Immune system, inflammation and nutrition in dairy cattle
G. Bertoni A B , A. Minuti A and E. Trevisi A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
B Corresponding author. Email: giuseppe.bertoni@unicatt.it
Animal Production Science 55(7) 943-948 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14863
Submitted: 9 October 2014 Accepted: 22 December 2014 Published: 21 April 2015
Abstract
Good health is essential for good performance and the welfare of dairy cows, and nutrition is an important component of good health. Health is influenced by the interaction between the innate adaptive components of the immune system and other factors, such as the local and systemic inflammatory response, which can sometimes be more harmful than useful. Therefore, for dairy cows, particularly those in the periparturient period, it is important to avoid, or reduce as much as possible, any kind of infectious, parasitic or metabolic disease and the associated inflammation. Such inflammation can impair cow performance by lowering milk yield, dry matter intake, fertility and energy efficiency, and can reduce liver function. Good nutrition is essential in maintaining a functional immune system, while also avoiding other causes of inflammation, such as tissue damage, and digestive and metabolic syndrome-related disorders. Provision of appropriate nutrients, such as antioxidants, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid and vitamin D can have anti-inflammatory effects. In the future, ways to reduce inflammation while maintaining a good immune defence must be developed and the susceptibility of the cow to diseases and inflammation evaluated. Ideally, we would be able to selectively breed for cows with a lower susceptibility to both diseases and inflammation.
Additional keywords: dairy cow, health, transition period.
References
Ametaj BN, Bradford BJ, Bobe G, Nafikov RA, Lu Y, Young JW, Beitz DC (2005) Strong relationships between mediators of the acute phase response and fatty liver in dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, 165–175.| Strong relationships between mediators of the acute phase response and fatty liver in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bertoni G, Trevisi E (2013) Use of the liver activity index and other metabolic variables in the assessment of metabolic health in dairy herds. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 29, 413–431.
| Use of the liver activity index and other metabolic variables in the assessment of metabolic health in dairy herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23809898PubMed |
Bertoni G, Maianti MG, Trevisi E (1989) Effetti a livello ematico e produttivo della somministrazione di grasso animale a bovine ‘ante’ e ‘post partum’. Zootecnia e nutrizione animale 15, 341–354.
Bertoni G, Trevisi E, Han X, Bionaz M (2008) Effects of inflammatory conditions on liver activity in the puerperium and consequences for performance in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3300–3310.
| Effects of inflammatory conditions on liver activity in the puerperium and consequences for performance in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFamsrnO&md5=66ee9eed8fa2f4291ec976efee2eb702CAS | 18765589PubMed |
Calamari L, Care’ S, Ferrari A, Bertoni G (2008) Preliminary study to develop a reference tool to validate the models of animal welfare assessment in dairy farms. In ‘Book of abstracts. 4th international workshop on the assessment of animal welfare at farm and group level’. (Ed. P Koene) pp. 7. (Ponsen and Looijen: Wageningen, The Netherlands)
Calder PC (2008) Joint Nutrition Society and Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute symposium on nutrition and autoimmune disease PUFA, inflammatory processes and rheumatoid arthritis. Symposium on the challenge of translating nutrition research into public health nutrition. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67, 409–418.
| Joint Nutrition Society and Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute symposium on nutrition and autoimmune disease PUFA, inflammatory processes and rheumatoid arthritis. Symposium on the challenge of translating nutrition research into public health nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVSjtrjI&md5=7ff170ca7e49bf62f2059d24934fc7d7CAS | 18847518PubMed |
Calder PC, Jackson AA (2000) Undernutrition, infection and immune function. Nutrition Research Reviews 13, 3–29.
| Undernutrition, infection and immune function.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M%2FjsF2msw%3D%3D&md5=144576941041486506326142328c919fCAS | 19087431PubMed |
Catalani E, Amadori M, Vitali A, Bernabucci U, Nardone A, Lacetera N (2010) The Hsp72 response in peri-parturient dairy cows: relationships with metabolic and immunological parameters. Cell Stress & Chaperones 15, 781–790.
| The Hsp72 response in peri-parturient dairy cows: relationships with metabolic and immunological parameters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht12qtbbL&md5=9776fa09cee02b42ce8bbc6a555bbf1aCAS |
Chen Y, Oba M, Guan LL (2012) Variation of bacterial communities and expression of toll-like receptor genes in the rumen of steers differing in susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis. Veterinary Microbiology 159, 451–459.
| Variation of bacterial communities and expression of toll-like receptor genes in the rumen of steers differing in susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XnsVGjt7o%3D&md5=db62a46a0b90d57064de211ef59f33c3CAS | 22622335PubMed |
Conroy KP, Davidson IM, Warnock M (2011) Pathogenic obesity and nutraceuticals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 70, 426–438.
| Pathogenic obesity and nutraceuticals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlKjtrfL&md5=8657dd60172ddda7a30008aefa408f18CAS | 21854698PubMed |
Daha MR (2011) Grand challenges in molecular innate immunity. Frontiers in Immunology 2, 16–17.
| Grand challenges in molecular innate immunity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22566806PubMed |
Dantzer R, O’Connor J, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW (2008) From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 9, 46–56.
| From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVGjsbfJ&md5=867ba1cb2f072cb84e2aaacb1f9fa806CAS | 18073775PubMed |
Douglas GN, Overton TR, Bateman HG, Dann HM, Drackely JK (2006) Prepartal plane of nutrition, regardless of dietary energy source, affects periparturient metabolism and dry matter intake in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 2141–2157.
| Prepartal plane of nutrition, regardless of dietary energy source, affects periparturient metabolism and dry matter intake in Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xlt1eqs7Y%3D&md5=0a24293a028056a8737a802f663fd007CAS | 16702281PubMed |
Drackley JK (1999) Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier? Journal of Dairy Science 82, 2259–2273.
| Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnsVGntLY%3D&md5=bca0db39882d19b6adcccbd563818349CAS | 10575597PubMed |
Drackley JK, Wallace RL, Graugnard D, Vasquez J, Richards BF, Loor JJ (2014) Visceral adipose tissue mass in nonlactating dairy cows fed diets differing in energy density. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 3420–3430.
| Visceral adipose tissue mass in nonlactating dairy cows fed diets differing in energy density.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXls1Wktbs%3D&md5=1d940fd61d9725e780aaae3ecf10af5dCAS | 24704224PubMed |
Graugnard DE, Bionaz M, Trevisi E, Moyes KM, Salak-Johnson JL, Wallace RL, Drackley JK, Bertoni G, Loor JJ (2012) Blood immunometabolic indices and polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in peripartum dairy cows are altered by level of dietary energy prepartum. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 1749–1758.
| Blood immunometabolic indices and polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in peripartum dairy cows are altered by level of dietary energy prepartum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XksleisbY%3D&md5=c222236a17627bf72ba358ea9cff3371CAS | 22459823PubMed |
Grimble RF (2001) Stress proteins in disease: metabolism on a knife edge. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian) 20, 469–476.
| Stress proteins in disease: metabolism on a knife edge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitVSgu70%3D&md5=892f560a6100c02fb865d57d85bf2be9CAS |
Grimble RF (2002) Sulphur amino acids, glutathione and immune function. In ‘Nutrition and immune function’. (Eds PC Calder, CJ Field, HS Gill) pp. 133–150 (CABI Publishing: New York)
Hewison M (2012) Vitamin D and immune function: an overview. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, 50–61.
| Vitamin D and immune function: an overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsVOlt7c%3D&md5=da5d55026e30911346a82c76f6573860CAS | 21849106PubMed |
Hotamisligil GS (2006) Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 444, 860–867.
| Inflammation and metabolic disorders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlShtrzK&md5=7e5fc09274d8ae855978b6c695a42431CAS | 17167474PubMed |
Janovick NA, Drackley JK (2010) Prepartum dietary management of energy intake affects postpartum intake and lactation performance by primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 3086–3102.
| Prepartum dietary management of energy intake affects postpartum intake and lactation performance by primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVOhtrnO&md5=882c0725eb24929cd89449a392fb5613CAS | 20630227PubMed |
Janovick NA, Boisclair YR, Drackley JK (2011) Prepartum dietary energy intake affects metabolism and health during the periparturient period in primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 1385–1400.
| Prepartum dietary energy intake affects metabolism and health during the periparturient period in primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmvFeitr4%3D&md5=c6ce173a50c4c711916775c5352689f4CAS | 21338804PubMed |
Ji P, Drackley JK, Khan MJ, Loor JJ (2014a) Overfeeding energy upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ-controlled adipogenic and lipolytic gene networks but does not affect proinflammatory markers in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 3431–3440.
| Overfeeding energy upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ-controlled adipogenic and lipolytic gene networks but does not affect proinflammatory markers in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots of Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXls1Wrtb0%3D&md5=05e13192eb42cedd49ffc5c0fed07cf0CAS | 24704238PubMed |
Ji P, Drackley JK, Khan MJ, Loor JJ (2014b) Inflammation- and lipid metabolism-related gene network expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 3441–3448.
| Inflammation- and lipid metabolism-related gene network expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots of Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXls1ahu7s%3D&md5=159e58f5ae35309247eb6e7d39f80a74CAS | 24704230PubMed |
Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Dantzer R (1994) Immunology discover physiology Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 43, 157–165.
| Immunology discover physiologyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7lvFektw%3D%3D&md5=539fb58e87adc4fdc498fced6a6987d0CAS | 7856048PubMed |
Lambert GP (2009) Stress-induced gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction and its inflammatory effects. Journal of Animal Science 87, E101–E108.
| Stress-induced gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction and its inflammatory effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M3mtVSrug%3D%3D&md5=40fcc87ab05b1757d7f6ca5074c39310CAS | 18791134PubMed |
Liu J, Xu T, Zhu W, Mao S (2014) High-grain feeding alters caecal bacterial microbiota composition and fermentation and results in caecal mucosal injury in goats. The British Journal of Nutrition 112, 416–427.
| High-grain feeding alters caecal bacterial microbiota composition and fermentation and results in caecal mucosal injury in goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtVOgtL7O&md5=f0505c65f531ddb87dc0c183b57d656bCAS | 24846282PubMed |
Loor JJ, Bertoni G, Hosseini A, Roche JR, Trevisi E (2013) Functional welfare – using biochemical and molecular technologies to understand better the welfare state of peripartal dairy cattle. Animal Production Science 53, 931–953.
| Functional welfare – using biochemical and molecular technologies to understand better the welfare state of peripartal dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1artrnE&md5=5e12d1d985a906ecc1bf71619b1ef4f3CAS |
Luster AD, Alon R, Von Andrian UH (2005) Immune cell migration in inflammation: present and future therapeutic targets. Nature Immunology 6, 1182–1190.
| Immune cell migration in inflammation: present and future therapeutic targets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlShur7O&md5=4a224a97e8dce1a3884bf57b3877a29aCAS | 16369557PubMed |
Medzhitov R (2008) Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454, 428–435.
| Origin and physiological roles of inflammation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXovV2mtbw%3D&md5=a4265ea49aa96abdb9beffa4ed45466cCAS | 18650913PubMed |
Meglia GE, Johannisson A, Agenäs S, Holtenius K, Waller KP (2005) Effects of feeding intensity during the dry period on leukocyte and lymphocyte sub-populations, neutrophil function and health in periparturient dairy cows. Veterinary Journal 169, 376–384.
| Effects of feeding intensity during the dry period on leukocyte and lymphocyte sub-populations, neutrophil function and health in periparturient dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M3hsFWjug%3D%3D&md5=4619e6ae3a7d6d8f5fdb15d9a5ecfc99CAS |
Minuti A, Ahmed S, Trevisi E, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Bertoni G, Bani P (2013) Assessment of gastrointestinal permeability by lactulose test in sheep after repeated indomethacin treatment. Journal of Animal Science 91, 5646–5653.
| Assessment of gastrointestinal permeability by lactulose test in sheep after repeated indomethacin treatment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFOrtbnK&md5=3688d58e5ea3ae3b1786ab81bb7cecd5CAS | 24126268PubMed |
Minuti A, Ahmed S, Trevisi E, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Bertoni G, Jahan N, Bani P (2014) Experimental acute rumen acidosis in sheep: consequences on clinical, rumen, gastrointestinal permeability conditions, and blood chemistry. Journal of Animal Science 92, 3966–3977.
| Experimental acute rumen acidosis in sheep: consequences on clinical, rumen, gastrointestinal permeability conditions, and blood chemistry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhslamurrO&md5=e3721f31a3889714aac9a8de1296fd99CAS | 24987080PubMed |
Nagaraja TG, Bartley EE, Fina LR, Anthony HD, Bechtle RM (1978) Evidence of endotoxins in the rumen bacteria of cattle fed hay or grain. Journal of Animal Science 47, 226–234.
Osorio JS, Ji P, Drackley JK, Luchini D, Loor JJ (2013) Supplemental Smartamine M or MetaSmart during the transition period benefits postpartal cow performance and blood neutrophil function. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 6248–6263.
| Supplemental Smartamine M or MetaSmart during the transition period benefits postpartal cow performance and blood neutrophil function.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1WnsL%2FO&md5=d501f1d00163d2fc9db327db869adcd9CAS | 23910549PubMed |
Osorio JS, Trevisi E, Ji P, Drackley JK, Luchini D, Bertoni G, Loor JJ (2014) Biomarkers of inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress in blood, liver, and milk reveal a better immunometabolic status in peripartal cows supplemented with Smartamine M or MetaSmart. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 7437–7450.
| Biomarkers of inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress in blood, liver, and milk reveal a better immunometabolic status in peripartal cows supplemented with Smartamine M or MetaSmart.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1Ortr%2FP&md5=dbc4c7ff43a54c2b9a0c25091660f01cCAS | 25282419PubMed |
Piccinini AM, Midwood KS (2010) DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling. Mediators of Inflammation 2010, 672395
| DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20706656PubMed |
Piè S, Awati A, Vida S, Falluel I, Williams BA, Oswald IP (2007) Effects of added fermentable carbohydrates in the diet on intestinal proinflammatory cytokine-specific mRNA content in weaning piglets. Journal of Animal Science 85, 673–683.
| Effects of added fermentable carbohydrates in the diet on intestinal proinflammatory cytokine-specific mRNA content in weaning piglets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17121974PubMed |
Plaizier JC, Khafipour E, Li S, Gozho GN, Krause DO (2012) Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), endotoxins and health consequences. Animal Feed Science and Technology 172, 9–21.
| Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), endotoxins and health consequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XitVCgtL4%3D&md5=6eb6b900f05dcf791648510a6aaaa4d7CAS |
Pond CM, Newsholme EA (1999) Coping with metabolic stress in wild and domesticated animals. In ‘Metabolic stress in dairy cows’. (Eds JD Oldham, G Simm, AF Groen, BL Nielsen, JE Pryce, TLJ Lawrence) pp. 9–20. Occasional Publication 24. (British Society of Animal Science: Edinburgh)
Powanda MC (1980) Host metabolic alterations during inflammatory stress as related to nutritional status. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41, 1905–1911.
Rimbach G, Minihane AM, Majewics J, Fischer A, Pallauf J, Virgli F, Weinberg PD (2002) Regulation of cell signalling by vitamin E. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, 415–425.
| Regulation of cell signalling by vitamin E.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXovVeqtQ%3D%3D&md5=c1845d5ebc3524928722bd3142276993CAS | 12691170PubMed |
Sander AK, Piechotta M, Schlamberger G, Bollwein H, Kaske M, Sipka A, Schuberth HJ (2011) Ex vivo phagocytic overall performance of neutrophilic granulocytes and the relation to plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in dairy cows during the transition period. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 1762–1771.
| Ex vivo phagocytic overall performance of neutrophilic granulocytes and the relation to plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in dairy cows during the transition period.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnvFCht7g%3D&md5=9f400c873a0750a4485569240285e864CAS | 21426965PubMed |
Seo J, Osorio JS, Schmitt E, Corrêa MN, Bertoni G, Trevisi E, Loor JJ (2014) Hepatic purinergic signaling gene network expression and its relationship with inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in blood from peripartal dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 861–873.
| Hepatic purinergic signaling gene network expression and its relationship with inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in blood from peripartal dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFOgsrzL&md5=a38362e87ba8533cdd94515c4b860bddCAS | 24359819PubMed |
Serhan CN, Chiag N, Van Dyke TE (2008) Resolving inflammation: dual antiinflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. National Review 8, 349–361.
Si Y, Zhang ZG, Chen SJ, Zheng YQ, Chen YB, Liu Y, Jiang H, Feng LQ, Huang X (2014) Attenuated TLRs in middle ear mucosa contributes to susceptibility of chronic suppurative otitis media. Human Immunology 75, 771–776.
| Attenuated TLRs in middle ear mucosa contributes to susceptibility of chronic suppurative otitis media.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpslCltLk%3D&md5=b3fcee5cbfc1d423e162c0946b5ca315CAS | 24882571PubMed |
Sorci G, Faivre B (2009) Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host–parasite systems. Philosophical Transactions B: Biological Science 364, 71–83.
| Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host–parasite systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sordillo LM, Aitken SL (2009) Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 128, 104–109.
| Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXisVOgtbw%3D&md5=8ba3c18aeabb31f4ca81a2b2e86e5065CAS | 19027173PubMed |
Trevisi E, Ferrari A, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Bertoni G (2008) Energy balance indexes and blood changes of dairy cows supplemented with rumen protected CLA in late pregnancy and early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 77
Trevisi E, Zecconi A, Bertoni G, Piccinini R (2010) Blood and milk immune and inflammatory responses in periparturient dairy cows showing a different liver activity index. The Journal of Dairy Research 77, 310–317.
| Blood and milk immune and inflammatory responses in periparturient dairy cows showing a different liver activity index.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnvV2rsLk%3D&md5=009b5c81e857e730d523f70c8d8039cfCAS | 20576169PubMed |
Trevisi E, Bertoni G, Lombardelli R, Minuti A (2013) Relation of inflammation and liver function with the plasma cortisol response to ACTH in early lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 5712–5722.
| Relation of inflammation and liver function with the plasma cortisol response to ACTH in early lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVKmsrrK&md5=0419b6b36bb5f6082c63fc1d6278735fCAS | 23831090PubMed |
Trevisi E, Minuti A, Cogrossi S, Grossi P, Ahmed S, Bani P (2014) Can a single rumen sample really diagnose SARA in commercial farms? Animal Production Science 54, 1268–1272.
| Can a single rumen sample really diagnose SARA in commercial farms?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlaktLnJ&md5=f1ff49d645d664836a87706855b0fd3bCAS |
Van Knegsel ATM, Hammon HM, Bernabucci U, Bertoni G, Bruckmaier RM, Goselink RMA, Gross JJ, Kuhla B, Metges CC, Parmentier HK, Trevisi E, Tröscher A, van Vuuren AM (2014) Metabolic adaptation during early lactation: key to cow health, longevity and a sustainable dairy production chain. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 9, 15
| Metabolic adaptation during early lactation: key to cow health, longevity and a sustainable dairy production chain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams CM (2000) Dietary fatty acids and human health. Annales de Zootechnie 49, 165–180.
| Dietary fatty acids and human health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnt12msr0%3D&md5=8331fbc1da126c14ed0156c49ebce8faCAS |
