Optimal crop canopy architecture to maximise canopy photosynthetic CO2 uptake under elevated CO2 – a theoretical study using a mechanistic model of canopy photosynthesis
Qingfeng Song A B , Guilian Zhang A B and Xin-Guang Zhu A B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology and CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
B State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
C Corresponding author. Email: zhuxinguang@picb.ac.cn
Functional Plant Biology 40(2) 108-124 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP12056
Submitted: 22 February 2012 Accepted: 26 November 2012 Published: 22 January 2013
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2013 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Canopy architecture has been a major target in crop breeding for improved yields. Whether crop architectures in current elite crop cultivars can be modified for increased canopy CO2 uptake rate (Ac) under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca) is currently unknown. To study this question, we developed a new model of canopy photosynthesis, which includes three components: (i) a canopy architectural model; (ii) a forward ray tracing algorithm; and (iii) a steady-state biochemical model of C3 photosynthesis. With this model, we demonstrated that the Ac estimated from ‘average’ canopy light conditions is ~25% higher than that from light conditions at individual points in the canopy. We also evaluated theoretically the influence of canopy architectural on Ac under current and future Ca in rice. Simulation results suggest that to gain an optimal Ac for the examined rice cultivar, the stem height, leaf width and leaf angles can be manipulated to enhance canopy photosynthesis. This model provides a framework for designing ideal crop architectures to gain optimal Ac under future changing climate conditions. A close linkage between canopy photosynthesis modelling and canopy photosynthesis measurements is required to fully realise the potential of such modelling approaches in guiding crop improvements.
Additional keywords: canopy architecture, elevated CO2, photosynthesis, ray tracing, sunlit–shaded model.
References
Acock B, Charles-Edwards DA, Fitter DJ, Hand DW, Ludwig LJ, Warren Wilson J, Withers AC (1978) The contribution of leaves from different levels within a tomato crop to canopy net photosynthesis: an experimental examination of two canopy models. Journal of Experimental Botany 29, 815–827.| The contribution of leaves from different levels within a tomato crop to canopy net photosynthesis: an experimental examination of two canopy models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Amthor JS (1994) Scaling CO2–photosynthesis relationships from the leaf to the canopy. Photosynthesis Research 39, 321–350.
| Scaling CO2–photosynthesis relationships from the leaf to the canopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXksFertbs%3D&md5=fb57c12e52d0bf27ee74295d57c2486dCAS |
Bernacchi CJ, Singsaas EL, Pimentel C, Portis AR, Long SP (2001) Improved temperature response functions for models of Rubisco-limited photosynthesis. Plant, Cell & Environment 24, 253–259.
| Improved temperature response functions for models of Rubisco-limited photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsFGrt7k%3D&md5=1a3cc1f6325b4ce24271909063c98511CAS |
Boote KJ, Loomis RS (1991) The prediction of canopy assimilation. In ‘Modeling crop photosynthesis – from biochemistry to canopy. Special Publication No. 19’. pp. 109–140. (CSSA: Madison, WI)
Brodersen CR, Vogelmann TC (2010) Do changes in light direction affect absorption profiles in leaves? Functional Plant Biology 37, 403–412.
| Do changes in light direction affect absorption profiles in leaves?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Catovsky S, Holbrook NM, Bazzaz FA (2002) Coupling whole-tree transpiration and canopy photosynthesis in coniferous and broad-leaved tree species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 295–309.
| Coupling whole-tree transpiration and canopy photosynthesis in coniferous and broad-leaved tree species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen M, Blankenship RE (2011) Expanding the solar spectrum used by photosynthesis. Trends in Plant Science 16, 427–431.
| Expanding the solar spectrum used by photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvFWqsr0%3D&md5=3862545a1ea1db476309cd16c1d8624cCAS |
Chen HS, Dickinson RE, Dai YJ, Zhou LM (2011) Sensitivity of simulated terrestrial carbon assimilation and canopy transpiration to different stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation schemes. Climate Dynamics 36, 1037–1054.
| Sensitivity of simulated terrestrial carbon assimilation and canopy transpiration to different stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation schemes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ciganda V, Gitelson A, Schepers J (2008) Vertical profile and temporal variation of chlorophyll in maize canopy: quantitative ‘crop vigor’ indicator by means of reflectance-based techniques. Agronomy Journal 100, 1409–1417.
| Vertical profile and temporal variation of chlorophyll in maize canopy: quantitative ‘crop vigor’ indicator by means of reflectance-based techniques.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1aqtb3L&md5=47e783771d5f304840f5aaabcec981d8CAS |
Cook R, Torrance KE (1981) A reflectance model for computer graphics. Computer Graphics 15, 307–316.
| A reflectance model for computer graphics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dai Y, Robert ED, Wang Y-P (2004) A two-big-leaf model for canopy temperature, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance. Journal of Climate 17, 2281–2299.
| A two-big-leaf model for canopy temperature, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davey PA, Hunt S, Hymus GJ, DeLucia EH, Drake BG, Karnosky DF, Long SP (2004) Respiratory oxygen uptake is not decreased by an instantaneous elevation of [CO2], but is increased with long-term growth in the field at elevated [CO2]. Plant Physiology 134, 520–527.
| Respiratory oxygen uptake is not decreased by an instantaneous elevation of [CO2], but is increased with long-term growth in the field at elevated [CO2].Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVans7Y%3D&md5=371ab89edf991417ea5434abcc0d2440CAS |
de Pury DGG, Farquhar GD (1997) Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models. Plant, Cell & Environment 20, 537–557.
| Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
deWit CT (1965) Photosynthesis of leaf canopies. Agricultural Research Report No. 663. (PUDOC: Wageningen, The Netherlands)
Duncan WG, Loomis RS, Williams WA, Hanau R (1967) A model for simulating photosynthesis in plant communities. Hilgardia 38, 181–205.
España ML, Baret F, Aries F, Chelle M, Andrieu B, Prévot L (1999) Modeling maize canopy 3D architecture: application to reflectance simulation. Ecological Modelling 122, 25–43.
| Modeling maize canopy 3D architecture: application to reflectance simulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans LT (1996) ‘Crop evolution, adaptation and yield.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
Evers JB, Vos J, Fournier C, Andrieu B, Chelle M, Struik PC (2007) An architectural model of spring wheat: evaluation of the effects of population density and shading on model parameterization and performance. Ecological Modelling 200, 308–320.
| An architectural model of spring wheat: evaluation of the effects of population density and shading on model parameterization and performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fagade SO, Dedatta SK (1971) Leaf area index, tillering capacity, and grain yield of tropical rice as affected by plant density and nitrogen level. Agronomy Journal 63, 503–506.
| Leaf area index, tillering capacity, and grain yield of tropical rice as affected by plant density and nitrogen level.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXktF2htbY%3D&md5=6dbff88edfdbb3c623a1787eecc922f8CAS |
Farquhar GD (1989) Models of integrated photosynthesis of cells and leaves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 323, 357–367.
| Models of integrated photosynthesis of cells and leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXktlKmt7w%3D&md5=ad0a616d543e3279eba2bede496d328bCAS |
Farquhar GD, van Caemmerer S, Berry JA (1980) A biochemical-model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta 149, 78–90.
| A biochemical-model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXksVWrt7w%3D&md5=b0417117f3598df013ab17a3da1f67a8CAS |
Fournier C, Andrieu B (1999) ADEL-maize: an L-system based model for the integration of growth processes from the organ to the canopy. Application to regulation of morphogenesis by light availability. Agronomie 19, 313–327.
| ADEL-maize: an L-system based model for the integration of growth processes from the organ to the canopy. Application to regulation of morphogenesis by light availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fournier C, Andrieu B, Ljutovac S, Saint-Jean S (2003) ADEL-wheat: a 3D architectural model of wheat development. In the ‘Proceedings of plant growth modeling and applications’. pp. 54–63. (Tsinghua University Press/Springer: Beijing)
Franklin KA, Praekelt U, Stoddart WM, Billingham OE, Halliday KJ, Whitelam GC (2003) Phytochromes B, D, and E act redundantly to control multiple physiological responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 131, 1340–1346.
| Phytochromes B, D, and E act redundantly to control multiple physiological responses in Arabidopsis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXisFels7s%3D&md5=0e2d06d21f343da3cc80b0a7ee038b68CAS |
Gale MD, Youssefian S, Russell GE (1985) ‘Progress in plant breeding.’ (Butterworths: London)
Goudriaan J (1977) ‘Crop micrometeorology: a simulation study.’ (PUDOC: Wageningen, The Netherlands)
Grant L (1987) Diffuse and specular characteristics of leaf reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment 22, 309–322.
| Diffuse and specular characteristics of leaf reflectance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gu LH, Baldocchi D, Verma SB, Black TA, Vesala T, Falge EM, Dowty PR (2002) Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres 107, 4050
| Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guo Y, Ma YT, Zhan ZG, Li BG, Dingkuhn M, Luquet D, De Reffye P (2006) Parameter optimization and field validation of the functional-structural model GREENLAB for maize. Annals of Botany 97, 217–230.
| Parameter optimization and field validation of the functional-structural model GREENLAB for maize.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Halton JH (1970) A retrospective and prospective survey of the Monte Carlo method. SIAM Review 12, 1–63.
Harrison SA, Ashley H (1980) Heritability of canopy-apparent photosynthesis and its relationship to seed yield in soybeans. Crop Science 21, 222
Hirabayashi S, Kroll CN, Nowak DJ (2011) Component-based development and sensitivity analyses of an air pollutant dry deposition model. Environmental Modelling & Software 26, 804–816.
| Component-based development and sensitivity analyses of an air pollutant dry deposition model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Humphries SW, Long SP (1995) WIMOVAC – a software package for modeling the dynamics of plant leaf and canopy photosynthesis. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 11, 361–371.
Johnson IR, Thornley JHM (1984) A model of instantaneous and daily canopy photosynthesis. Journal of Theoretical Biology 107, 531–545.
| A model of instantaneous and daily canopy photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kotchenova SY, Song XD, Shabanova NV, Potter CS, Knyazikhin Y, Myneni RB (2004) Lidar remote sensing for modeling gross primary production of deciduous forests. Remote Sensing of Environment 92, 158–172.
| Lidar remote sensing for modeling gross primary production of deciduous forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kull O, Jarvis PG (1995) The role of nitrogen in a simple scheme to scale-up photosynthesis from leaf to canopy. Plant, Cell & Environment 18, 1174–1182.
| The role of nitrogen in a simple scheme to scale-up photosynthesis from leaf to canopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lao C, Yan T, Li B (2005) Three dimensional canopy radiation transfer model based on Monte Carlo ray tracing. PhD thesis, China Agricultural University.
Ledent JF (1977) Calculation of extinction coefficient of incident direct solar-radiation in a plant canopy. Oecologia Plantarum 12, 291–300.
Lemon E, Stewart DW, Shawcroft RW (1971) The sun’s work in a cornfield. Science 174, 371–378.
| The sun’s work in a cornfield.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvhtFajsw%3D%3D&md5=0f198c7fb34665e9d09a32224b84b7bfCAS |
Lloyd J, Grace J, Miranda AC, Meir P, Wong SC, Miranda BS, Wright IR, Gash JHC, Mcintyre J (1995) A simple calibrated model of amazon rain-forest productivity based on leaf biochemical-properties. Plant, Cell & Environment 18, 1129–1145.
| A simple calibrated model of amazon rain-forest productivity based on leaf biochemical-properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Long SP, Ainsworth EA, Rogers A, Ort DR (2004) Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: plants face the future. Annual Review of Plant Biology 55, 591–628.
| Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: plants face the future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvFeisb8%3D&md5=90372ae3a3ad173142e8eb82fdb1595aCAS |
Long SP, Ainsworth EA, Leakey ADB, Nosberger J, Ort DR (2006a) Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations. Science 312, 1918–1921.
| Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO2 concentrations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmsVagsr4%3D&md5=424f86ef2c78749f29c58152a27bf853CAS |
Long SP, Zhu XG, Naidu SL, Ort DR (2006b) Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yields? Plant, Cell & Environment 29, 315–330.
| Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yields?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xktlyltrw%3D&md5=7cc6e6da58d9c9c07e23bb59390b59bbCAS |
Miguez FE, Zhu XG, Humphries S, Bollero GA, Long SP (2009) A semimechanistic model predicting the growth and production of the bioenergy crop Miscanthus × giganteus: description, parameterization and validation. GCB Bioenergy 1, 282–296.
| A semimechanistic model predicting the growth and production of the bioenergy crop Miscanthus × giganteus: description, parameterization and validation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mo XG, Liu SX (2001) Simulating evapotranspiration and photosynthesis of winter wheat over the growing season. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 109, 203–222.
| Simulating evapotranspiration and photosynthesis of winter wheat over the growing season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mohanty CR, Gangopadhyay S (1982) Variation of leaf angle and incidence of rice blast disease. Journal of Agricultural Science 98, 225–227.
| Variation of leaf angle and incidence of rice blast disease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Monsi M, Saeki T (2005) On the factor light in plant communities and its importance for matter production. Annals of Botany 95, 549–567.
| On the factor light in plant communities and its importance for matter production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norman JM (1979) Modeling the complete crop canopy. In ‘Modification of the aerial environment of plants’. (Eds BJ Barfield, JF Gerber) pp. 249–280. (American Society Agricultural Engineers: St. Joseph, MI)
Norman JM 1980. Interfacing leaf and canopy irradiance interception models. In ‘Predicting photosynthesis for ecosystem models’. pp. 49–67. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
Ort DR, Zhu XG, Melis A (2011) Optimizing antenna size to maximize photosynthetic efficiency. Plant Physiology 155, 79–85.
| Optimizing antenna size to maximize photosynthetic efficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXksFagsLg%3D&md5=8201498fa73c08cd12e47a0a8c303704CAS |
Parry M, Canziani O, Palutikof J, Van der Linden P, Hanson C (2007) ‘Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
Parry MAJ, Reynolds M, Salvucci ME, Raines C, Andralojc PJ, Zhu XG, Price GD, Condon AG, Furbank RT (2011) Raising yield potential of wheat. II. Increasing photosynthetic capacity and efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 453–467.
| Raising yield potential of wheat. II. Increasing photosynthetic capacity and efficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFyrsbrO&md5=df4842d655dde29d4fc2f3b3f7ed0076CAS |
Pearcy RW, Yang WM (1996) A three-dimensional crown architecture model for assessment of light capture and carbon gain by understory plants. Oecologia 108, 1–12.
| A three-dimensional crown architecture model for assessment of light capture and carbon gain by understory plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearcy RW, Yang W (1998) The functional morphology of light capture and carbon gain in the redwood forest understorey plant Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Functional Ecology 12, 543–552.
| The functional morphology of light capture and carbon gain in the redwood forest understorey plant Adenocaulon bicolor Hook.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearcy RW, Valladares F, Wright SJ, de Paulis EL (2004) A functional analysis of the crown architecture of tropical forest Psychotria species: do species vary in light capture efficiency and consequently in carbon gain and growth? Oecologia 139, 163–177.
| A functional analysis of the crown architecture of tropical forest Psychotria species: do species vary in light capture efficiency and consequently in carbon gain and growth?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peng J, Richards DE, Hartley NM, Murphy GP, Devos KM, Flintham JE, Beales J, Fish LJ, Worland AJ, Pelica F, Sudhakar D, Christou P, Snape JW, Gale MD, Harberd NP (1999) ‘Green revolution’ genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators. Nature 400, 256–261.
| ‘Green revolution’ genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkvFWltbg%3D&md5=1ade383520ef988d4d5608500506b238CAS |
Peng SB, Khush GS, Virk P, Tang QY, Zou YB (2008) Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential. Field Crops Research 108, 32–38.
| Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reicosky DC, Peters DB (1977) A portable chamber for rapid evapotranspiration measurements on field plots. Agronomy Journal 69, 729–732.
Reynolds JF, Chen JL, Harley PC, Hilbert DW, Dougherty RL, Tenhunen JD (1992) Modeling the effects of elevated CO2 on plants – extrapolating leaf response to a canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 61, 69–94.
| Modeling the effects of elevated CO2 on plants – extrapolating leaf response to a canopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roderick ML, Farquhar GD, Berry SL, Noble IR (2001) On the direct effect of clouds and atmospheric particles on the productivity and structure of vegetation. Oecologia 129, 21–30.
| On the direct effect of clouds and atmospheric particles on the productivity and structure of vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Running SW, Coughlan JC (1988) A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. I. Hydrological balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes. Ecological Modelling 42, 125–154.
| A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. I. Hydrological balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlslGrsb0%3D&md5=f19cff64653c6d8811fb37fd5c4f7efcCAS |
Sellers PJ, Berry JA, Collatz GJ, Field CB, Hall FG (1992) Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. 3. A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme. Remote Sensing of Environment 42, 187–216.
| Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. 3. A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Serbin SP, Dillaway DN, Kruger EL, Townsend PA (2012) Leaf optical properties reflect variation in photosynthetic metabolism and its sensitivity to temperature. Journal of Experimental Botany 63, 489–502.
| Leaf optical properties reflect variation in photosynthetic metabolism and its sensitivity to temperature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1yms7%2FI&md5=6984fb395a16c15409910a649694805cCAS |
Sinclair TR, Murphy CE, Knoerr KR (1976) Development and evaluation of simplified models for simulating canopy photosynthesis and transpiration. Journal of Applied Ecology 13, 813–829.
| Development and evaluation of simplified models for simulating canopy photosynthesis and transpiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Steduto P, Cetinkoku O, Albrizio R, Kanber R (2002) Automated closed-system canopy-chamber for continuous field-crop monitoring of CO2 and H2O fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 111, 171–186.
| Automated closed-system canopy-chamber for continuous field-crop monitoring of CO2 and H2O fluxes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thornley JHM, Johnson IR (1990) ‘Plant and crop modelling – a mathematical approach to plant and crop physiology.’ (The Blackburn Press: Caldwell, NJ)
Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort BL (2011) Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, 20 260–20 264.
| Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1yqsbnM&md5=fa8058c8e11f81f177118d818c9d21f7CAS |
Torrance K, Sparrow EM (1967) Theory for off-specular reflection from roughened surfaces. Journal of the Optical Society of America 57, 1105–1114.
| Theory for off-specular reflection from roughened surfaces.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tucker CJ, Garratt MW (1977) Leaf optical system modeled as a stochastic-process. Applied Optics 16, 635–642.
| Leaf optical system modeled as a stochastic-process.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXhtFOrsr0%3D&md5=bda3747ce9eb3332c21962550e4811bdCAS |
Tuzet A, Perrier A, Leuning R (2003) A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration. Plant, Cell & Environment 26, 1097–1116.
| A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang YP, Leuning R (1998) A two-leaf model for canopy conductance, photosynthesis and partitioning of available energy I: model description and comparison with a multi-layered model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 91, 89–111.
| A two-leaf model for canopy conductance, photosynthesis and partitioning of available energy I: model description and comparison with a multi-layered model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang YH, Li JY (2008) Molecular basis of plant architecture. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59, 253–279.
| Molecular basis of plant architecture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXntFaqsLk%3D&md5=8ea08c18125ca3f8b6d6c80110b720d3CAS |
Watanabe T, Hanan JS, Room PM, Hasegawa T, Nakagawa H, Takahashi W (2005) Rice morphogenesis and plant architecture: measurement, specification and the reconstruction of structural development by 3D architectural modelling. Annals of Botany 95, 1131–1143.
| Rice morphogenesis and plant architecture: measurement, specification and the reconstruction of structural development by 3D architectural modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wells R, Meredith WR, Williford JR (1986) Canopy photosynthesis and its relationship to plant productivity in near-isogenic cotton lines differing in leaf morphology. Plant Physiology 82, 635–640.
| Canopy photosynthesis and its relationship to plant productivity in near-isogenic cotton lines differing in leaf morphology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cnhslamsg%3D%3D&md5=df53d937006c3f7f756cb729dd44a66cCAS |
Yang Y, Kim SH, Timlin DJ, Fleisher DH, Quebedeaux B, Reddy VR (2009) Simulating canopy transpiration and photosynthesis of corn plants under contrasting water regimes using a coupled model. Transactions of the ASABE 52, 1011–1024.
Zelitch I (1982) The close relationship between net photosynthesis and crop yield. Bioscience 32, 796–802.
| The close relationship between net photosynthesis and crop yield.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zheng BY, Shi LJ, Ma YT, Deng QY, Li BG, Guo Y (2008) Comparison of architecture among different cultivars of hybrid rice using a spatial light model based on 3D digitising. Functional Plant Biology 35, 900–910.
| Comparison of architecture among different cultivars of hybrid rice using a spatial light model based on 3D digitising.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhu XG, Portis AR, Long SP (2004a) Would transformation of C3 crop plants with foreign Rubisco increase productivity? A computational analysis extrapolating from kinetic properties to canopy photosynthesis. Plant, Cell & Environment 27, 155–165.
| Would transformation of C3 crop plants with foreign Rubisco increase productivity? A computational analysis extrapolating from kinetic properties to canopy photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXisFKru7c%3D&md5=928e36c3974ce00ce919d2ccc4c0b554CAS |
Zhu XG, Ort DR, Whitmarsh J, Long SP (2004b) The slow reversibility of photosystem II thermal energy dissipation on transfer from high to low light may cause large losses in carbon gain by crop canopies: a theoretical analysis. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 1167–1175.
| The slow reversibility of photosystem II thermal energy dissipation on transfer from high to low light may cause large losses in carbon gain by crop canopies: a theoretical analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXksVagsrk%3D&md5=c2ca69dee008042576459049a38cf217CAS |
Zhu XG, Long SP, Ort DR (2010) Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield. Annual Review of Plant Biology 61, 235–261.
| Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnslSjsL8%3D&md5=8cab349683dc69218d0c6c170854474dCAS |
Zhu X-G, Song Q, Ort DR (2012) Elements of a dynamic systems model of canopy photosynthesis. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 15, 237–244.
| Elements of a dynamic systems model of canopy photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XnvVSit7w%3D&md5=906e0ee80f437f79a3c8d87a1fd0ab38CAS |
