Effect of processing method on in sacco ruminal degradability of organic matter and nitrogen from canola seeds and in vitro intestinal nitrogen digestion of the in sacco residue
S. A. Gunter A C , T. L. Springer A , C. A. Loest B and J. J. Goldman A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Range Research Station, 2000 18th Street, Woodward, OK 73801, USA.
B Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Knox Hall, Room 202, Box 30003, MSC 3-I, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA.
C Corresponding author. Email: stacey.gunter@ars.usda.gov
Animal Production Science 54(8) 1030-1038 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13235
Submitted: 7 June 2013 Accepted: 18 September 2013 Published: 26 November 2013
Abstract
A novel crop on the Southern Plains of the United States is canola (Brassica napus L.), of which annual production has nearly doubled in the last 5 years. Although production has not exceeded the demand for oil, the question has arisen as to its supplemental value for cattle grazing the rangeland adjacent to production areas. In an experiment, six seed processing methods were evaluated by in sacco digestion of organic matter and nitrogen and in vitro intestinal in sacco residue: (1) whole seeds with no processing; (2) seed coats scarified in a pneumatic seed scarifier; (3) ground in a four-knife mill; (4) unprocessed seed rolled to 0.5 mm thick; (5) seeds roasted then rolled to 0.5 mm thick; and (6) steamed then rolled to 0.5 mm thick. Processing methods were compared with a solvent-extract canola seed meal. All processing methods increased in sacco organic matter and nitrogen digestion in the rumen with ground method being the greatest (P < 0.05). These results showed that the ground method produced the most (P < 0.05) ruminally degraded nitrogen/kilogram of organic matter digested in the rumen (67 g) of all methods evaluated. Further, extent of in vitro nitrogen digestion (intestinal) from in sacco residue was reduced by increases in ruminal digestion. Processing methods that broke the seeds increased (P < 0.05) the total extent of nitrogen digestion over whole and scarified treatments. The most limiting nutrient to augment energy intake and digestion in cattle grazing native pastures is ruminally degraded nitrogen and it seems that the most appropriate processing method is grinding to use whole canola seeds as a supplement. Other processing methods evaluated either increased processing cost or increased the ruminally undegraded nitrogen value.
References
Agricultural Research Council (1980) ‘The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock.’ (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux: London)Albro JD, Weber DW, DeCurto T (1993) Comparison of whole, raw soybeans, extruded soybeans, or soybean meal and barley on digestive characteristics and performance of weaned beef steers consuming mature grass hay. Journal of Animal Science 71, 26–32.
Ammerman CB, Baker DH, Lewis AJ (1995) ‘Bioavailability of nutrients for animals. Amino acids, minerals, and vitamins.’ (Academic Press: San Diego, CA)
Association of Official Analytical Chemist (1990) ‘Official methods of analysis.’ 15th edn. (AOAC: Arlington, VA)
Bell JM, Keith OM, Hutcheson DS (1991) Nutritional evaluation of very low glucosinolare canola meal. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, 497–506.
| Nutritional evaluation of very low glucosinolare canola meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borucki Castro SI, Phillips LE, Lapierre H, Jordan PW, Berthiaume R (2007) Ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in treated soybean meal products. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 810–822.
| Ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in treated soybean meal products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s%2FjsFSrsw%3D%3D&md5=615936b7959944b2d716af183cb5c554CAS | 17235158PubMed |
Bowen MK, Poppi DP, McLennan SR (2008) Ruminal protein degradability of a range of tropical pastures. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 806–810.
| Ruminal protein degradability of a range of tropical pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnsVGhtLw%3D&md5=f41ccea0d2a5c7b6aad52f2b78d9b9cdCAS |
Calsamiglia S, Stern MD (1995) A three-step in vitro procedure for estimating intestinal digestion of protein in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1459–1465.
Campbell RR (1989) The influence of advancing season on diet quality, intake and rumen fermentation of cattle grazing tallgrass prairie. PhD dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
Clark JH, Klusmeyer TH, Cameron MR (1992) Microbial protein synthesis and flows of nitrogen to the duodenum of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75, 2304–2323.
| Microbial protein synthesis and flows of nitrogen to the duodenum of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FhslamtQ%3D%3D&md5=3797b304dd04d48e3273980c5ea6ada2CAS | 1401380PubMed |
Conner DE, Beuchat LR (1984) Effects of essential oils from plants on growth of food spoilage yeasts. Journal of Food Science 49, 429–434.
| Effects of essential oils from plants on growth of food spoilage yeasts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Demjanec B, Merchen NR, Cremin JD, Aldrich CG, Berger LL (1995) Effect of roasting on site and extent of digestion of soybean meal by sheep: I. Digestion of nitrogen and amino acids. Journal of Animal Science 73, 824–834.
Elwakeel EA, Tigemeyer EC, Cheng ZJ, Nour AM, Nasser MEA (2012) In vitro assessment of the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal for dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 3, 10
| In vitro assessment of the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal for dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFOku77N&md5=b93ef9c945509e7d313de8786d3eacc2CAS | 22958395PubMed |
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2013) FAOSTAT. Available at http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E [Verified 10 October 2013]
Freeman AS, Galyean ML, Caton JS (1992) Effect of supplemental protein percentage and feeding level on intake, ruminal fermentation, and digesta passage in beef steers fed prairie hay. Journal of Animal Science 70, 1562–1572.
Gunter SA, Galyean ML, McCollum FT (1995a) Estimating ruminal nitrogen-to-energy balance with in situ disappearance data. Journal of Range Management 48, 448–450.
| Estimating ruminal nitrogen-to-energy balance with in situ disappearance data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gunter SA, McCollum FT, Gillen RL, Krysl LJ (1995b) Diet quality and ruminal digestion in beef cattle grazing midgrass prairie rangeland or Plains bluestem pasture throughout the summer. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1174–1186.
Hentz F, Kozloski GV, Orlandi T, Avila SC, Castagnino PS, Stefanello CM, Pacheco GFE (2012) Intake and digestion by wethers fed a tropical grass-based diet supplemented with increasing levels of canola meal. Livestock Science 147, 89–95.
| Intake and digestion by wethers fed a tropical grass-based diet supplemented with increasing levels of canola meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huard S, Petit HV, Seoane JR, Rioux R (1998) Effects of mechanical treatment of whole canola seeds on performance, diet digestibility and rumen parameters of lambs fed grass silage. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, 657–664.
| Effects of mechanical treatment of whole canola seeds on performance, diet digestibility and rumen parameters of lambs fed grass silage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtlChtL8%3D&md5=0f35c4ec26ce0b5d5357d9bd11da77eeCAS |
Hussein HS, Merchen NR, Fahey GC (1995) Effects of forage level and canola seed supplementation on site and extent of digestion of organic matter, carbohydrates, and energy by steers. Journal of Animal Science 73, 2458–2468.
Hussein HS, Merchen NR, Fahey GC (1996) Effects of forage percentage and canola seed on ruminal protein metabolism and duodenal flows of amino acids in steers. Journal of Dairy Science 79, 98–104.
| Effects of forage percentage and canola seed on ruminal protein metabolism and duodenal flows of amino acids in steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhvFSjtL4%3D&md5=6d9135a9bc35fca1165c941d4a0f1b09CAS | 8675788PubMed |
Kendall EM, Ingalls JR, Boila RJ (1991) Variability in the rumen degradability and postruminal digestion of the dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids of canola meal. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, 739–754.
| Variability in the rumen degradability and postruminal digestion of the dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids of canola meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kilic U, Garipoglu AV (2009) In situ rumen degradability, in vitro digestibility and in vitro gas production of full fat canola seeds. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 4, 200–208.
| In situ rumen degradability, in vitro digestibility and in vitro gas production of full fat canola seeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXosVyjsbk%3D&md5=2ac6a77c278dde32028d4dde519a10d4CAS |
Lardy GP, Catlett GE, Kerly MS, Paterson JA (1993) Determine of the ruminal escape value and duodenal amino acid of rapeseed meal. Journal of Animal Science 71, 3096–3104.
Leupp JL, Lardy GP, Soto-Navarro SA, Bauer ML, Caton JS (2006) Effects of canola seed supplementation on intake, digestion, duodenal protein supply, and microbial efficiency in steers fed forage-based diets. Journal of Animal Science 84, 499–507.
McKinnon JJ, Olubobokun JA, Mustafa A, Cohen RDH, Christensen DA (1995) Influence of dry heat treatment of canola meal on site and extent of nutrient disappearance in ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 56, 243–252.
| Influence of dry heat treatment of canola meal on site and extent of nutrient disappearance in ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meale SJ, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, Harstad OM, Chaves AV (2013) Strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from ruminant livestock. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A –. Animal Science
| Strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from ruminant livestock. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A –.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mestek O, Polak J, Juricek M, Karvankova P, Koplik R, Santrucek J, Kodicek M (2007) Trace element distribution and species fractionation in Brassica napus plant. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 21, 468–474.
| Trace element distribution and species fractionation in Brassica napus plant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXms1yiurw%3D&md5=8c620437bef2cea7593249821df63d61CAS |
Mohammed N, Ajisaka N, Lila ZA, Mikuni K, Hara K, Kanda S, Itabashi H (2004) Effect of Japanese horseradish oil on methane production and ruminal fermentation in vitro and in steers. Journal of Animal Science 82, 1839–1846.
Moshtaghi Nia SA, Ingalls JR (1992) Effect of heating canola meal protein gradation in the rumen and digestion in the lower gastrointestinal tract of steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, 83–88.
| Effect of heating canola meal protein gradation in the rumen and digestion in the lower gastrointestinal tract of steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
National Research Council (1985) ‘Ruminant nitrogen usage.’ (National Academy Press: Washington, DC)
National Research Council (1996) ‘Nutrient requirements of beef cattle.’ 7th edn. (National Academy Press: Washington, DC)
Nocek JE, Russell JR (1988) Protein and energy as an integrated system. Relationship of ruminal protein and carbohydrates availability to microbial synthesis and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 2070–2107.
| Protein and energy as an integrated system. Relationship of ruminal protein and carbohydrates availability to microbial synthesis and milk production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlt1Omurw%3D&md5=50e378036dd50a194697066121eb6a98CAS |
Ørskov ER, McDonald I (1979) The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science 92, 499–503.
| The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Patterson HH, Whittier JC, Rittenhouse LR (1999) Effects of cull beans, sunflower meal, and canola meal as protein supplements to beef steers consuming grass hay on in situ digesta kinetics. The Professional Animal Scientist 15, 185–190.
Piepenbrink MS, Schingoethe DJ (1998) Ruminal degradation, amino acid composition, and estimated intestinal digestibilities of four protein supplements. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 454–461.
| Ruminal degradation, amino acid composition, and estimated intestinal digestibilities of four protein supplements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhs1Orsr4%3D&md5=9b0bac78451d642be031eefcd3cf0e4cCAS | 9532500PubMed |
Sadeghi AA, Shawrang P (2006) Effects of microwave irradiation on ruminal degradability and in vitro digestibility of canola meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology 127, 45–54.
| Effects of microwave irradiation on ruminal degradability and in vitro digestibility of canola meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitVaqs7g%3D&md5=43d32ed86f7ba094bb1f3af4324be8b5CAS |
Santonoceto C, Hocking PJ, Braschkat J, Randall PJ (2002) Mineral nutrient uptake and removal by canola, Indian mustard, and Linola in two contrasting environments, and implications for carbon cycle effects on soil acidification. Crop and Pasture Science 53, 459–470.
| Mineral nutrient uptake and removal by canola, Indian mustard, and Linola in two contrasting environments, and implications for carbon cycle effects on soil acidification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtlWisr0%3D&md5=59850678458beb8e41459aa463a86eb5CAS |
Sehu A, Cakir S, Sahin T (2010) Determination of rumen degradability of some oil seeds and meals using nylon bag technique. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 57, 173–178.
Seoane JR, Christen AM, Veria DM, Fontecilla J (1992) Performance of growing steers fed quackgrass hay supplemented with canola meal. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, 329–336.
| Performance of growing steers fed quackgrass hay supplemented with canola meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seoane JR, Amyot A, Christen AM, Petit HV (1993) Performance of growing steers fed either hay or silage supplemented with canola meal or fish meal. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, 57–65.
| Performance of growing steers fed either hay or silage supplemented with canola meal or fish meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stamm M, Dooley S (2012) 2011 National Winter Canola Variety Trial. Kansas State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. Report of Progress 1062, Manhattan.
Therdoridou K, Yu P (2012) Effect of processing conditions on the nutritive value of canola meal and presscake. Comparison of the yellow and brown-seeded canola meal with brown-seeded presscake. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
| Effect of processing conditions on the nutritive value of canola meal and presscake. Comparison of the yellow and brown-seeded canola meal with brown-seeded presscake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
United State Department of Agriculture-Economic Research Service (2013) Canola. Crop history. Available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/soybeans-oil-crops/canola.aspx#crophistory [Verified 22 October 2013]
United State Department of Agriculture-National Agricultural Statistics Service (2012) Oklahoma Agricultural Statistics. Available at http://www.nass.usda.gov/ok [Verified 22 October 2013]
Wang Y, McAllister TA, Zobell DR, Pickard MD, Rode LM, Mor Z, Cheng K-J (1997) The effect of micronization of full-fat canola seed on digestion in the rumen and total tract of dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, 431–440.
| The effect of micronization of full-fat canola seed on digestion in the rumen and total tract of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willms WD, Rode LM, Freeze BS (1998) Protein supplementation to enhance the performance of pregnant cows on rough fescue grasslands in winter. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, 89–94.
| Protein supplementation to enhance the performance of pregnant cows on rough fescue grasslands in winter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woods VB, Moloney AP, Calsamiglia S, O’Mara FP (2003) The nutritive value of concentrate feedstuffs for ruminant animals. Part III. Small intestinal digestibility as measured by in vitro or mobile bag techniques. Animal Feed Science and Technology 110, 145–157.
| The nutritive value of concentrate feedstuffs for ruminant animals. Part III. Small intestinal digestibility as measured by in vitro or mobile bag techniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXot1Kjs7c%3D&md5=7cabcd4b980a3a6c9cae38fa2e3e5cc0CAS |
