Towards a new phenotype for tick resistance in beef and dairy cattle: a review
Heather M. Burrow
A M , Ben J. Mans B C H , Fernando F. Cardoso D , Michael A. Birkett E , Andrew C. Kotze F , Ben J. Hayes G , Ntanganedzeni Mapholi H , Kennedy Dzama I , Munyaradzi C. Marufu J , Naftaly W. Githaka K and Appolinaire Djikeng L M
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, W40, University of New England 2351, NSW, Australia.
B Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort 0084, South Africa.
C Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, M35, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
D Embrapa Pecuária Sul (South Livestock), Bagé 96401-970, Brazil.
E Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
F CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia 4067, Qld, Australia.
G Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia 4067, Qld, Australia.
H Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa.
I Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Merriman Street, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
J Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
K International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, Kabete PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
L Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
M Corresponding authors. Email: Heather.Burrow@une.edu.au; appolinaire.djikeng@ctlgh.org
Animal Production Science 59(8) 1401-1427 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN18487
Submitted: 7 August 2018 Accepted: 3 March 2019 Published: 4 July 2019
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
About 80% of the world’s cattle are affected by ticks and tick-borne diseases, both of which cause significant production losses. Cattle host resistance to ticks is the most important factor affecting the economics of tick control, but it is largely neglected in tick-control programs due to technical difficulties and costs associated with identifying individual-animal variation in resistance. The present paper reviews the scientific literature to identify factors affecting resistance of cattle to ticks and the biological mechanisms of host tick resistance, to develop alternative phenotype(s) for tick resistance. If new cost-effective phenotype(s) can be developed and validated, then tick resistance of cattle could be genetically improved using genomic selection, and incorporated into breeding objectives to simultaneously improve cattle productive attributes and tick resistance. The phenotype(s) could also be used to improve tick control by using cattle management. On the basis of the present review, it is recommended that three possible phenotypes (haemolytic analysis; measures of skin hypersensitivity reactions; simplified artificial tick infestations) be further developed to determine their practical feasibility for consistently, cost-effectively and reliably measuring cattle tick resistance in thousands of individual animals in commercial and smallholder farmer herds in tropical and subtropical areas globally. During evaluation of these potential new phenotypes, additional measurements should be included to determine the possibility of developing a volatile-based resistance phenotype, to simultaneously improve cattle resistance to both ticks and biting flies. Because the current measurements of volatile chemistry do not satisfy the requirements of a simple, cost-effective phenotype for use in commercial cattle herds, consideration should also be given to inclusion of potentially simpler measures to enable indirect genetic selection for volatile-based resistance to ticks.
Additional keywords: blood parameters, host resistance, immune response, skin hypersensitivity, tick count, volatiles.
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