friesian vs. Jersey × Holstein-Friesian) in two milk production systems (grazing vs. confinement).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roche JR, Blache D, Kay JK, Miller DR, Sheahan AJ, Miller DW (2008) Neuroendocrine and physiological regulation of intake with particular reference to domesticated ruminant animals. Nutrition Research Reviews 21, 207–234.
| Neuroendocrine and physiological regulation of intake with particular reference to domesticated ruminant animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19087372PubMed |
Rossi R, Dorig S, Del Prete E, Scharrer E (2000) Suppression of feed intake after parenteral administration of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate in pygmy goats. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 47, 9–16.
| Suppression of feed intake after parenteral administration of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate in pygmy goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10841458PubMed |
Sales J, Janssens G (2003) Acid-insoluble ash as a marker in digestibility studies: a review. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 12, 383–401.
| Acid-insoluble ash as a marker in digestibility studies: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sheahan AJ (2014) ‘Neuroendocrine regulation of dry matter intake in grazing dairy cows.’ PhD Thesis, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.
Sheahan AJ, Boston RC, Roche JR (2013a) Diurnal patterns of grazing behavior and humoral factors in supplemented dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 3201–3210.
| Diurnal patterns of grazing behavior and humoral factors in supplemented dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23453522PubMed |
Sheahan AJ, Kay JK, Roche JR (2013b) Carbohydrate supplements and their effects on pasture dry matter intake, feeding behavior, and blood factors associated with intake regulation. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 7818–7829.
| Carbohydrate supplements and their effects on pasture dry matter intake, feeding behavior, and blood factors associated with intake regulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24094533PubMed |
Stakelum G, Dillon P (2003) The effect of supplement type on the rumen fermentation pattern of cows fed fresh grass and the in sacco disappearance of grass in the rumen. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 42, 213–228. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25562491
Sutton JD, Hart IC, Broster WH, Elliott RJ, Schuller E (1986) Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones. British Journal of Nutrition 56, 181–192.
| Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 3314980PubMed |
Tejada de Hernandez I (1983) Análisis de forrajes, ensilajes y líquido ruminal. In ‘Manual de laboratorio para análisis de ingredientes utilizados en la alimentación animal’. (Ed. Instituto de Investigaciones Pecuarias en Mexico) pp. 299–300. (SARH-INIP: Mexico DF, Mexico)
Thorne P, Jago J, Kolver E, Roche J (2003) Diet and genotype affect feeding behaviour in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during late lactation. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 63, 124–127.
Tóthi R, Zhang RH, Chilibroste P, Boer H, Tamminga S (2003) Effect of processed cereal grains as a supplement on grass intake, rumen pool sizes, ruminal kinetics and the performance of grazing lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 12, 417–433.
| Effect of processed cereal grains as a supplement on grass intake, rumen pool sizes, ruminal kinetics and the performance of grazing lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tyrrell HF, Reid JT (1965) Prediction of the energy value of cows’ milk. Journal of Dairy Science 48, 1215–1223.
| Prediction of the energy value of cows’ milk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 5843077PubMed |
Ulyatt MJ, Dellow DW, Jhon A, Reid CSW, Waghorn GC (1986) Contribution of chewing during eating and rumination to clearance of digesta from the ruminum-reticulum. In ‘Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants.’ (Eds LP Milligan, WL Grovum, A Dobson) pp. 498–515. (Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, UK)
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.
| Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1660498PubMed |
Waghorn GC (2002) Can forages match concentrate diets for dairy production? Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 62, 261–266.
Wylie ARG, Woods S, Carson AF, McCoy M (2008) Periprandial changes in metabolite and metabolic hormone concentrations in high-genetic-merit dairy Heifers and their relationship to energy balance in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 577–586.
| Periprandial changes in metabolite and metabolic hormone concentrations in high-genetic-merit dairy Heifers and their relationship to energy balance in early lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zarrin M, De Matteis L, Vernay MCMB, Wellnitz O, Van Dorland HA, Bruckmaier RM (2013) Long-term elevation of b-hydroxybutyrate in dairy cows through infusion: effects on feed intake, milk production, and metabolism. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 2960–2972.
| Long-term elevation of b-hydroxybutyrate in dairy cows through infusion: effects on feed intake, milk production, and metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23498021PubMed |
