Species composition and dispersal of nuisance flies breeding on egg farms in southern Australia
P. J. James A F , C. Krawec B , N. A. Schellhorn C , P. C. Glatz D and P. M. Pepper E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Joe Baker Street, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia.
B Ensystex Australasia, 3/4-6 Junction Street, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia.
C CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia.
D South Australian Research and Development Institute, Davies Building, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
E Formerly Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia.
F Corresponding author. Email: p.james1@uq.edu.au
Animal Production Science 57(1) 170-179 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14939
Submitted: 10 November 2014 Accepted: 21 August 2015 Published: 18 February 2016
Abstract
The vectorial and dispersal capacities of flies make them a biosecurity and food safety risk on egg farms. The design of optimal control and biosecurity programs requires knowledge of species composition and patterns of abundance of the fly populations present. Although there have been many studies of flies breeding on egg farms in other countries there is little information available in Australia. We monitored numbers and species of flies breeding on cage egg farms in southern Australia and used mass marking with fluorescent resin dye to assess the dispersal of the major species from one of the farms. The main peak in fly numbers occurred in spring and early summer and was comprised predominantly of little house flies (Fannia canicularis). Significant numbers of false stable flies (Muscina stabulans) were trapped near accumulated manure, but relatively low numbers were present in bird housing areas. House flies (Musca domestica) were found in only low numbers or were absent at most times of the year. In the dispersal studies, 85% of marked F. canicularis and 67% of marked M. stabulans were trapped within 255 m of the layer sheds. The greatest distance from the farm at which marked F. canicularis flies were captured was 739 m for traps and 1.25 km for tapes whereas M. stabulans flies were trapped at all distances including in the most distant trap nearly 2 km from the farm. Modelling of trap catches by distance predicted maximum dispersal distances of 1.6 km for F. canicularis and 2.4 km for M. stabulans.
Additional keywords: chicken, Fannia canicularis, Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Newcastle disease, poultry.
References
Axtell RC (1999) Poultry integrated pest management: status and future. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 4, 53–73.| Poultry integrated pest management: status and future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Broce AB (1993) Dispersal of house flies and stable flies. In ‘Rural flies in the urban environment’. (Eds GD Thomas, SR Skoda) Research Bulletin No. 317. pp. 50–60. (Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Lincoln, NB)
Carlson DA, Mayer MS, Silhacek D, James JD, Beroza M, Bierl BA (1971) Sex attractant pheromone of the house fly: isolation, identification and synthesis. Science 174, 76–78.
| Sex attractant pheromone of the house fly: isolation, identification and synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE38XitFemug%3D%3D&md5=d316a7998381451e2d5c96c1d3be3120CAS | 5120874PubMed |
Chakrabarti S, King DJ, Afonso C, Swayne D, Cardona CJ, Kuney DR, Gerry AC (2007) Detection and isolation of exotic Newcastle disease virus from field-collected flies Journal of Medical Entomology 44, 840–844.
| Detection and isolation of exotic Newcastle disease virus from field-collected fliesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17915517PubMed |
Chakrabarti S, Kambhamparti S, Zurek L (2010) Assessment of house fly dispersal between rural and urban habitats in Kansas, USA. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 83, 172–188.
| Assessment of house fly dispersal between rural and urban habitats in Kansas, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook DF, Dadour IR, Keals NJ (1999) Stable fly, house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and other nuisance fly development in poultry litter associated with horticultural crop production. Journal of Economic Entomology 92, 1352–1357.
| Stable fly, house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and other nuisance fly development in poultry litter associated with horticultural crop production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FpvFeqtg%3D%3D&md5=b4ab405048a057362fc978d06267889aCAS | 10633577PubMed |
Greenberg B (1971) ‘Flies and disease.’ (Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ)
Hagler JR, Jackson CG (2001) Methods for marking insects: current techniques and future prospects. Annual Review of Entomology 46, 511–543.
| Methods for marking insects: current techniques and future prospects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitlSmt70%3D&md5=34b11c3dee07dc3f4c6d499127ee2bd1CAS | 11112178PubMed |
Hald B, Skovgard H, Pederson K, Bunkenborg H (2008) Influxed insects as vectors for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Danish broiler houses. Poultry Science 87, 1428–1434.
| Influxed insects as vectors for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Danish broiler houses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvgvVCiug%3D%3D&md5=f22aa6866f33949f5cd6683706a2ad6bCAS | 18577626PubMed |
Hwang Y-S, Mulla MS, Axelrod H (1978) Attractants for synanthropic flies: ethanol as attractant for Fannia canicularis and other pest flies in poultry ranches. Journal of Chemical Ecology 4, 463–470.
| Attractants for synanthropic flies: ethanol as attractant for Fannia canicularis and other pest flies in poultry ranches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXlsVWrt7Y%3D&md5=568b0f0c4c9a9f6581eb58e0d409a2dcCAS |
Jones CJ, Isard SA, Cortinas MR (1999) Dispersal of synanthropic Diptera: lessons from the past and technology for the future. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92, 829–839.
| Dispersal of synanthropic Diptera: lessons from the past and technology for the future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keiding J (1999) Review of the global status and recent development of insecticide resistance in field populations of the house fly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, S1–S67.
Levot GW, Hughes PB (1989) Insecticide resistance in flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from poultry farms. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 28, 87–91.
| Insecticide resistance in flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from poultry farms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Levot GW, Hughes PB (1995) Seasonal abundance of flies on commercial egg farms. General and Applied Entomology 26, 25–30.
Lysyk TJ, Axtell RC (1986) Field evaluation of three methods for monitoring populations of house flies (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae) and other filth flies in three types of poultry housing systems. Journal of Economic Entomology 79, 144–151.
| Field evaluation of three methods for monitoring populations of house flies (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae) and other filth flies in three types of poultry housing systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL287ktFWrtA%3D%3D&md5=5550cc4277c034e13e7f801d7ebd9145CAS | 3950187PubMed |
Meyer JA, Mullens BA (1988) Development of immature Fannia spp (Diptera: Muscidae) at constant laboratory temperatures. Journal of Medical Entomology 25, 165–171.
| Development of immature Fannia spp (Diptera: Muscidae) at constant laboratory temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3nsVyqtA%3D%3D&md5=c6a843cf938480371e47ae34eb23a7b0CAS | 3392711PubMed |
Mullens BA, Szijj CA, Hinkle NC (2002) Oviposition and development of Fannia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) on poultry manure of low moisture levels. Environmental Entomology 31, 588–593.
| Oviposition and development of Fannia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) on poultry manure of low moisture levels.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nielsen AA, Skovgard H, Stockmarr A, Handberg KJ, Jorgensen PH (2011) Persistence of low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N7 and H7N1 subtypes in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 48, 608–614.
| Persistence of low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N7 and H7N1 subtypes in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21661322PubMed |
Olsen AR (1998) Regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials. III. Review of flies and foodborne enteric disease. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 28, 199–211.
| Regulatory action criteria for filth and other extraneous materials. III. Review of flies and foodborne enteric disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7mtV2gtg%3D%3D&md5=d49508dbb346390cdfdc09077d07254fCAS | 10049791PubMed |
Payne RW, Harding SA, Murray DA, Soutar DM, Baird DB, Welham SJ, Kane AF, Gilmour AR, Thompson R, Webster R, Wilson GT (2007) ‘The guide to Genstat release 11, part 2: statistics.’ (VSN International: Hemel Hempstead, UK)
Peck JH, Anderson JR (1970) Influence of poultry manure-removal schedules on various Diptera larvae and selected arthropod predators. Journal of Economic Entomology 63, 82–90.
| Influence of poultry manure-removal schedules on various Diptera larvae and selected arthropod predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rogoff WM, Carbrey EC, Bram RA, Clark TB, Gretz GH (1975) Transmission of Newcastle disease by insects: detection in wild Fannia spp. Journal of Medical Entomology 12, 225–227.
| Transmission of Newcastle disease by insects: detection in wild Fannia spp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE28%2FgslClsA%3D%3D&md5=c73610a8a615f31ba2d9abc760c20348CAS | 1159747PubMed |
Rogoff WM, Gretz GH, Clark TB, McDaniel HA, Pearson JE (1977) Laboratory transmission of exotic Newcastle disease by Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 13, 617–621.
| Laboratory transmission of exotic Newcastle disease by Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Muscidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Russell RC, Otranto D, Wall RL (2013) House flies and other non-biting flies (Diptera: Muscidae and Fanniidae). In ‘The encyclopaedia of medical and veterinary entomology’. (Eds RC Russell, D Otranto, RL Wall) pp. 157–166. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)
Schellhorn NA, Siekmann G, Paull CA, Furness GO, Baker G (2004) The use of dyes to mark populations of beneficial insects in the field. International Journal of Pest Management 50, 153–159.
| The use of dyes to mark populations of beneficial insects in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmsVCgsrg%3D&md5=fcb629509a13c8666e4dbc07091e7a2aCAS |
Schurrer JA, Dee SA, Moon RD, Rossow KD, Mahlum C, Mondaca E, Otake S, Fano E, Collins JE, Pijoan C (2004) Spatial dispersal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated flies after contact with experimentally infected pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65, 1284–1292.
| Spatial dispersal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated flies after contact with experimentally infected pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15478779PubMed |
Southwood TRE (1978) ‘Ecological methods: with particular reference to the study of insect populations.’ (John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York, NY)
Stafford KC, Bay DE (1987) Dispersion pattern and association of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), larvae and both sexes of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Macrochelidae) in response to poultry manure moisture, temperature and accumulation. Environmental Entomology 16, 159–164.
| Dispersion pattern and association of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), larvae and both sexes of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Macrochelidae) in response to poultry manure moisture, temperature and accumulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor RAJ (1978) The relationship between density and distance of dispersing insects. Ecological Entomology 3, 63–70.
| The relationship between density and distance of dispersing insects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Uebel EC, Menzer E, Sonnet PE, Miller RW (1975) Identification of the copulatory sex pheromone of the little house fly, Fannia canicularis (L.), (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 83, 258–259.
Wanaratana S, Amonsin A, Chaisingh A, Panyim S, Sasipreeyajan J, Pakpinyo S (2013) Experimental assessment of house flies as vectors in avian influenza subtype H5N1 transmission in chickens. Avian Diseases 57, 266–272.
| Experimental assessment of house flies as vectors in avian influenza subtype H5N1 transmission in chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2crps1Kguw%3D%3D&md5=4827e924cdad4893fb6d89639fc2c4b9CAS | 24689184PubMed |
Williams JRP (1973) Dispersal of 32P- labelled adult Fannia canicularis. International Pest Control, November/December, pp. 20–22. (Rhodes Industrial Magazines Ltd: London, UK)
Wills LE, Mullens BA, Mandeville JD (1990) Effects of pesticides on filth fly predators (Coleoptera, Histeridae, Staphylinidae, Acarina, Macrochelidae, Uropodidae) in caged layer poultry manure. Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 451–457.
| Effects of pesticides on filth fly predators (Coleoptera, Histeridae, Staphylinidae, Acarina, Macrochelidae, Uropodidae) in caged layer poultry manure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXktF2iuro%3D&md5=d3a4472911cd39ba4d3a98844e38bc04CAS | 2345222PubMed |
Winpisinger KA, Ferketich AK, Berry RL, Moeschberger ML (2005) Spread of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) from two caged layer facilities to neighbouring residences in rural Ohio. Journal of Medical Entomology 42, 732–738.
| Spread of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) from two caged layer facilities to neighbouring residences in rural Ohio.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16363156PubMed |
Zeil J (1986) The territorial flight of male house flies (Fannia canicularis L.). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19, 213–219.
