Drives and limits to feed intake in ruminants
Michael S. Allen
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Email: allenm@msu.edu
Animal Production Science 54(10) 1513-1524 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14478
Submitted: 4 April 2014 Accepted: 16 June 2014 Published: 19 August 2014
Abstract
The control of energy intake is complex, including mechanisms that act independently (e.g. distention, osmotic effects, fuel-sensing) as well as interacting factors that are likely to affect feeding via their effects on hepatic oxidation. Effects of ruminant diets on feed intake vary greatly because of variation in their filling effects, as well as the type and temporal absorption of fuels. Effects of nutrients on endocrine response and gene expression affect energy partitioning, which in turn affects feeding behaviour by altering clearance of fuels from the blood. Dominant mechanisms controlling feed intake change with physiological state, which is highly variable among ruminants, especially through the lactation cycle. Ruminal distention might dominate control of feed intake when ruminants consume low-energy diets or when energy requirements are high, but fuel-sensing by tissues is likely to dominate control of feed intake when fuel supply is in excess of that required. The liver is likely to be a primary sensor of energy status because it is supplied by fuels from the portal drained viscera as well as the general circulation, it metabolises a variety of fuels derived from both the diet and tissues, and a signal related to hepatic oxidation of fuels is conveyed to feeding centres in the brain by hepatic vagal afferents stimulating or inhibiting feeding, depending on its energy status. The effects of somatotropin on export of fuels by milk secretion, effects of insulin on gluconeogenesis, and both on mobilisation and repletion of tissues, determine fuel availability and feed intake over the lactation cycle. Control of feed intake by hepatic energy status, affected by oxidation of fuels, is an appealing conceptual model because it integrates effects of various fuels and physiological states on feeding behaviour.
Additional keywords: fuel sensing, hepatic oxidation theory, hunger, metabolic control, satiety.
References
Acin-Perez R, Salazar E, Kamenetsky M, Buck J, Levin LR, Manfredi G (2009) Cyclic AMP produced inside mitochondria regulates oxidative phosphorylation. Cell Metabolism 9, 265–276.| Cyclic AMP produced inside mitochondria regulates oxidative phosphorylation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntlSjs74%3D&md5=119cc11a97f3493f634ba76457b73af6CAS | 19254571PubMed |
Allen MS (1996) Physical constraints on voluntary intake of forages by ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 74, 3063–3075.
Allen MS (2000) Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 1598–1624.
| Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltVGgtb0%3D&md5=7817d0d67447a47c4db4f9aca64b3833CAS | 10908065PubMed |
Allen MS, Bradford BJ (2012) Control of food intake by metabolism of fuels – a comparison across species. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, 401–409.
| Control of food intake by metabolism of fuels – a comparison across species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtVOjtbfE&md5=5da54e25ce50dbb79b0fa336b2215116CAS | 22704548PubMed |
Allen MS, Piantoni P (2013) Metabolic control of feed intake: implications for metabolic disease of fresh cows. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 29, 279–297.
| Metabolic control of feed intake: implications for metabolic disease of fresh cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23809892PubMed |
Allen MS, Bradford BJ, Harvatine KJ (2005) The cow as a model to study food intake regulation. Annual Review of Nutrition 25, 523–547.
| The cow as a model to study food intake regulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpvF2mt7s%3D&md5=79cf1101c6fa84d2c2c95a240b85c2cfCAS | 16011477PubMed |
Allen MS, Bradford BJ, Oba M (2009) Board-invited review: the hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 87, 3317–3334.
| Board-invited review: the hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1WksLzL&md5=e9dc4f18b330d72eb28c4ecfb59a35ffCAS | 19648500PubMed |
Ballard FJ (1965) Glucose utilization in mammalian liver. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 14, 437–443.
| Glucose utilization in mammalian liver.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXns1Krsw%3D%3D&md5=61079ac141e1d32d1c49875c15dad99eCAS | 14314983PubMed |
Barthel A, Schmoll D (2003) Novel concepts in insulin regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 285, E685–E692.
Bauman DE (1999) Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 17, 101–116.
| Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmsVWmsbY%3D&md5=f4140e3676e08ea1d4cdb85d0c7cb82bCAS | 10527114PubMed |
Bell AW (1980) Lipid metabolism in liver and selected tissues and in the whole body of ruminant animals. Progress in Lipid Research 18, 117–164.
| Lipid metabolism in liver and selected tissues and in the whole body of ruminant animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Berthoud H-R (2004) Anatomy and function of sensory hepatic nerves. The Anatomical Record 280A, 827–835.
| Anatomy and function of sensory hepatic nerves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Booth DA (1972) Postabsorptively induced suppression of appetite and the energostatic control of feeding. Physiology & Behavior 9, 199–202.
| Postabsorptively induced suppression of appetite and the energostatic control of feeding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXls1yntw%3D%3D&md5=59cf0890b418137058362ecf7bda9ee5CAS |
Borner S, Derno M, Hacke S, Kautzsch U, Schaff C, ThanThan S, Kuwayama H, Hammon HM, Rontgen M, Weikard R, Kuhn C, Tuchscherer A, Kuhla B (2013) Plasma ghrelin is positively associated with body fat, liver fat and milk fat content but not with feed intake of dairy cows after parturition. The Journal of Endocrinology 216, 217–229.
| Plasma ghrelin is positively associated with body fat, liver fat and milk fat content but not with feed intake of dairy cows after parturition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23160961PubMed |
Bradford BJ, Allen MS (2007) Depression in feed intake by a highly fermentable diet is related to plasma insulin concentration and insulin response to glucose infusion. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3838–3845.
| Depression in feed intake by a highly fermentable diet is related to plasma insulin concentration and insulin response to glucose infusion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot1Oltbk%3D&md5=0cc5dede201e6021dc29c090c961af01CAS | 17638994PubMed |
Bradford BJ, Allen MS (2008) Negative energy balance increases periprandial ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 34, 196–203.
| Negative energy balance increases periprandial ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptlakug%3D%3D&md5=b8e496913c7481aebbb4ed736a67ed12CAS | 17467225PubMed |
Bradford BJ, Oba M, Ehrhardt R, Boisclair YR, Allen MS (2006) Propionate is not an important regulator of plasma leptin in dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 30, 65–75.
| Propionate is not an important regulator of plasma leptin in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XksVemug%3D%3D&md5=28956ec861d0dc8d47896d378bc4a421CAS | 16002256PubMed |
Bradford BJ, Harvatine KH, Allen MS (2008) Dietary unsaturated fatty acids increase plasma GLP-1 and CCK and may decrease pre-meal ghrelin in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1443–1450.
| Dietary unsaturated fatty acids increase plasma GLP-1 and CCK and may decrease pre-meal ghrelin in lactating cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktVelsbg%3D&md5=dead0219d3906a5acd1cb30f4d1fb65bCAS | 18349237PubMed |
Carlson DB, Litherland NB, Dann HM, Woodworth JC, Drackley JK (2006) Metabolic effects of l–carnitine infusion and feed restriction in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 4819–4834.
| Metabolic effects of l–carnitine infusion and feed restriction in lactating Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlWgsrjJ&md5=eef499e64da7183dc231740e3d03c27dCAS | 17106113PubMed |
Carlson DB, McFadden JW, D’Angelo A, Woodworth JC, Drackley JK (2007) Dietary l-carnitine alters periparturient nutrient metabolism and lactation in multiparous cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3422–3441.
| Dietary l-carnitine alters periparturient nutrient metabolism and lactation in multiparous cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntlCksLg%3D&md5=4caa3fb24f61da6e49f8df830b534147CAS | 17582127PubMed |
Choi BR, Allen MS (1999) Intake regulation by volatile fatty acids and physical fill. South African Journal of Animal Science 29, 40–41.
Choi BR, Palmquist DL, Allen MS (2000) Cholesystokinin mediates depression of feed intake in dairy cattle fed high fat diets. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 19, 159–175.
| Cholesystokinin mediates depression of feed intake in dairy cattle fed high fat diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosFygs7Y%3D&md5=36baccb0bdc7ac274ee32108c5abb7f5CAS | 11064219PubMed |
Conrad HR, Pratt AD, Hibbs JW (1964) Regulation of feed intake in dairy cows. I. Change in importance of physical and physiological factors with increasing digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science 47, 54–62.
| Regulation of feed intake in dairy cows. I. Change in importance of physical and physiological factors with increasing digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dado RG, Allen MS (1994) Variation in feeding behavior characteristics measured continuously among dairy cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 132–144.
| Variation in feeding behavior characteristics measured continuously among dairy cows in early lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7msFantQ%3D%3D&md5=a175f7e018ab629be2f187f714e8c318CAS | 8120182PubMed |
Derno M, Nurnberg G, Schon P, Schwarm A, Rontgen M, Hammon HM, Metges CC, Bruckmaier RM, Kuhla B (2013) Short-term feed intake is regulated by macronutrient oxidation in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 971–980.
| Short-term feed intake is regulated by macronutrient oxidation in lactating Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhsl2ju7zN&md5=9a2f533baf510488a83256ce0c5dbef7CAS | 23219119PubMed |
Emery RS, Liesman JS, Herdt TH (1992) Metabolism of long chain fatty acids by ruminant liver. The Journal of Nutrition 122, 832–837.
Forbes JM (1999) Minimal total discomfort as a concept for the control of food intake and selection. Appetite 33, 371
| Minimal total discomfort as a concept for the control of food intake and selection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FptlWisg%3D%3D&md5=f0c21022bafe4c1e82fe39702044f6deCAS | 10625529PubMed |
Forbes JM (2007a) A personal view of how ruminant animals control their intake and choice of food: minimal total discomfort. Nutrition Research Reviews 20, 132–146.
| A personal view of how ruminant animals control their intake and choice of food: minimal total discomfort.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19079866PubMed |
Forbes JM (2007b) ‘Voluntary food intake and diet selection in farm animals.’ (CAB International: Oxon, UK)
Friedman MI (1997) An energy sensor for control of energy intake. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, 41–50.
| An energy sensor for control of energy intake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2szhtFyjtg%3D%3D&md5=726f082b6e2aec01cac33218cdf4e3d5CAS | 9168519PubMed |
Friedman MI, Tordoff MG (1986) Fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization interact to control food intake in rats. The American Journal of Physiology 251, R840–R845.
Friedman MI, Ramirez I, Bowden CR, Tordoff MG (1990) Fuel partitioning and food intake: role for mitochondrial fatty acid transport. The American Journal of Physiology 258, R216–R221.
Gualdron-Duarte LB, Allen MS (2014) Propionic acid decreased meal size and feed intake compared with glycerol when infused abomasally in cows in the postpartum period. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 303
Harrison JL, Miller DW, Findlay PA, Adam CL (2008) Photoperiod influences the central effects of ghrelin on food intake, GH and LH secretion in sheep. Neuroendocrinology 87, 182–192.
| Photoperiod influences the central effects of ghrelin on food intake, GH and LH secretion in sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkvVGrsrg%3D&md5=e94fc12c1784199196ba16385b6e067fCAS | 18073457PubMed |
Hayashida T, Murakami K, Mogi K, Nishihara M, Nakazato M, Mondal MS, Horii Y, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Murakami N (2001) Ghrelin in domestic animals: distribution in stomach and its possible role. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 21, 17–24.
| Ghrelin in domestic animals: distribution in stomach and its possible role.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmt1KltLg%3D&md5=7661f18d23a344a5c925bf494eb43569CAS | 11524171PubMed |
Hayirli A, Bertics SJ, Grummer RR (2002) Effects of slow-release insulin on production, liver triglyceride, and metabolic profiles of Holsteins in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2180–2191.
| Effects of slow-release insulin on production, liver triglyceride, and metabolic profiles of Holsteins in early lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsV2nsrY%3D&md5=ed2b53495fc2df6884474161457ddfb8CAS | 12362450PubMed |
Heitmann RN, Bergman EN (1980) Integration of amino acid metabolism in sheep: effects of fasting and acidosis. The American Journal of Physiology 239, E248–E254.
Houseknecht KL, Baile CA, Matteri RL, Spurlock ME (1998) The biology of leptin: a review. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 1405–1420.
Jesse BW, Emery RS, Thomas JW (1986) Control of bovine hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 2290–2297.
| Control of bovine hepatic fatty acid oxidation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xmt1ens70%3D&md5=434ad2baa65a63ec2866dbe173b7b583CAS | 3782585PubMed |
Kleppe BB, Aiello AJ, Grummer RR, Armentano LE (1988) Triglyceride accumulation and very low density lipoprotein secretion by rat and goat hepatocytes in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 1813–1822.
| Triglyceride accumulation and very low density lipoprotein secretion by rat and goat hepatocytes in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXkvFShsrs%3D&md5=eeb7999ae973f602c3b456480de59026CAS | 3410990PubMed |
Laeger T, Gors S, Metges CC, Kuhla B (2012) Effect of feed restriction on metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 1198–1208.
| Effect of feed restriction on metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjtFWhu7w%3D&md5=8fa75607e94bdc49e88c93bb3dcd395dCAS | 22365204PubMed |
Laeger T, Sauerwein H, Tchscherer A, Bellmann O, Metges CC, Kuhla B (2013) Concentrations of hormones and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of dairy cows during the periparturient period. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 2883–2893.
| Concentrations of hormones and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of dairy cows during the periparturient period.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXktFahsLY%3D&md5=0c2e0cb13b07e034e45c116cc9f6b41aCAS | 23498004PubMed |
Langhans W (2008) Fatty acid oxidation in the energostatic control of eating – A new idea. Appetite 51, 446–451.
| Fatty acid oxidation in the energostatic control of eating – A new idea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVyjtrnO&md5=330ce925db851f67053d122d361cb128CAS | 18656507PubMed |
Langhans W, Delprete E, Scharrer E (1991) Mechanisms of vasopressin’s anorectic effect. Physiology & Behavior 49, 169–176.
| Mechanisms of vasopressin’s anorectic effect.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXisVSqsL8%3D&md5=502b67bc8f0db3b5a7c26172a8a828b8CAS |
Leek BF (1986) Sensory receptors in the ruminant alimentary tract. In ‘Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants’. (Eds LP Milligan, WL Grovum, A Dobson) pp. 3–18. (Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ)
Leek BF, Harding RH (1975) Sensory nervous receptors in the ruminant stomach and the reflex control of reticuloruminal motility. In ‘Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant’. (Eds IW McDonald, ACI Warner), pp. 60–76. (University of New England: Armidale, NSW)
Lobley GE (1992) Control of the metabolic fate of amino acids in ruminants: a review. Journal of Animal Science 70, 3264–3275.
Mbanya JN, Anil MH, Forbes JM (1993) The voluntary intake of hay and silage by lactating cows in response to ruminal infusion of acetate or propionate, or both, with or without distension of the rumen by a balloon. The British Journal of Nutrition 69, 713–720.
| The voluntary intake of hay and silage by lactating cows in response to ruminal infusion of acetate or propionate, or both, with or without distension of the rumen by a balloon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3szhvF2ruw%3D%3D&md5=ca8ab6113f622a0b7fca0a154b57881dCAS | 8329347PubMed |
Oba M, Allen MS (1999) Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on dry matter intake and productivity of high yielding dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 135–142.
| Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on dry matter intake and productivity of high yielding dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXpsVOkug%3D%3D&md5=84e36793d864463aebcb8d1714020621CAS | 10022015PubMed |
Oba M, Allen MS (2000) Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on productivity of dairy cows fed two concentrations of dietary neutral detergent fiber: 1. Feeding behavior and nutrient utilization. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 1333–1341.
| Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on productivity of dairy cows fed two concentrations of dietary neutral detergent fiber: 1. Feeding behavior and nutrient utilization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXkt1amsLw%3D&md5=27ba0a49bf0f3d9ffab9c38aacea21acCAS | 10877399PubMed |
Oba M, Allen MS (2003a) Dose-response effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on feeding behavior of lactating cows in early or mid lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2922–2931.
| Dose-response effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on feeding behavior of lactating cows in early or mid lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntV2rt7g%3D&md5=f683ce83fedffee75204c5861e4e73e8CAS | 14507028PubMed |
Oba M, Allen MS (2003b) Effects of corn grain conservation method on feeding behavior and productivity of lactating dairy cows at two dietary starch concentrations. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 174–183.
| Effects of corn grain conservation method on feeding behavior and productivity of lactating dairy cows at two dietary starch concentrations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtlCksbw%3D&md5=267ea7f029fcf86817425bba0b1bc1beCAS | 12613863PubMed |
Oba M, Allen MS (2003c) Extent of hypophagia caused by propionate infusion is related to plasma glucose concentration in lactating dairy cows. The Journal of Nutrition 133, 1105–1112.
Oba M, Allen MS (2003d) Hypophagic effects of ammonium are greater when infused with propionate compared to acetate in lactating dairy cows. The Journal of Nutrition 133, 1100–1104.
Papamandjaris AA, MacDougall DE, Jones PJ (1998) Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications. Life Sciences 62, 1203–1215.
| Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhs12jtro%3D&md5=2f37e42998df5941a96b1179579b7f3aCAS | 9570335PubMed |
Piantoni P, Ylioja CM, Allen MS (2014) Hepatic acetyl CoA concentration decreases following feeding in early-postpartum but not in late-lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 97, 335
Reddy JK, Mannaerts GP (1994) Peroxisomal lipid metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition 14, 343–370.
| Peroxisomal lipid metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmsFWrsLw%3D&md5=10bdac2def61c126a24d97bedf3eed18CAS | 7946524PubMed |
Reidelberger RD (1994) Cholecystokinin and control of food intake. The Journal of Nutrition 124, 1327S–1333S.
Relling AE, Reynolds CK (2008) Abomasal infusion of casein, starch and soybean oil differentially affect plasma concentrations of gut peptides and feed intake in lactating dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 35, 35–45.
| Abomasal infusion of casein, starch and soybean oil differentially affect plasma concentrations of gut peptides and feed intake in lactating dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmvVyksbo%3D&md5=6944a3a78d12cdbf4daeb85efb319a74CAS | 18308502PubMed |
Reynolds CK (1992) Metabolism of nitrogenous compounds by ruminant liver. The Journal of Nutrition 122, 850–854.
Ricks CA, Cook RM (1981) Regulation of volatile fatty acid uptake by mitochondrial acyl CoA synthetases of bovine liver. Journal of Dairy Science 64, 2324–2335.
| Regulation of volatile fatty acid uptake by mitochondrial acyl CoA synthetases of bovine liver.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XhvFGlsrk%3D&md5=e85c4a243f6d75435fb7b27074540699CAS | 7341659PubMed |
Roche JR, Blache D, Kay JK, Miller DR, Sheahan AJ, Miller DW (2008a) Neuroendocrine and physiological regulation of intake with particular reference to domesticated ruminant animals. Nutrition Research Reviews 21, 207–234.
| Neuroendocrine and physiological regulation of intake with particular reference to domesticated ruminant animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19087372PubMed |
Roche JR, Sheahan AJ, Chagas LM, Blache D, Berry DP, Kay JK (2008b) Long-term infusions of ghrelin and obestatin in early lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 4728–4740.
| Long-term infusions of ghrelin and obestatin in early lactation dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVKgtrjN&md5=6efebcf26bcc8b4d8feba5388bb3e64cCAS | 19038949PubMed |
Stangassinger M, Giesecke D (1986) Splanchnic metabolism of glucose and related energy substrates. In ‘Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants’ (Eds LP Milligan, WL Grovum, A. Dobson) pp. 347–366. (Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ)
Stocks SE, Allen MS (2012) Hypophagic effects of propionate increase with elevated hepatic acetyl CoA concentration of cows in the early postpartum period. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 3259–3268.
| Hypophagic effects of propionate increase with elevated hepatic acetyl CoA concentration of cows in the early postpartum period.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XntlyrurY%3D&md5=30bc7ef36ac572a306786b8ccbe0f92fCAS | 22612960PubMed |
Stocks SE, Allen MS (2013) Hypophagic effects of propionic acid are not attenuated during a 3-day infusion in the early postpartum period in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 4615–4623.
| Hypophagic effects of propionic acid are not attenuated during a 3-day infusion in the early postpartum period in Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXnslequ7k%3D&md5=5c94c687cea0aaafc589c9ab49fab6b6CAS | 23684018PubMed |
Sugino T, Hasegawa Y, Kikkawa Y, Yamaura J, Yamagishi M, Kurose Y, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Terashima Y (2002) A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in a scheduled meal-fed sheep. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 295, 255–260.
| A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in a scheduled meal-fed sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltFers7o%3D&md5=d9d27e30f1d6d34d7516fe1af0f1c5b2CAS | 12150940PubMed |
Ternouth JH, Beattie AW (1971) Studies of the food intake of sheep at a single meal. The British Journal of Nutrition 25, 153–164.
| Studies of the food intake of sheep at a single meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXjvF2msw%3D%3D&md5=094146cf565cdbf3ef04e5ba6816dd0fCAS | 5539289PubMed |
Voelker JA, Burato GM, Allen MS (2002) Effects of pretrial milk yield on responses of feed intake, digestion, and production to dietary forage concentration. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2650–2661.
| Effects of pretrial milk yield on responses of feed intake, digestion, and production to dietary forage concentration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotlCms70%3D&md5=dd165829133c0b373567c6afcdd6aae9CAS | 12416819PubMed |
Wertz-Lutz AE, Knight TJ, Pritchard RH, Daniel JA, Clapper JA, Smart AJ, Trenkle A, Beitz DC (2006) Circulating ghrelin concentrations fluctuate relative to nutritional status and influence feeding behavior in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84, 3285–3300.
| Circulating ghrelin concentrations fluctuate relative to nutritional status and influence feeding behavior in cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1CnurnP&md5=37792dfdbfea605cc448cea2879c6893CAS | 17093221PubMed |
Weston RH (1996) Some aspects of constraint to forage consumption by ruminants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 175–197.
| Some aspects of constraint to forage consumption by ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woods SC, Lutz TA, Geary N, Langhans W (2006) Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences 361, 1219–1235.
| Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVygtL7I&md5=fa064a707b2aebacfa575fecdc023cddCAS | 16815800PubMed |
Zarrin M, De Matteis L, Vernay MCMB, Wellnitz O, van Dorland HA, Bruckmaier RM (2013) Long-term elevation of β-hydroxybutyrate in dairy cows through infusion: effects on feed intake, milk production, and metabolism. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 2960–2972.
| Long-term elevation of β-hydroxybutyrate in dairy cows through infusion: effects on feed intake, milk production, and metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXktFahsrs%3D&md5=724b7372040021473c71cd249aaa552fCAS | 23498021PubMed |
Zhu LH, Armentano LE, Bremmer DR, Grummer RR, Bertics SJ (2000) Plasma concentration of urea, ammonia, glutamine around calving, and the relation of hepatic triglyceride, to plasma ammonia removal and blood acid-base balance. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 734–740.
| Plasma concentration of urea, ammonia, glutamine around calving, and the relation of hepatic triglyceride, to plasma ammonia removal and blood acid-base balance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXivFWlt7w%3D&md5=f44871f3ec0e49850aacb98995c828f6CAS | 10791789PubMed |
