Commercial equine production in New Zealand. 3. The racing and sport industries
Charlotte F. Bolwell A , Chris W. Rogers A C , Erica K. Gee A and Sarah M. Rosanowski BA Equine Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
B Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, Royal Veterinary College, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
C Corresponding author. Email: c.w.rogers@massey.ac.nz
Animal Production Science 60(18) 2164-2174 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN16753
Submitted: 17 November 2016 Accepted: 9 May 2017 Published: 12 July 2017
Abstract
The present review examines the commercial production of racing and sport horses in New Zealand, describing the size and scope of the industries, the management and feeding, and the training and wastage of race (Thoroughbred and Standardbred) and sport horses. The number of horses per head of population in New Zealand (30/1000 people) is high by international standards and the main equine industries generate ~2% of national gross domestic product. In New Zealand the Thoroughbred breeding and racing industry dominates organised equestrian activity (economically and numerically). Furthermore, this Thoroughbred bias has an influence on equestrian culture and may explain, in part, the high proportion of Thoroughbred sport horses registered for eventing in New Zealand, which is in contrast to other international sport-horse populations. An understanding of the production, management and structure of the racing and sport industries in New Zealand is paramount to ensure the health and welfare of the equine athlete and the continuing success of the industries.
Additional keywords: dressage, horse, Standardbred, showjumping, Thoroughbred.
References
Boden LA, Anderson GA, Charles JA, Morgan KL, Morton JM, Parkin TDH, Clarke AF, Slocombe RF (2007) Risk factors for Thoroughbred racehorse fatality in jump starts in Victoria, Australia (1989–2004). Equine Veterinary Journal 39, 422–428.| Risk factors for Thoroughbred racehorse fatality in jump starts in Victoria, Australia (1989–2004).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2srovFyntg%3D%3D&md5=9de287e9e82546b0dc3219720c6ee73cCAS |
Boden LA, Parkin TD, Yates J, Mellor D, Kao RR (2013) An online survey of horse-owners in Great Britain. BMC Veterinary Research 9, 188
| An online survey of horse-owners in Great Britain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bolwell CF, Russell LJ, Rogers CW (2010) A cross-sectional survey of training practices of 2-year-old racehorses in the North Island of New Zealand. Comparative Exercise Physiology 7, 37–42.
| A cross-sectional survey of training practices of 2-year-old racehorses in the North Island of New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, French NP, Firth EC (2012) Associations between yearling exercise and interruptions to race training in Thoroughbred racehorses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 73, 1610–1616.
| Associations between yearling exercise and interruptions to race training in Thoroughbred racehorses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, Rosanowski SM, Weston J, Gee EK, Gordon SJG (2015) Cross-sectional survey of the management and training practices of endurance horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 35, 801–806.
| Cross-sectional survey of the management and training practices of endurance horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, Gee E, Rosanowski S (2016a) Descriptive statistics and the pattern of horse racing in New Zealand: Part 2. Harness racing. Animal Production Science 56, 82–86.
| Descriptive statistics and the pattern of horse racing in New Zealand: Part 2. Harness racing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bolwell CF, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Rosanowski SM (2016b) Descriptive statistics and the pattern of horse racing in New Zealand: Part 1. Thoroughbred racing. Animal Production Science 56, 77–81.
| Descriptive statistics and the pattern of horse racing in New Zealand: Part 1. Thoroughbred racing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Creagh F, Hickson RE, Rogers CW (2010) Preliminary examination of sport horse competition data for genetic evaluation. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 70, 143–145.
Creagh F, Lopez-Villalobos N, Hickson RE, Rogers CW (2012) Examination of New Zealand sport horse performance records and their suitability for the calculation of breeding values. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 72, 3–7.
Dijkstra A, Sinnige TC, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF (2016) Preliminary examination of farriery and hoof care practice, and the association these with owner reported injuries in sport horses in New Zealand. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
| Preliminary examination of farriery and hoof care practice, and the association these with owner reported injuries in sport horses in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dyson S (2016) Evaluation of poor performance in competition horses: a musculoskeletal perspective. Part 2: further investigation. Equine Veterinary Education 28, 379–387.
| Evaluation of poor performance in competition horses: a musculoskeletal perspective. Part 2: further investigation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Egenvall A, Tranquille CA, Lonnell AC, Bitschnau C, Oomen A, Hernlund E, Montavon S, Franko MA, Murray RC, Weishaupt MA, Weeren V, Roepstorff L (2013) Days-lost to training and competition in relation to workload in 263 elite show-jumping horses in four European countries. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 112, 387–400.
| Days-lost to training and competition in relation to workload in 263 elite show-jumping horses in four European countries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2c%2FkvVamug%3D%3D&md5=919616393190a51c9022e927e340154dCAS |
Ely ER, Avella CS, Price JS, Smith RKW, Wood JLN, Verheyen KLP (2009) Descriptive epidemiology of fracture, tendon and suspensory ligament injuries in National Hunt racehorses in training. Equine Veterinary Journal 41, 372–378.
| Descriptive epidemiology of fracture, tendon and suspensory ligament injuries in National Hunt racehorses in training.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1Mvlt1Wmug%3D%3D&md5=9c1b12c56ba7e19ec779785a51406317CAS |
Fennessy PF (2010) An overview of the New Zealand Thoroughbred industry. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 70, 137–139.
Fernandes KA, Bolwell C, Gee E, Rogers CW, Thomas D (2014) A cross-sectional survey of rider and horse demographics, and the feeding, health and management of pony club horses in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 74, 11–16.
Firth EC, Rogers CW (2005) Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old thoroughbred horses to early training. Conclusions. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 377–383.
| Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old thoroughbred horses to early training. Conclusions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2Mnjs1ajuw%3D%3D&md5=a841635e547a9da07ad64124329f88b6CAS |
Friedrich C, Konig S, Rogers CW, Borstel UKV (2011) Examination of longevity in dressage horses: a comparison between sport horses in New Zealand and Hanoverians in Germany. Züchtungskunde 83, 68–77.
Hamlin MJ, Hopkins WG (2003) Retrospective trainer-reported incidence and predictors of health and training-related problems in standardbred racehorses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, 443–452.
| Retrospective trainer-reported incidence and predictors of health and training-related problems in standardbred racehorses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoffman CJ, Costa LR, Freeman LM (2009) Survey of feeding practices, supplement use, and knowledge of equine nutrition among a subpopulation of horse owners in New England. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 29, 719–726.
| Survey of feeding practices, supplement use, and knowledge of equine nutrition among a subpopulation of horse owners in New England.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hotchkiss JW, Reid SW, Christley RM (2007) A survey of horse owners in Great Britain regarding horses in their care. Part 1: horse demographic characteristics and management. Equine Veterinary Journal 39, 294–300.
| A survey of horse owners in Great Britain regarding horses in their care. Part 1: horse demographic characteristics and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2srgtlKhtw%3D%3D&md5=a4fc706903397149c8fd82dae957755fCAS |
Knight PK, Evans DL (2000) Clinical abnormalities detected in post-race examinations of poorly performing Standardbreds. Australian Veterinary Journal 78, 344–346.
| Clinical abnormalities detected in post-race examinations of poorly performing Standardbreds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvgvVOgug%3D%3D&md5=bc5acf8ffc4150f7eec98b4a852c4048CAS |
Knight PK, Thomson PC (2011) Age at first start and racing career of a cohort of Australian Standardbred horses. Australian Veterinary Journal 89, 325–330.
| Age at first start and racing career of a cohort of Australian Standardbred horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MjosFOntQ%3D%3D&md5=1c502a28b1ec5316550912582a3d40beCAS |
Liljenstolpe C (2009) ‘Horses in Europe.’ Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.
Lönnell A, Bröjer J, Nostell K, Hernlund E, Roepstorff L, Tranquille CA, Murray RC, Oomen A, van Weeren R, Bitschnau C, Montavon S, Weishaupt MA, Egenvall A (2014) Variation in training regimens in professional showjumping yards. Equine Veterinary Journal 46, 233–238.
Matheson A (2012) Economic impact report on the New Zealand sport horse industry. Thesis, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand. pp. 40.
McGowan CM, Stubbs NC, Jull GA (2007) Equine physiotherapy: a comparative view of the science underlying the profession. Equine Veterinary Journal 39, 90–94.
| Equine physiotherapy: a comparative view of the science underlying the profession.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FjtFOgsQ%3D%3D&md5=05b09b7cd9b8df35a1547d6ed2b092f2CAS |
Meredith K, Bolwell CF, Rogers C, Gee EK (2011) The use of allied health therapies on competition horses in the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59, 123–127.
| The use of allied health therapies on competition horses in the North Island of New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MvotlektA%3D%3D&md5=b8e416732eea78381f3e11b8677a131cCAS |
Munsters CCBM, van den Broek J, van Weeren PR, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM (2013) A prospective study on fitness, workload and reasons for premature training ends and temporary training breaks in two groups of riding horses. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 108, 199–208.
| A prospective study on fitness, workload and reasons for premature training ends and temporary training breaks in two groups of riding horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murray RC, Walters JM, Snart H, Dyson SJ, Parkin TDH (2010) Identification of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 184, 27–36.
| Identification of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing (2011) ‘New Zealand Thoroughbred racing fact book 2010.’ (New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing Inc., Wellington, New Zealand)
O’Brien E, Stevens KB, Pfeiffer DU, Hall J, Marr CM (2005) Factors associated with the wastage and achievements in competition of event horses registered in the United Kingdom. The Veterinary Record 157, 9–13.
| Factors associated with the wastage and achievements in competition of event horses registered in the United Kingdom.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MzksVCitg%3D%3D&md5=1e1768cbad3bdc8bac568e7a4ffbb2f2CAS |
Perkins N, Reid S, Morris R (2004) Effect of training location and time period on racehorse performance in New Zealand. 1. Descriptive analysis. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 236–242.
| Effect of training location and time period on racehorse performance in New Zealand. 1. Descriptive analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M7js1ahtQ%3D%3D&md5=4f64b8f432053e0600868200c1c4ef84CAS |
Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS (2005a) Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 1. Training, racing and general health patterns. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 59–68.
| Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 1. Training, racing and general health patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M7gtFSiug%3D%3D&md5=537c80b47a166b23f72d1c84af8d8f73CAS |
Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS (2005b) Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 2. Conditions interfering with training and racing. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 69–76.
| Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 2. Conditions interfering with training and racing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M7gtFSiuw%3D%3D&md5=5bb8f2d14f6f0d61f2bab8609b3612a8CAS |
Perkins NR, Reid SWJ, Morris RS (2005c) Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, 171–183.
| Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MzlvVOmsA%3D%3D&md5=a55dd151f9ad6164a70ef616d43fa40aCAS |
Ricard A, Fournet-Hanocq F (1997) Analysis of factors affecting length of competitive life of jumping horses. Genetics, Selection, Evolution. 29, 251–267.
| Analysis of factors affecting length of competitive life of jumping horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robin CA, Wylie CE, Wood JLN, Newton JR (2011) Making use of equine population demography for disease control purposes: preliminary observations on the difficulties of counting and locating horses in Great Britain. Equine Veterinary Journal 43, 372–375.
| Making use of equine population demography for disease control purposes: preliminary observations on the difficulties of counting and locating horses in Great Britain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3Mvjs12ktA%3D%3D&md5=2f01e2442a8b2ee5d3cd51b95707a714CAS |
Rogers CW, Firth EC (2005) Preliminary examination of the New Zealand event horse production system. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 65, 372–377.
Rogers CW, Firth EC (2006) Identification of risk factors limiting the competition career of the New Zealand sport horse. In ‘Proceedings of the XI international symposium on veterinary epidemiology and economics’, 6–11 August 2006, Cairns, Australia. p. 218.
Rogers CW, Vallance A (2009) ‘Studbook application for membership of the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses.’ (New Zealand Sport Horse Promotion Board Inc.: Masterton, New Zealand)
Rogers CW, Rivero JL, van Breda E, Lindner A, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM (2007) ICEEP7 – WORKSHOP – WORKLOAD AND CONDITIONING: describing workload and scientific information on conditioning horses. Equine Comparative and Exercise Physiology 4, 1–6.
| ICEEP7 – WORKSHOP – WORKLOAD AND CONDITIONING: describing workload and scientific information on conditioning horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rogers CW, Firth EC, McIlwraith CW, Barneveld A, Goodship AE, Kawcak CE, Smith RKW, van Weeren PR (2008) Evaluation of a new strategy to modulate skeletal development in racehorses by imposing track-based exercise during growth: the effects on 2-and 3-year-old racing careers. Equine Veterinary Journal 40, 119–127.
| Evaluation of a new strategy to modulate skeletal development in racehorses by imposing track-based exercise during growth: the effects on 2-and 3-year-old racing careers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c7ktFGhsQ%3D%3D&md5=7cb2b73d82fc28080024d9ed30fcac0cCAS |
Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Gee EK (2012a) Proactive management of the equine athlete. Animals (Basel) 2, 640–655.
| Proactive management of the equine athlete.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Tanner JC, van Weeren PR (2012b) Early exercise in the horse. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 7, 375–379.
| Early exercise in the horse.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Gee EK, Peterson ML, McIlwraith CW (2014) Profile and surface conditions of New Zealand Thoroughbred racetracks. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34, 1105–1109.
| Profile and surface conditions of New Zealand Thoroughbred racetracks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rosanowski SM, Cogger N, Rogers CW, Benschop J, Stevenson MA (2012a) A description of the demographic characteristics of the New Zealand non-commercial horse population with data collected using a generalised random-tessellation stratified sampling design. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 107, 242–252.
| A description of the demographic characteristics of the New Zealand non-commercial horse population with data collected using a generalised random-tessellation stratified sampling design.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38jns1yrtg%3D%3D&md5=1e57ffd790ff4d2ea71203a56ec765d0CAS |
Rosanowski SM, Rogers CW, Cogger N, Benschop J, Stevenson MA (2012b) The implementation of biosecurity practices and visitor protocols on non-commercial horse properties in New Zealand. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 107, 85–94.
| The implementation of biosecurity practices and visitor protocols on non-commercial horse properties in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38jit1CnsA%3D%3D&md5=a8ca4710b68c3165549241e19a25c2f9CAS |
Rosanowski SM, Cogger N, Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Benschop J, Stevenson MA (2013) Analysis of horse movements from non-commercial horse properties in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 61, 245–253.
| Analysis of horse movements from non-commercial horse properties in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3svhsVOnsg%3D%3D&md5=c97e08b0b59276e2cf3b5857fb12a9aaCAS |
Rosanowski S, Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Cogger N (2015) The movement pattern of horses around race meetings in New Zealand. Animal Production Science 55, 1075–1080.
| The movement pattern of horses around race meetings in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rosanowski SM, Scott I, Sells PD, Rogers CW, Bolwell CF (2016) Cross-sectional survey of parasite control practices on Thoroughbred and Standardbred training yards in New Zealand. Equine Veterinary Journal 48, 387–393.
| Cross-sectional survey of parasite control practices on Thoroughbred and Standardbred training yards in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC28rltV2qsA%3D%3D&md5=ef22422d751e00256f09abaa6a46cde6CAS |
Shearman JP, Hopkins WG (1996) Training of Standardbed maiden pacers. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 16, 116–119.
| Training of Standardbed maiden pacers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simmons HRG (2015) Investigation of current equine identification systems utilised in the New Zealand equine industry. Thesis. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. pp. 211
Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Genzel W, Van Weeren PR (2010) A pilot study on factors influencing the career of Dutch sport horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 42, 28–32.
| A pilot study on factors influencing the career of Dutch sport horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tanner JC, Rogers CW, Bolwell CF (2010) Preliminary examination of training and racing milestones in a subset of Standardbred horses. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 70, 149–151.
Tanner J, Rogers C, Firth E (2011) The relationship of training milestones with racing success in a population of Standardbred horses in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59, 323–327.
| The relationship of training milestones with racing success in a population of Standardbred horses in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MbltlOktA%3D%3D&md5=aed293beeaa49e880779b5ab0d29f528CAS |
Tanner JC, Rogers CW, Firth EC (2013) The association of 2-year-old training milestones with career length and racing success in a sample of Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. Equine Veterinary Journal 45, 20–24.
| The association of 2-year-old training milestones with career length and racing success in a sample of Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38visV2itA%3D%3D&md5=427009d4e1830c0caf767e76fcecabeaCAS |
Tanner JC, Rogers CW, Cogger N, Bolwell CF, McIlwraith WC (2016) Analysis of failure to finish a race in a cohort of Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. Animals 6, 36
| Analysis of failure to finish a race in a cohort of Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomson PC, Hayek AR, Jones B, Evans DL, McGreevy PD (2014) Number, causes and destinations of horses leaving the Australian Thoroughbred and Standardbred racing industries. Australian Veterinary Journal 92, 303–311.
| Number, causes and destinations of horses leaving the Australian Thoroughbred and Standardbred racing industries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2cfksl2mtw%3D%3D&md5=91c839ba8ea940ea1fba546b55247e35CAS |
Veldman H, Rogers CW (2009) A pilot study to quantify the workload of advanced grade dressage horses. In ‘5th international conference International Society for Equitation Science’, 12–14 July 2009, University of Sydney, Australia.
Verhaar N, Rogers CW, Gee E, Bolwell C, Rosanowski SM (2014a) The feeding and training of sport horses in New Zealand. Proceedings of the Australian Equine Science Symposium 5, 46
Verhaar N, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF, Rosanowski SM (2014b) The feeding practices and estimated workload in a cohort of New Zealand competition horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34, 1257–1262.
| The feeding practices and estimated workload in a cohort of New Zealand competition horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walters JM, Parkin T, Snart HA, Murray RC (2008) Current management and training practices for UK dressage horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology 5, 73–83.
| Current management and training practices for UK dressage horses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williamson A, Rogers CW, Firth EC (2007) A survey of feeding, management and faecal pH of Thoroughbred racehorses in the North Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 55, 337–341.
| A survey of feeding, management and faecal pH of Thoroughbred racehorses in the North Island of New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2sjislGhsQ%3D%3D&md5=08ba49e480ec023d89d10cc94e827a69CAS |
Wylie CE, Ireland JL, Collins SN, Verheyen KLP, Newton JR (2013) Demographics and management practices of horses and ponies in Great Britain: a cross-sectional study. Research in Veterinary Science 95, 410–417.
| Demographics and management practices of horses and ponies in Great Britain: a cross-sectional study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3snpsV2rtA%3D%3D&md5=dc4039dd9e6bea86eda6bf44ea50ea72CAS |