Methanogenesis in animals with foregut and hindgut fermentation: a review
G. de la Fuente A , D. R. Yañez-Ruiz B , A. R. Seradj A , J. Balcells A C and A. Belanche B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
B Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
C Corresponding author. Email: balcells@ca.udl.cat
Animal Production Science 59(12) 2109-2122 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN17701
Submitted: 13 October 2017 Accepted: 10 February 2019 Published: 13 September 2019
Abstract
Methane is the main greenhouse-gas contributor to global warming in the livestock sector; it is generated by anaerobic fermentation in the different sections of the gut, and the methane concentration differs significantly among species. Methane is produced only by certain types of microorganisms called methanogens. The species composition of methanogenic archaea population is largely affected by the diet, geographical location, host and the section of the gut. Consequently, methane production, either measured as total grams emitted per day or per bodyweight mass, differs greatly among animal species. The main difference in methanogenic activity among different gut sections and animal species is the substrate fermented and the metabolic pathway to complete anaerobic fermentation of plant material. The three main substrates used by methanogens are CO2, acetate and compounds containing methyl groups. The three dominant orders of methanogens in gut environments are Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales. They normally are present in low numbers (below 3% of total microbiome). The present review will describe the main metabolic pathways and methanogens involved in CH4 production in the gut of different host-animal species, as well as discuss general trends that influence such emissions, such as geographical distribution, feed composition, section of the gut, host age and diurnal and season variation. Finally, the review will describe animal species (large and small domestic ruminants, wild ruminants, camelids, pigs, rabbits, horses, macropods, termites and humans) specificities in the methanogen diversity and their effects on methane emission.
Additional keywords: digestive compartments, emission, methane production, methanogens, microbiota.
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