Can a single rumen sample really diagnose SARA in commercial farms?
E. Trevisi A C , A. Minuti A , S. Cogrossi A , P. Grossi A , S. Ahmed A B and P. Bani A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
B Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute Savar, Dhaka, 1341, Bangladesh.
C Corresponding author. Email: erminio.trevisi@unicatt.it
Animal Production Science 54(9) 1268-1272 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14269
Submitted: 13 March 2014 Accepted: 16 May 2014 Published: 10 July 2014
Abstract
The accuracy of diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) with a single measurement of the ruminal pH remains contradictory. To clarify this aspect, a large assessment of rumen, faecal and blood parameters was performed in several herds characterised by diets rich in non-structural carbohydrates. Rumen fluid was collected by rumenocentesis 6 h after feeding from 114 dairy cows (half 30–90 and half 150–250 days in milk) from 10 herds. In the same day, blood and faecal samples were collected and milk yield was recorded. The herds were ex-post classified as healthy (CTR n = 6) or as at risk for SARA (n = 4), based on ruminal pH. SARA versus CTR herds had lower rumen pH (5.67 vs 5.97 P < 0.01) and higher concentration of VFA, with lower acetate (P < 0.01) and higher propionate and valerate (P < 0.05) proportions. Moreover, the faecal DM was lower (P < 0.05), whereas the milk yield was higher with a lower concentration of fat (P < 0.05). At blood level, no significant differences were observed between the groups on positive acute-phase proteins, whereas SARA herds showed higher concentrations of paraoxonase and Ca and lower of cholesterol, total proteins, nitrates, Na and Zn (P < 0.01). Therefore, SARA herds did not show any evident symptom of ruminal disorder or systemic inflammation. On the contrary, these herds had a higher milk yield and a better inflammometabolic profile. These data confirm the difficulties to diagnose the SARA by a single measurement of ruminal pH in commercial herds and suggest the need of more specific indices to identify herds at risk.
Additional keywords: dairy cow, inflammometabolic profile, VFA.
References
Allen MS (1997) Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1447–1462.| Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXks1Ogs7g%3D&md5=86a091053839feb051ec6e0910c590d4CAS | 9241607PubMed |
Bertoni G, Trevisi E (2013) Use of the Liver Activity Index and other metabolic variables in the assessment of metabolic health in dairy herds. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 29, 413–431.
| Use of the Liver Activity Index and other metabolic variables in the assessment of metabolic health in dairy herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23809898PubMed |
Campbell JM, Fahey GC, Wolf BW (1997) Selected indigestible oligosaccharides affect large bowel mass, cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids, pH and microflora in rats. The Journal of Nutrition 127, 130–136.
Ceciliani F, Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Sauerwein H (2012) Acute phase proteins in ruminants. Journal of Proteomics 75, 4207–4231.
| Acute phase proteins in ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmvFChtLs%3D&md5=b03a082d36135cb15116830ca4d7604cCAS | 22521269PubMed |
Enemark JMD, Jørgensen RJ, Kristensen NB (2004) An evaluation of parameters for the detection of subclinical rumen acidosis in dairy herds. Veterinary Research Communications 28, 687–709.
| An evaluation of parameters for the detection of subclinical rumen acidosis in dairy herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cnjsVWmug%3D%3D&md5=4e2e81969744981046ce6fcb6b6a6314CAS |
Garrett EF, Pereira MN, Nordlund KV, Armentano LE, Goodger WJ, Oetzel GR (1999) Diagnostic methods for the detection of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 1170–1178.
| Diagnostic methods for the detection of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjvF2rtL4%3D&md5=70cbc5499c271f4761e94b68e1c57be9CAS | 10386303PubMed |
Gozho GN, Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Kennedy D, Wittenberg KM (2005) Subacute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide endotoxin release and triggers an inflammatory response. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1399–1403.
| Subacute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide endotoxin release and triggers an inflammatory response.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivVyktbk%3D&md5=93b67a81e09fb3eddae2f696d528028eCAS | 15778308PubMed |
Gozho G, Krause D, Plaizier J (2006) Rumen lipopolysaccharide and inflammation during grain adaptation and subacute ruminal acidosis in steers. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 4404–4413.
| Rumen lipopolysaccharide and inflammation during grain adaptation and subacute ruminal acidosis in steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFens7%2FF&md5=5187aeac395301c3dc5ab0f4e17d7decCAS | 17033028PubMed |
Graugnard DE, Bionaz M, Trevisi E, Mukesh M, Ordonez M, Moyes KM, Salak-Johnson JL, Wallace RL, Bertoni G, Drackley JK, Loor JJ (2012) Blood immunometabolic indices and polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in peripartum dairy cows are altered by level of dietary energy prepartum. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 1749–1758.
| Blood immunometabolic indices and polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in peripartum dairy cows are altered by level of dietary energy prepartum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XksleisbY%3D&md5=052d9a88fa8120164b4eac5cad86f666CAS | 22459823PubMed |
Grossi P, Bertoni G, Piccioli Cappelli F, Trevisi E (2013) Effects of the pre-calving administration of omega-3 fatty acids alone or in combination with acetylsalicylic acid in periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 91, 2657–2666.
| Effects of the pre-calving administration of omega-3 fatty acids alone or in combination with acetylsalicylic acid in periparturient dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXpvFCrsb8%3D&md5=18389b9d1e8a91aa3f31b1f3d969e8dcCAS | 23519730PubMed |
Guo Y, Wang L, Zou Y, Xu X, Li S, Cao Z (2013) Changes in ruminal fermentation, milk performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows with subacute ruminal acidosis and its regulation with pelleted beet pulp. Archives of Animal Nutrition 67, 433–447.
| Changes in ruminal fermentation, milk performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows with subacute ruminal acidosis and its regulation with pelleted beet pulp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslKntb%2FK&md5=43014c8dfc37ef99cfa19c4a135e9883CAS | 24192077PubMed |
Khafipour E, Krause DO, Plaizier JC (2009) A grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis challenge causes translocation of lipopolysaccharide and triggers inflammation. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1060–1070.
| A grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis challenge causes translocation of lipopolysaccharide and triggers inflammation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivVaktLg%3D&md5=d12e92397e52e7b9f1619f4f8ac0330fCAS | 19233799PubMed |
Kleen JL, Cannizzo C (2012) Incidence, prevalence and impact of SARA in dairy herds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 172, 4–8.
| Incidence, prevalence and impact of SARA in dairy herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kleen JL, Upgang L, Rehage J (2013) Prevalence and consequences of subacute ruminal acidosis in German dairy herds. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 55, 48
| Prevalence and consequences of subacute ruminal acidosis in German dairy herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23805878PubMed |
Lombardelli R, Bertoni G, Piccioli-Cappelli F (1993) Frequenza dei pasti nelle bovine da latte: effetti a livello metabolico, endocrino e produttivo. Zootecnica e Nutrizione Animale 19, 123–130.
Morgante M, Stelletta C, Berzaghi P, Gianesella M, Andrighetto I (2007) Subacute rumen acidosis in lactating cows: an investigation in intensive Italian dairy herds. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 91, 226–234.
| Subacute rumen acidosis in lactating cows: an investigation in intensive Italian dairy herds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXms1Oqu7c%3D&md5=19b86b05d3f06b81d4564ae902ff88bdCAS | 17516944PubMed |
Oetzel GR (2007) Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds : physiology, pathophysiology, milk fat responses, and nutritional management (online). In ‘Preconference seminar 7A: dairy herd problem investigation strategies: lameness, cow comfort, and ruminal acidosis. Proceedings of the 40th annual conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 17 September 2007’ (Ed R.A. Smith) pp. 89–119. (Stillwater: OK). Available at https://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/fapmtools/2nutr/sara1aabp.pdf [Verified 23 May 2014]
Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Gozho GN, McBride BW (2008) Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: the physiological causes, incidence and consequences. Veterinary Journal (London, England) 176, 21–31.
| Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: the physiological causes, incidence and consequences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjs1SrsbY%3D&md5=606fca5b3a81b0e6ea62bc9370eb387dCAS |
Soriani N, Trevisi E, Calamari L (2012) Relationships between rumination time, metabolic conditions and health status in dairy cows during the transition period. Journal of Animal Science 90, 4544–4554.
| Relationships between rumination time, metabolic conditions and health status in dairy cows during the transition period.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXns1Srug%3D%3D&md5=d5e90ac0ba5dc8d7e632aa26a5470ea6CAS | 23255819PubMed |
Trevisi E, Grossi P, Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Bertoni G (2012) Variation factors of paraoxonase in blood and in HDL lipoproteins in dairy cow. Progress in Nutrition 14, 43–49. Available at http://www.mattioli1885.com/onlinejournals/index.php/progressinnutrition/aritcle/view/1744
Trevisi E, Amadori M, Riva F, Bertoni G, Bani P (2014) Evaluation of innate immune responses in bovine forestomachs. Research in Veterinary Science 96, 69–78.
| Evaluation of innate immune responses in bovine forestomachs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFyqsrrP&md5=2383b49df41b72891be0cbd5c8889bc5CAS | 24351979PubMed |
Zebeli Q, Dunn S, Ametaj B (2010) Strong associations among rumen endotoxin and acute phase proteins with plasma minerals in lactating cows fed graded amounts of concentrate. Journal of Animal Science 88, 1545–1553.
| Strong associations among rumen endotoxin and acute phase proteins with plasma minerals in lactating cows fed graded amounts of concentrate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksVCns7k%3D&md5=b101fac9e050f010607f3373741861b4CAS | 20023138PubMed |
