Amelioration of thermal stress impacts in dairy cows
Frank R. Dunshea A G , Brian J. Leury A , Fahri Fahri A , Kristy DiGiacomo A , Alex Hung A , Surinder Chauhan A , Iain J. Clarke B , Robert Collier C , Stephen Little D , Lance Baumgard C E and John B. Gaughan F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
B Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia.
C Department of Animal Science, The University of Arizona, Shantz 205 PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA.
D Dairy Australia, Locked Bag 104, Flinders Lane, Vic. 8009, Australia.
E Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
F School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
G Corresponding author. Email: fdunshea@unimelb.edu.au
Animal Production Science 53(9) 965-975 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12384
Submitted: 5 November 2012 Accepted: 31 May 2013 Published: 4 July 2013
Abstract
Heat stress negatively impacts on a variety of animal production parameters. Advances in management strategies have alleviated some of the negative impacts of thermal stress on farm animals, but production continues to markedly decrease during heat events in summer, particularly in dairy cattle. In this paper we introduce a Dairy Risk Assessment Program (DRAP). The DRAP is a user-friendly software package designed to assist users in predicting heat loads in dairy cow herds. DRAP was developed over three Australian summers using climatic data (temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind speed), cow production data (milk yield and milk quality), and physiological data (respiration rate and body temperature). The data were used to develop mathematical algorithms which can predict animal response to climatic variables. This software package is designed to be used by the dairy industry to better manage cows during times of elevated environmental temperatures by equipping producers, managers, and dairy industry personnel with Dairy Heat Load Index (DHLI) values which were calculated based upon site information, stock characteristics, management practices, and mitigation variables specific to their dairy production unit. When a heat event is imminent producers can then introduce management strategies such as providing shade or additional water troughs or implementation of nutritional strategies. Some of these nutritional strategies include dietary chromium picolinate, betaine and antioxidant supplementation or altering the rate of starch fermentation. These nutritional strategies are discussed at some length in this paper.
References
Abilay TA, Johnson HD, Madan M (1975) Influence of environmental heat on peripheral plasma progesterone and cortisol during the bovine estrous cycle. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 1836–1840.| Influence of environmental heat on peripheral plasma progesterone and cortisol during the bovine estrous cycle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XktFeksQ%3D%3D&md5=736cff1bfb046cb4160e4c85ed2c4b96CAS | 1239464PubMed |
Achmadi J, Yanagisawa T, Sano H, Terashima Y (1993) Pancreatic insulin secretory response and insulin action in heat-exposed sheep given a concentrate or roughage diet. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 10, 279–287.
| Pancreatic insulin secretory response and insulin action in heat-exposed sheep given a concentrate or roughage diet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhs1antbw%3D&md5=ead83f24856c04c83373cc9e2eb2f1eaCAS | 8306632PubMed |
Al-Mufarrej SI, Al-Haidary IA, Al-Kraidees MS, Hussein MF, Metwally HM (2008) Effect of chromium dietary supplementation on the immune response and some blood biochemical parameters of transport-stressed lambs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 21, 671–676.
Al-Saiady MY, Al-Shaikh MA, Al-Mufarrej SI, Al-Showeimi TA, Mogawer HH, Dirrar A (2004) Effect of chelated chromium supplementation on lactation performance and blood parameters of Holstein cows under heat stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117, 223–233.
| Effect of chelated chromium supplementation on lactation performance and blood parameters of Holstein cows under heat stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsFSjsLk%3D&md5=6a3d57353ad255748767c31db23ef302CAS |
Alamer M (2011) The role of prolactin in thermoregulation and water balance during heat stress in domestic ruminants. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6, 1153–1169.
| The role of prolactin in thermoregulation and water balance during heat stress in domestic ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XktFajsQ%3D%3D&md5=253d1753a77eb18ec300de1617b98b14CAS |
Amoikon EK, Fernandez JM, Southern LL, Thompson DL, Ward TL, Olcott BM (1995) Effect of chromium tripicolinate on growth, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma metabolites, and growth hormone in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1123–1130.
Bauman DE, Peel CJ, Steinhour WD, Reynolds PJ, Tyrrell HF, Brown ACG, Haaland GL (1988) Effect of bovine somatotropin on metabolism of lactating diary cows: influence on rates of irreversible loss and oxidation of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids. The Journal of Nutrition 118, 1031–1040.
Beede DK, Collier RJ (1986) Potential nutritional strategies for intensively managed cattle during thermal stress. Journal of Animal Science 62, 543–554.
Bell AW, McBride BW, Slepetis R, Early RJ, Currie WB (1989) Chronic heat stress and prenatal development in sheep: I. Conceptus growth and maternal plasma hormones and metabolites. Journal of Animal Science 67, 3289–3299.
Berman AJ (2005) Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1377–1384.
Berman AJ, Morag M (1971) Nychthemeral patterns of thermoregulation in high-yielding dairy cows in a hot dry near-natural climate. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 22, 671–680.
| Nychthemeral patterns of thermoregulation in high-yielding dairy cows in a hot dry near-natural climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Nardone A (2002) Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during hot season. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2173–2179.
| Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during hot season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsV2nsrk%3D&md5=1ba0e40d142727c6bc2e1e904a6ba199CAS | 12362449PubMed |
Berry IL, Shanklin MD, Johnson HD (1964) Dairy shelter design based on milk production decline as affected by temperature and humidity. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 7, 329–331.
Biggers BG, Giersert RD, Wetteman RP, Buchanan DS (1987) Effect of heat stress on early embryonic development in the beef cow. Journal of Animal Science 64, 1512–1518.
Blackshaw JK, Blackshaw AW (1994) Heat stress and the effect of shade on production and behaviour: A review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 285–295.
| Heat stress and the effect of shade on production and behaviour: A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA (1998) Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: Actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocrinology Reviews 19, 225–268.
| Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: Actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXktVWhs7k%3D&md5=d8253999daac083d1545aac833a279c3CAS |
Bond J, McDowell RE (1972) Reproductive performance and physiological responses of beef females as affected by a prolonged high environmental temperature. Journal of Animal Science 35, 320–329.
Calamari L, Petrera F, Abeni F, Bertin B (2011) Metabolic and hematological profiles in heat stressed lactating dairy cows fed diets supplemented with different selenium sources and doses. Livestock Science 142, 128–137.
| Metabolic and hematological profiles in heat stressed lactating dairy cows fed diets supplemented with different selenium sources and doses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chauhan S, Celi P, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR (2012) Supranutritional levels of antioxidants maintains feed intake and reduces heat stress in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 90, 672
Choshniak I, McEwan-Jenkinson D, Blatchford DR, Peaker M (1982) Blood flow and catecholamine concentration in bovine and caprine skin during thermal sweating. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 71C, 37–42.
Collier RJ, Beede DK, Thatcher WW, Israel LA, Wilcox CJ (1982) Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. Journal of Dairy Science 65, 2213–2227.
| Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7gvFOktg%3D%3D&md5=49796c4b7f6a818a151021a88ae03888CAS | 6759540PubMed |
Collier RJ, Dahl GE, VanBaale MJ (2006) Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1244–1253.
| Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xjt1SjsLk%3D&md5=10f27f065942646c97ede391b88f70d8CAS | 16537957PubMed |
Collier RJ, Hall LW, Rungruang S, Zimbleman RB (2012) Quantifying heat stress and its impact on metabolism and performance. In ‘23rd Annual Ruminant Nutrient Symposium’. Available at http://dairy.ifas.ufl.edu/RNS/2012/6CollierRNS2012a.pdf [Verified 12 June 2013]
Cronje P (2005) Heat stress in livestock - the role of the gut in its aetiology and a potential role for betaine in its alleviation. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia 15, 107–122.
Di Costanzo A, Spain JN, Spiers DE (1997) Supplementation of nicotinic acid for lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 1200–1206.
| Supplementation of nicotinic acid for lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjvFWltr8%3D&md5=9fd172bbf70106d8772d848523c9ff6cCAS | 9201592PubMed |
Di Trana A, Celi P, Claps S, Fedele V, Rubino R (2006) The effect of hot season and nutrition on the oxidative status and metabolic profile in dairy goats during mid lactation. Livestock Science 82, 717–722.
DiGiacomo K 2011. The physiological and metabolic responses to heat in ruminants. PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
DiGiacomo K, Simpson S, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR (2012) Dietary betaine improves physiological responses in sheep under chronic heat load in a dose dependent manner. Journal of Animal Science 90, 269
Drackley JK, LaCount DW, Elliott JP, Klusmeyer TH, Overton TR, Clark JH, Blum SA (1998) Supplemental fat and nicotinic acid for Holstein cows during an entire lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 201–214.
| Supplemental fat and nicotinic acid for Holstein cows during an entire lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXpsVWmsA%3D%3D&md5=135cec5b3c4adfec01047b9f327bdaf3CAS | 9493095PubMed |
Dunshea FR, Bell AW, Trigg TE (1988) Relationships between plasma non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and body tissue mobilization during chronic undernutrition in goats. The British Journal of Nutrition 60, 633–644.
| Relationships between plasma non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and body tissue mobilization during chronic undernutrition in goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7hvVWqtQ%3D%3D&md5=38cda08b1b7ad854f62adf0cab5d83bfCAS | 3219328PubMed |
Dunshea FR, Bell AW, Trigg TE (1989) Relationships between plasma non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and body fat mobilization in primiparous lactating goats. The British Journal of Nutrition 62, 51–61.
| Relationships between plasma non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and body fat mobilization in primiparous lactating goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXkvFCmtrk%3D&md5=c924e5c527ef320246e357306ff2c1ccCAS | 2789989PubMed |
Dunshea FR, Bell AW, Trigg TE (1990) Non-esterified fatty acid and glycerol kinetics and re-esterification in early lactation goats. The British Journal of Nutrition 64, 133–145.
| Non-esterified fatty acid and glycerol kinetics and re-esterification in early lactation goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXkvFGgtL4%3D&md5=337b1d216be78e1cc6345df37ffd7a22CAS | 2400758PubMed |
Dunshea FR, DiGiacomo K, Leury BJ (2008) Possible metabolic causes of heat shortening in cattle and potential strategies based on these mechanisms. Report A.MQT.029 to Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney.
Dunshea FR, Russo VM, Sawyer I, Leury BJ (2012) A starch-binding agent decreases the in vitro rate of fermentation of wheat. Journal of Animal Science 90, 158
Evans GW, Bowman TD (1992) Chromium picolinate increases membrane fluidity and rate of insulin internalization. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 46, 243–250.
| Chromium picolinate increases membrane fluidity and rate of insulin internalization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XksVOiur4%3D&md5=e81622c922b909abffa927f4390bd226CAS | 1402875PubMed |
Faichney GJ, Barry TN (1986) Effects of mild heat exposure and suppression of prolactin secretion on gastro-intestinal tract function and temperature regulation in sheep. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 39, 85–97.
Flamenbaum I, Galon N (2010) Management of heat stress to improve fertility in dairy cows in Israel. The Journal of Reproduction and Development 56, S36–S41.
| Management of heat stress to improve fertility in dairy cows in Israel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20629215PubMed |
Flamenbaum I, Wolfenson D, Mamen M, Berman A (1986) Cooling dairy cattle by a combination of sprinkling and forced ventilation and its implementation in the shelter system. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 3140–3147.
| Cooling dairy cattle by a combination of sprinkling and forced ventilation and its implementation in the shelter system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ms12ltg%3D%3D&md5=33d0b65e338a65e4e4b02ee29dcc68ffCAS | 3558927PubMed |
Forst T, Caduff A, Talary M, Weder M, Brandle M, Kann P, Flacke F, Friedrich C, Pfutzner A (2006) Impact of environmental temperature on skin thickness and microvascular blood flow in subjects with and without diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 8, 94–101.
| Impact of environmental temperature on skin thickness and microvascular blood flow in subjects with and without diabetes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28%2FosF2lsQ%3D%3D&md5=508acda1520cc9c105949ccc1306ad89CAS |
Gaughan JB, Mader TL, Holt SM, Lisle A (2008) A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 86, 226–234.
| A new heat load index for feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVOqsrzE&md5=3a8e9450baefcbd1dcd0270e7991a184CAS | 17911236PubMed |
Hall LW, Dunshea FR, Allen JD, Wood A, Anderson SD, Rungruang S, Collier JL, Long NM, Collier RJ (2012) Evaluation of dietary betaine (BET) in heat-stressed Holstein cows in lactation. Journal of Animal Science 90, 556
Hung TY (2012) The effects of nano-chromium on growth performance and metabolism of pigs and sheep. PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
Hung TY, Collins CL, Leury BJ, Sabin MA, Dunshea FR (2011) Effect of nano-sized chromium picolinate on growth and carcase traits in finisher gilts during summer. In ‘Manipulating Pig Production XIII’. (Ed. RJ van Barneveld) p. 61. (Australasian Pig Science Association: Werribee)
Ingraham RH, Gillette DD, Wagner WD (1974) Relationship of temperature and humidity to conception rate of Holstein cows in subtropical climates. Journal of Dairy Science 57, 476–481.
| Relationship of temperature and humidity to conception rate of Holstein cows in subtropical climates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE2c3ms1ylsA%3D%3D&md5=b0154da437872578b1d9b2c14630d732CAS | 4835389PubMed |
Klasing KC, Adler KL, Remus JC, Calvert CC (2002) Dietary betaine increases intraepithelial lymphocytes in the duodenum of coccidia-infected chicks and increases functional properties of phagocytes. The Journal of Nutrition 132, 2274–2282.
Kraidees MS, Al-Haidary IA, Mufarrej SI, Al-Saiady MY, Metwally HM, Hussein MF (2009) Effect of supplemental chromium levels on performance, digestibility and carcass characteristics of transport-stressed lambs. Asian-Australisan Journal of Animal Science 22, 1124–1132.
Lakritz J, Leonard MJ, Eichen PA, Rottinghaus GE, Johnson GC, Spiers DE (2002) Whole-blood concentrations of glutathione in cattle exposed to heat stress or a combination of heat stress and endophyte-infected tall fescue toxins in controlled environmental conditions. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63, 799–803.
| Whole-blood concentrations of glutathione in cattle exposed to heat stress or a combination of heat stress and endophyte-infected tall fescue toxins in controlled environmental conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkvF2ntbc%3D&md5=0cf2c3513cba544ea12b2a1eb6992abdCAS | 12061523PubMed |
Lever M, Slow S (2010) The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clinical Biochemistry 43, 732–744.
| The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmsVSmsLk%3D&md5=fea4d8adcc24c3bc03559018c886142eCAS | 20346934PubMed |
Loxton I, Grant TP, Reid DJ, Lawrence RJ (2007) Effects of a supplement containing betaine on feedlot steers exposed to a heat load. In ‘Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia’. (Eds P Cronje, N Richards) pp. 201–210 (University of New England: Armidale, NSW)
Madan ML, Johnson HD (1973) Environmental heat effects on bovine luteinizing hormone. Journal of Dairy Science 56, 1420–1423.
| Environmental heat effects on bovine luteinizing hormone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXhtlaksQ%3D%3D&md5=b6e4c2f7e9715861110245e8d306e9f5CAS | 4796097PubMed |
Mader TL, Davis MS, Brown-Brandl T (2006) Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 84, 712–719.
Matthews JO, Southern LL (2000) The effect of dietary betaine in Eimeria acervulina-infected chicks. Poultry Science 79, 60–65.
McDowell RE, Hooven NW, Camoens JK (1976) Effect of climate on performance of Holsteins in first lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 59, 965–971.
| Effect of climate on performance of Holsteins in first lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McNamara JP (1991) Regulation of adipose tissue metabolism in support of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 706–719.
| Regulation of adipose tissue metabolism in support of lactation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXitVCitrw%3D&md5=0dcb08c0392139ba3b8fa0aafe15d6b6CAS | 2045568PubMed |
Mertz W (1993) Chromium in Human Nutrition: A Review. The Journal of Nutrition 123, 626–633.
Moghaddam A, Karimi I, Pooyanmehr M (2009) Effects of short-term cooling on pregnancy rate of dairy heifers under summer heat stress. Veterinary Research Communications 33, 567–575.
| Effects of short-term cooling on pregnancy rate of dairy heifers under summer heat stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38zitFalsw%3D%3D&md5=753f4f4da868120ea0d591dd5d290838CAS | 19219562PubMed |
Mujahid A (2011) Nutritional Strategies to maintain efficiency and production of chickens under high environmental temperature. Japanese Poultry Science 48, 145–154.
| Nutritional Strategies to maintain efficiency and production of chickens under high environmental temperature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFGmt73I&md5=e02ab1ea6fa76e6dddd8e17e972e4e04CAS |
Nabenishi H, Ohta H, Nishimoto T, Morita T, Ashizawa K, Tsuzuki Y (2011) Effect of the temperature-humidity index on body temperature and conception rate of lactating dairy cows in South Western Japan. The Journal of Reproduction and Development 57, 450–456.
| Effect of the temperature-humidity index on body temperature and conception rate of lactating dairy cows in South Western Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21478652PubMed |
O’Brien MD, Rhoads RP, Sanders SR, Duff GC, Baumgard LH (2010) Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 38, 86–94.
| Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXosFWn&md5=207d81630b109f868cd81b8b9f625080CAS | 19783118PubMed |
Ohtsuka Y, Yabunaka N, Watanabe I, Noro H, Fujisawa H, Agishi Y (1995) Thermal stress and diabetic complications. International Journal of Biometeorology 38, 57–59.
| Thermal stress and diabetic complications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3htlWgsw%3D%3D&md5=6ab35ae62d70d7fafc64cc8d6db53e61CAS | 7698855PubMed |
Padilla L, Matsui T, Kamiya Y, Kamiya M, Tanaka M, Yano H (2006) Heat stress decreases plasma vitamin C concentration in lactating cows Livestock Science 101, 300–304.
| Heat stress decreases plasma vitamin C concentration in lactating cowsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Passey R (2003) Uncertain harvest: The predicted impacts of global warming on Australian agriculture. Technical Report. Australian Wind Energy Association and Climate Action Network Australia.
Petrofsky J, Lee S, Cuneo-Libarona M, Apodaca P (2007) The effect of rosiglitazone on orthostatic tolerance during heat exposure in individuals with type II diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 9, 377–386.
| The effect of rosiglitazone on orthostatic tolerance during heat exposure in individuals with type II diabetes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXptFeht7g%3D&md5=64281173c6b07cda1bcd680ddbfd07c0CAS |
Renaudeau D, Collin A, Yahav S, de Basilio V, Gourdine JL, Collier RJ (2012) Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production. Animal 6, 707–728.
| Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38ngsFejtw%3D%3D&md5=b240b9079941fc87003018fdbed4f2eaCAS | 22558920PubMed |
Rhoads ML, Rhoads RP, VanBaale MJ, Collier RJ, Sanders SR, Weber WJ, Crooker BA, Baumgard LH (2009) Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1986–1997.
| Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsFynu7k%3D&md5=89524b72657d8a2666991dbd3eed5475CAS | 19389956PubMed |
Russell JB (2007) Can the heat of ruminal fermentation be manipulated to decrease heat stress? Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference 22, 109–115.
Sahin K, Ozbey O, Onderci M, Cikim G, Aysondu MH (2002a) Chromium supplementation can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying Japanese quail. The Journal of Nutrition 132, 1265–1268.
Sahin K, Sahin N, Onderci M, Gursu F, Cikim G (2002b) Optimal dietary concentration of chromium for alleviating the effect of heat stress on growth, carcass qualities, and some serum metabolites of broiler chickens. Biological Trace Element Research 89, 53–64.
| Optimal dietary concentration of chromium for alleviating the effect of heat stress on growth, carcass qualities, and some serum metabolites of broiler chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosF2ls7w%3D&md5=f9ee3d2a0a54e4e853b9a8b32e60e44cCAS | 12413051PubMed |
Sahin K, Sahin N, Kucuk O (2003) Effects of chromium, and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, carcass traits, serum metabolites, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens reared at a high ambient temperature. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) 23, 225–238.
| Effects of chromium, and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, carcass traits, serum metabolites, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens reared at a high ambient temperature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhvFajtLs%3D&md5=863c4205f65b236325991211bf915480CAS |
Sahin N, Sahin K, Onderci M, Gursu MF, Cikim G, Vijaya J, Kucuk O (2005) Chromium picolinate, rather than biotin, alleviates performance and metabolic parameters in heat-stressed quail. British Poultry Science 46, 457–463.
| Chromium picolinate, rather than biotin, alleviates performance and metabolic parameters in heat-stressed quail.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslyrsb4%3D&md5=58dcf99f1c53ab0cf36494a8ae838e54CAS | 16268103PubMed |
Sahin N, Akdemir F, Tuzcu M, Hayirli A, Smith MO, Sahin K (2010) Effects of supplemental chromium sources and levels on performance, lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory markers in heat-stressed quails. Animal Feed Science and Technology 159, 143–149.
| Effects of supplemental chromium sources and levels on performance, lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory markers in heat-stressed quails.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpsFOrtrk%3D&md5=7418bcc5caaf1a404632a1cb8006e8c7CAS |
Samanta S, Haldar S, Bahadur V, Ghosh TK (2008) Chromium picolinate can ameliorate the negative effects of heat stress and enhance performance, carcass and meat traits in broiler chickens by reducing the circulatory cortisol level. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88, 787–796.
| Chromium picolinate can ameliorate the negative effects of heat stress and enhance performance, carcass and meat traits in broiler chickens by reducing the circulatory cortisol level.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjsleqt7g%3D&md5=4ec7936c3488127d96e09f53c7c416b5CAS |
Santschi DE, Berthiaume R, Matte JJ, Mustafa AF, Girard CL (2005) Fate of supplementary b-vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 2043–2054.
| Fate of supplementary b-vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksFyrtbk%3D&md5=6104aaba5666b7b62091560c6ef6f6a6CAS | 15905435PubMed |
Schrama JW, Heetkamp MJW, Simmins PH, Gerrits WJJ (2003) Dietary betaine supplementation affects energy metabolism of pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1202–1209.
Sechen SJ, Dunshea FR, Bauman DE (1990) Mechanism of bovine somatotropin in lactating cows: effect on response to epinephrine and insulin. The American Journal of Physiology 258, E582–E588.
Sheikh-Hamad D, Garcia-Perez A, Ferraris JD, Peters EM, Burg MB (1994) Induction of gene expression by heat shock versus osmotic stress. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 267, F28–F34.
Shwartz G, Rhoads ML, VanBaale MJ, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH (2009) Effects of a supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 935–942.
| Effects of a supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivVakt70%3D&md5=a84cde10bcc748475f5604e8aee5b102CAS | 19233786PubMed |
Silanikove N (2000) Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livestock Production Science 67, 1–18.
| Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stott GH, Williams RJ (1962) Causes of low breeding efficiency in dairy cattle associated with seasonal high temperatures. Journal of Dairy Science 45, 1369–1375.
| Causes of low breeding efficiency in dairy cattle associated with seasonal high temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Suster D, Leury BJ, King RH, Mottram M, Dunshea FR (2004) Interrelationships between porcine somatotropin (pST), betaine, and energy level on body composition and tissue distribution of finisher boars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 983–990.
| Interrelationships between porcine somatotropin (pST), betaine, and energy level on body composition and tissue distribution of finisher boars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvVKiurk%3D&md5=6200978c9a626647899a62d441a71dd3CAS |
Tanaka M, Kamiya Y, Suzuki T, Nakai Y (2011) Changes in oxidative status in periparturient dairy cows in hot conditions. Animal Science Journal 82, 320–324.
| Changes in oxidative status in periparturient dairy cows in hot conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlt1Wns7k%3D&md5=abf045d6a5e4d9f1f75c8317d2e75a5eCAS | 21729213PubMed |
Thom EC (1958) Cooling degree days. Air conditioning Heating and Ventilating 55, 65–69.
Wang JP, Bu DP, Wang JQ, Huo XK, Guo TJ, Wei HY, Zhou LY, Rastani RR, Baumgard LH, Li FD (2010) Effect of saturated fatty acid supplementation on production and metabolism indices in heat-stressed mid-lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 4121–4127.
| Effect of saturated fatty acid supplementation on production and metabolism indices in heat-stressed mid-lactation dairy cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlCqtrnI&md5=47fccb2cefa4d77cc2a269d634136647CAS | 20723687PubMed |
West JW (2003) Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2131–2144.
| Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXks1GitbY%3D&md5=aac4aa5b909999a71b412289ea66b928CAS | 12836950PubMed |
Wheelock JB, Rhoads RP, Vanbaale MJ, Sanders SR, Baumgard LH (2010) Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 644–655.
| Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1CjtLY%3D&md5=c8e7a1c204809c7ba0487faa07c2c0d9CAS | 20105536PubMed |
Wise ME, Armstrong DV, Huber JT, Hunter R, Wiersma F (1988) Hormonal alterations in the lactating dairy cow in response to thermal stress. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 2480–2485.
| Hormonal alterations in the lactating dairy cow in response to thermal stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXls1ertLY%3D&md5=d77c37729077014deca8edc5d4932824CAS | 3183143PubMed |
Xiao Y, Collier JL, Rungruang S, Hall LW, Dunshea FR, Collier RJ (2012) Effects of betaine on heat induced heat shock protein expression in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Journal of Animal Science 90, 189
Zhang Z, Ferraris JD, Brooks HL, Brisc I, Burg MB (2003) Expression of osmotic stress-related genes in tissues of normal and hyposmotic rats. The American Journal of Physiology 285, F688–F693.
Zimbelman RB, Rhoads RP, Rhoads ML, Duff GC, Baumgard LH, Collier RJ (2009) Revised temperature humididty index (THI) for high producing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 347
Zimbelman RB, Collier RJ, Bilby TR (2013) Effects of utilizing rumen protected niacin on core body temperature as well as milk production and composition in lactating dairy cows during heat stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology 180, 26–33.
| Effects of utilizing rumen protected niacin on core body temperature as well as milk production and composition in lactating dairy cows during heat stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXitVGgu70%3D&md5=6cf00244c90fce029b069df663e15c60CAS |
