Natural 15N/14N isotope composition in C3 leaves: are enzymatic isotope effects informative for predicting the 15N-abundance in key metabolites?
Guillaume Tcherkez
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France. Email: guillaume.tcherkez@u-psud.fr
Functional Plant Biology 38(1) 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP10091
Submitted: 22 April 2010 Accepted: 24 October 2010 Published: 17 December 2010
Abstract
Although nitrogen isotopes are viewed as important tools for understanding plant N acquisition and allocation, the current interpretation of natural 15N-abundances (δ15N values) is often impaired by substantial variability among individuals or between species. Such variability is likely to stem from the fact that 15N-abundance of assimilated N is not preserved during N metabolism and redistribution within the plant; that is, 14N/15N isotope effects associated with N metabolic reactions are certainly responsible for isotopic shifts between organic-N (amino acids) and absorbed inorganic N (nitrate). Therefore, to gain insights into the metabolic origin of 15N-abundance in plants, the present paper reviews enzymatic isotope effects and integrates them into a metabolic model at the leaf level. Using simple steady-state equations which satisfactorily predict the δ15N value of amino acids, it is shown that the sensitivity of δ15N values to both photorespiratory and N-input (reduction by nitrate reductase) rates is quite high. In other words, the variability in δ15N values observed in nature might originate from subtle changes in metabolic fluxes or environment-driven effects, such as stomatal closure that in turn changes v0, the Rubisco-catalysed oxygenation rate.
Additional keywords: fractionation, glutamate, GS/GOGAT cycle, isotope composition, photorespiration.
References
Abell LM, O’Leary MH (1988) Nitrogen isotope effects on glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 27, 3325–3330.| Nitrogen isotope effects on glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhvVaksb4%3D&md5=ac7b49b82e425baf50b6fcedbcc22799CAS | 3291948PubMed |
Allan WL, Shelp BJ (2006) Fluctuations of γ-aminobutyrate, γ-hydroxyburtyrate and related amino acids in Arabidopsis leaves as a function of the light-dark cycle, leaf age and N stress. Canadian Journal of Botany 84, 1339–1346.
| Fluctuations of γ-aminobutyrate, γ-hydroxyburtyrate and related amino acids in Arabidopsis leaves as a function of the light-dark cycle, leaf age and N stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlSktrvK&md5=92e3a8e83ffa7502885e6a4290203db7CAS |
Appels MA, Haaker H (1991) Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase in pea root nodules. Plant Physiology 95, 740–747.
| Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase in pea root nodules.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXitVeltr4%3D&md5=a21113db39a28a6be48e027c9b40ea3fCAS | 16668048PubMed |
Baptist F, Tcherkez G, Aubert S, Pontailler JY, Choler P, Nogués S (2009) C13 and N15 allocations of two alpine species from early and late snowmelt locations reflect their different growth strategies. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 2725–2735.
| C13 and N15 allocations of two alpine species from early and late snowmelt locations reflect their different growth strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntlGitr0%3D&md5=fa034582ffa1fc4b7405910795756947CAS | 19401411PubMed |
Bol R, Ostle NJ, Petzke KJ (2002) Compound-specific plant aminoacid δ15N values differ with functional plant strategies in temperate grassland. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 165, 661–667.
| Compound-specific plant aminoacid δ15N values differ with functional plant strategies in temperate grassland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhvVaktg%3D%3D&md5=4106873770fa9e7effecec6cd3ed2487CAS |
Bourguignon J, Rebeillé F, Douce R (1999) Ser and Gly metabolism in higher plants. In ‘Plant amino acids’. (Ed. B Singh) (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
Canvin DT, Atkins CA (1974) Nitrate, nitrite and ammonia assimilation by leaves: effect of light, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Planta 116, 207–224.
| Nitrate, nitrite and ammonia assimilation by leaves: effect of light, carbon dioxide and oxygen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXksVOntL0%3D&md5=55b3fc0a9035aca8a8fa8f581226d327CAS |
Carpe AI, Smith IK (1974) Serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): II. The reverse reaction. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Enzymology 370, 96–101.
| Serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): II. The reverse reaction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXmvFOhsA%3D%3D&md5=fe0675c1340e8f206d6db5fe032adfc7CAS |
Cernusak LA, Winter K, Turner BL (2009) Plant δ15N correlates with the transpiration efficiency of nitrogen acquisition in tropical trees. Plant Physiology 151, 1667–1676.
| Plant δ15N correlates with the transpiration efficiency of nitrogen acquisition in tropical trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVCjsbfI&md5=da54db403f706a4769d0319ea0f19eb8CAS | 19726571PubMed |
Cleland WW (1982) Use of isotope effects to elucidate enzyme mechanisms. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry 13, 385–428.
| Use of isotope effects to elucidate enzyme mechanisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXjtVWhuw%3D%3D&md5=903e9710508afbdc956315c21965f284CAS | 6759038PubMed |
Comstock JC (2001) Steady-state isotopic fractionation in branched pathways using plant uptake of NO3 – as an example. Planta 214, 220–234.
| Steady-state isotopic fractionation in branched pathways using plant uptake of NO3 – as an example.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovFKns7s%3D&md5=31f52e16c3d5cb7477d0ce759af68c2fCAS | 11800386PubMed |
Coruzzi GM (2003) Primary N-assimilation into amino acids in Arabidopsis. In ‘The Arabidopsis book’. (American Society of Plant Biologists: Rockville, MD)
Dijkstra P, Williamson C, Menyailo O, Doucett R, Koch G, Hungate BA (2003) Nitrogen stable isotope composition of leaves and roots of plants growing in a forest and a meadow. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 39, 29–39.
| Nitrogen stable isotope composition of leaves and roots of plants growing in a forest and a meadow.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjt1aktLs%3D&md5=79d5340b839f090167fc64248285de1eCAS | 12812253PubMed |
Douce R, Bourguignon J, Neuburger M, Rébeillé F (2001) The glycine decarboxylase system: a fascinating complex. Trends in Plant Science 6, 167–176.
| The glycine decarboxylase system: a fascinating complex.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlsFKmtbo%3D&md5=abf058df7da73f112c391082b05b911cCAS | 11286922PubMed |
Eisenberg D, Harindarpal SG, Pluegl GMU, Rotstein SH (2000) Structure–function relationships of glutamine synthetases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1477, 122–145.
Evans RD (2001) Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition. Trends in Plant Science 6, 121–126.
| Physiological mechanisms influencing plant nitrogen isotope composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlsFGrsr4%3D&md5=22fc836bc1efc35d7194c8efbf00535aCAS | 11239611PubMed |
Farquhar GD, von Caemmerer S, Berry J (1980a) A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta 149, 78–90.
| A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXksVWrt7w%3D&md5=9cdaf795819c80ec3093912f4977b726CAS |
Farquhar GD, Firth PM, Wetselaar R, Weir B (1980b) On the gaseous exchange of ammonia between leaves and the environment: determination of the ammonia compensation point. Plant Physiology 66, 710–714.
| On the gaseous exchange of ammonia between leaves and the environment: determination of the ammonia compensation point.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXmtFyisbs%3D&md5=d1bd98a54001d386218bc62841e38ad2CAS | 16661507PubMed |
Forde BG, Lea PJ (2007) Glutamate in plants: metabolism, regulation, and signalling. Journal of Experimental Botany 58, 2339–2358.
| Glutamate in plants: metabolism, regulation, and signalling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXos1ykt7g%3D&md5=15b108a506125ae41d9873d8ed41de1bCAS | 17578865PubMed |
Gebauer G, Rehder H, Wollenberg B (1988) Nitrate, nitrate reduction and organic nitrogen in plants from different ecological and taxonomic groups of central Europe. Oecologia 75, 371–385.
| Nitrate, nitrate reduction and organic nitrogen in plants from different ecological and taxonomic groups of central Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayes J (2001) Fractionation of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in biosynthetic processes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 43, 225–277.
| Fractionation of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in biosynthetic processes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovVyisr8%3D&md5=45f71c60be76fcfc741eaa5c091a1dc2CAS |
Hermes JD, Weiss PM, Cleland WW (1985) Use of nitrogen-15 and deuterium isotope effects to determine the chemical mechanism of phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Biochemistry 24, 2959–2967.
| Use of nitrogen-15 and deuterium isotope effects to determine the chemical mechanism of phenylalanine ammonia lyase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXktVarsLs%3D&md5=fc0335a8ccb2d1fa87f212c7ed89a770CAS | 3893533PubMed |
Hofmann D, Jung K, Bender J, Gehre M, Schurmann G (1997) Using natural isotope variations of nitrogen in plants as an early indicator of air pollution stress. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 32, 855–863.
| Using natural isotope variations of nitrogen in plants as an early indicator of air pollution stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlsFWnsrw%3D&md5=6378f3bcf16675d3e67939e9684a89e5CAS |
Husek P (1998) Chloroformates in gas chromatography as general purpose derivatizing agents. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 717, 57–91.
| Chloroformates in gas chromatography as general purpose derivatizing agents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnt12ntrk%3D&md5=a402f943f7b64c34554fcca7647c492eCAS |
Kaiser WM, Förster J (1989) Low CO2 prevents nitrate reduction in leaves. Plant Physiology 91, 970–974.
| Low CO2 prevents nitrate reduction in leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXlt1entg%3D%3D&md5=8b9ad0e895817c1b87248fb39d76e209CAS | 16667163PubMed |
Karley AJ, Douglas AE, Parker WE (2002) Amino acid composition and nutritional quality of potato leaf phloem sap for aphids. The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 3009–3018.
Karsten WE, Ohshiro T, Izumi Y, Cook PF (2005) Reaction of serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase with the alternative substrate ketomalonate indicates rate-limiting protonation of a quinonoid intermediate. Biochemistry 44, 15 930–15 936.
| Reaction of serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase with the alternative substrate ketomalonate indicates rate-limiting protonation of a quinonoid intermediate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFKltr%2FN&md5=54e04dfc2d06bf60a5071ed538e5ddc2CAS |
Kendziorek M, Paszkowski A (2008) Properties of serine : glyoxylate aminotransferase purified from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 40, 102–110.
| Properties of serine : glyoxylate aminotransferase purified from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjvFyqt74%3D&md5=d083673f2db913a4c9c8d2eaa86b849dCAS | 18235971PubMed |
Kolb KJ, Evans RD (2003) Influence of nitrogen source and concentration on nitrogen isotopic discrimination in two barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant, Cell & Environment 26, 1431–1440.
| Influence of nitrogen source and concentration on nitrogen isotopic discrimination in two barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotFyru7s%3D&md5=083d61d2ee7e59b917a472f76bf43122CAS |
Kurz JL, Pantano JE, Wright DR, Nasr MM (1986) Equilibrium nitrogen isotope effects ont eh basicity of amines. Journal of Physical Chemistry 90, 5360–5363.
| Equilibrium nitrogen isotope effects ont eh basicity of amines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XlsFantLs%3D&md5=e78ae7c180d31a67460ee48d99ff58cbCAS |
Kurtz KA, Rishavy MA, Cleland WW, Fitzpatrick PF (2000) Nitrogen isotope effects as probes of the mechanism of D-amino acid oxidase. Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, 12 896–12 897.
| Nitrogen isotope effects as probes of the mechanism of D-amino acid oxidase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosFWmt78%3D&md5=34a03b8d0cdba917ee854f41a45056c9CAS |
Ledgard SF, Woo KC, Bergersen FJ (1985) Isotopic fractionation during reduction of nitrate and nitrite by extracts of spinach leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 12, 631–640.
| Isotopic fractionation during reduction of nitrate and nitrite by extracts of spinach leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XosFGjsw%3D%3D&md5=a97a486631e4963fd2f3cc8a13928620CAS |
Little JL (1999) Artifacts in trimethylsilyl derivatization reactions and ways to avoid them. Journal of Chromatography. A 844, 1–22.
| Artifacts in trimethylsilyl derivatization reactions and ways to avoid them.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXksVyhtrk%3D&md5=e501e04d503f7a1193d8cf0c6a98d155CAS | 10399322PubMed |
Macko SA, Fogel-Estep ML, Engel MH, Hare PE (1986) Kinetic fractionation of stable isotopes during amino acid transamination. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 2143–2146.
| Kinetic fractionation of stable isotopes during amino acid transamination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXisFCj&md5=c84937357f4a9fcf67626e7803eb7a3aCAS |
Mariotti A, Mariotti F, Champigny ML, Amarger N, Moyse A (1982) Nitrogen isotope fractionation associated with nitrate reductase activity and uptake of NO3 − by pearl millet. Plant Physiology 69, 880–884.
| Nitrogen isotope fractionation associated with nitrate reductase activity and uptake of NO3 − by pearl millet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38Xhslyiu7Y%3D&md5=40fdf4405e4facab1c70f6019162ad4aCAS | 16662313PubMed |
Nakamura Y, Tolbert NE (1983) Serine : glyoxylate, alanine : glyoxylate, glutamate : glyoxylate aminotransferase reactions in peroxisomes of spinach leaves. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258, 7631–7638.
O’Leary MH, Urberg M, Young AP (1974) Nitrogen isotope effects on the papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-argininamide. Biochemistry 13, 2077–2081.
| Nitrogen isotope effects on the papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-argininamide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXks1Sjs70%3D&md5=93cace8673fff018baf5ae2bc83c0b07CAS | 4207908PubMed |
Pate JS (1973) Uptake, assimilation and transport of nitrogen compounds by plants. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 5, 109–119.
| Uptake, assimilation and transport of nitrogen compounds by plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXlsFaqsg%3D%3D&md5=3243ce7759c95bcfe63dac3a208145ddCAS |
Rachmilevitch S, Cousins AB, Bloom AJ (2004) Nitrate assimilation in plant shoots depends on photorespiration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 11 506–11 510.
| Nitrate assimilation in plant shoots depends on photorespiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvVKgu7s%3D&md5=17b7129dab8374afb0a9f288e71647c5CAS |
Ralph EC, Hirschi JS, Anderson MA, Cleland WW, Singleton DA, Fitzpatrick PF (2007) Insights into the mechanism of flavoprotein-catalyzed amine oxidation from nitrogen isotope effects on the reaction of N-methyltryptophan oxidase. Biochemistry 46, 7655–7664.
| Insights into the mechanism of flavoprotein-catalyzed amine oxidation from nitrogen isotope effects on the reaction of N-methyltryptophan oxidase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlvFKjt7k%3D&md5=cc26998decefc24d50409189410929c9CAS | 17542620PubMed |
Reed AJ, Canvin DT, Sherrard JH, Hageman RH (1983) Assimilation of [15N]nitrate and [15N]nitrite in leaves of five plant species under light and dark conditions. Plant Physiology 71, 291–294.
| Assimilation of [15N]nitrate and [15N]nitrite in leaves of five plant species under light and dark conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXht1aru70%3D&md5=a29300f89749eeab9923dd3badcffdb5CAS | 16662819PubMed |
Rishavy MA, Cleland WW (1999) 13C, 15N and 18O equilibrium isotope effects and fractionation factors. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, 967–977.
| 13C, 15N and 18O equilibrium isotope effects and fractionation factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkvVKmtb0%3D&md5=04a53ba8f47cd3e08b31853c34227366CAS |
Rishavy MA, Cleland WW (2000) 13C and 15N kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of aspartate aminotransferase and the tyrosine-225 to phenylalanine mutant. Biochemistry 39, 7546–7551.
| 13C and 15N kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of aspartate aminotransferase and the tyrosine-225 to phenylalanine mutant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsFOrsLY%3D&md5=8b60a7214f4f8f485dbb5f874c215efbCAS | 10858304PubMed |
Rishavy MA, Cleland WW, Lusty CJ (2000) 15N isotope effects in glutamine hydrolysis catalyzed by carbamyl phosphate synthetase: evidence for a tetrahedral intermediate in the mechanism. Biochemistry 39, 7309–7315.
| 15N isotope effects in glutamine hydrolysis catalyzed by carbamyl phosphate synthetase: evidence for a tetrahedral intermediate in the mechanism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsVaqsbc%3D&md5=a97372b4c3c54b09583ef0dddc6c662fCAS | 10852731PubMed |
Robinson D, Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM (1998) A theory for 15N/14N fractionation in nitrate-grown vascular plants. Planta 205, 397–406.
| A theory for 15N/14N fractionation in nitrate-grown vascular plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjvVKrs7Y%3D&md5=f22e65feea88dc8b41af458f4087e9ebCAS |
Robinson D, Handley LL, Scrimgeour CM, Gordon DC, Forster BP, Ellis RP (2000) Using stable isotope natural abundance (δ15N and δ13C) to integrate the stress response of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch.) genotypes. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 41–50.
| Using stable isotope natural abundance (δ15N and δ13C) to integrate the stress response of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch.) genotypes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXpslKjsQ%3D%3D&md5=f1b6c88db329644522ea64a2cc5caf8dCAS | 10938794PubMed |
Rodriguez EJ, Angeles TS, Meek TD (1993) Use of nitrogen-15 isotope effects to elucidate details of the chemical mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease. Biochemistry 32, 12 380–12 385.
| Use of nitrogen-15 isotope effects to elucidate details of the chemical mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXis1antw%3D%3D&md5=2e3da924c5a3a2ed177afe4f2d3fa902CAS |
Sacks GL, Brenna JT (2005) 15N/14N position-specific isotopic analyses of polynitrogenous amino acids. Analytical Chemistry 77, 1013–1019.
Scheible WR, Krapp A, Stitt M (2000) Reciprocal diurnal changes of PEPc expression, cytosolic pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase expression regulate organic acid metabolism during nitrate assimilation in tobacco leaves. Plant, Cell & Environment 23, 1155–1167.
| Reciprocal diurnal changes of PEPc expression, cytosolic pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase expression regulate organic acid metabolism during nitrate assimilation in tobacco leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXos1yms7g%3D&md5=73896c64f23ce86426211b19fe81f7a3CAS |
Schjoerring JK, Husted S, Mäck G, Nielsen KH, Finnemann J, Mattsson M (2000) Physiological regulation of plant–atmosphere ammonia exchange. Plant and Soil 221, 95–102.
| Physiological regulation of plant–atmosphere ammonia exchange.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlslyns7o%3D&md5=755d6c072d04ef5cbfe45e070e158410CAS |
Schmidt HL (2003) Fundamentals and systematics of the non-statistical distributions of isotopes in natural compounds. Naturwissenschaften 90, 537–552.
| Fundamentals and systematics of the non-statistical distributions of isotopes in natural compounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpvVShtL4%3D&md5=19acfbd76fe4e49c0ba1ad059c91e8feCAS | 14676950PubMed |
Schmidt HL, Hexel H (1997) Metabolite pools and metabolic branching as factors of in vivo isotope discriminations by kinetic isotope effects. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 33, 19–30.
| Metabolite pools and metabolic branching as factors of in vivo isotope discriminations by kinetic isotope effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stock WD, Evans JR (2006) Effects of water availability, nitrogen supply and atmospheric CO2 concentrations on plant nitrogen natural abundance values. Functional Plant Biology 33, 219–227.
| Effects of water availability, nitrogen supply and atmospheric CO2 concentrations on plant nitrogen natural abundance values.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhvFCqsrY%3D&md5=9bdb65f3610546db7f0a63f3c33f7531CAS |
Stoker PW, O’Leary MH, Boehlein SK, Schuster SM, Richards NGJ (1996) Probing the mechanism of nitrogen transfer in Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase by using heavy atom isotope effects. Biochemistry 35, 3024–3030.
| Probing the mechanism of nitrogen transfer in Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase by using heavy atom isotope effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhtVCjsbs%3D&md5=2463b817d724b4e0b18c9ec2df46aa29CAS | 8608141PubMed |
Tcherkez G (2006) How large is the isotope fractionation by the photorespiratory enzyme glycine decarboxylase? Functional Plant Biology 33, 911–920.
| How large is the isotope fractionation by the photorespiratory enzyme glycine decarboxylase?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVaks77K&md5=afd0dde1e74a4ccb74e9fbe043dc6bc0CAS |
Tcherkez G, Farquhar GD (2006) Isotopic fractionation by plant nitrate reductase, twenty years later. Functional Plant Biology 33, 531–537.
| Isotopic fractionation by plant nitrate reductase, twenty years later.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XltFGhs78%3D&md5=9a950a102a7827f0e0b01e292703dfe9CAS |
Tcherkez G, Hodges M (2008) How stable isotopes may help to elucidate primary nitrogen metabolism and its interactions with (photo)respiration in C3 leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 1685–1693.
| How stable isotopes may help to elucidate primary nitrogen metabolism and its interactions with (photo)respiration in C3 leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmtleltbo%3D&md5=eaa211795f936e3a4c37863c5aaaf9e5CAS | 17646207PubMed |
Tcherkez G, Farquhar GD, Badeck F, Ghashghaie J (2004) Theoretical considerations about carbon isotope distribution in glucose of C3 plants. Functional Plant Biology 31, 857–877.
| Theoretical considerations about carbon isotope distribution in glucose of C3 plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnsleltbk%3D&md5=5dc34662d24fdf0e77654ffbae4b94a8CAS |
Tcherkez G, Mahé A, Gauthier P, Mauve C, Gout E, Bligny R, Cornic G, Hodges M (2009) In folio respiratory fluxomics revealed by 13C isotopic labeling and H/D isotope effects highlight the non-cyclic nature of the tricarboxylic acid ‘cycle’ in illuminated leaves. Plant Physiology 151, 620–630.
| In folio respiratory fluxomics revealed by 13C isotopic labeling and H/D isotope effects highlight the non-cyclic nature of the tricarboxylic acid ‘cycle’ in illuminated leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht12qu7fK&md5=d67f11b939320e57b9b0630d89ea9d08CAS | 19675152PubMed |
Tewari YB, Goldberg RN, Rozzell JD (2000) Thermodynamics of reactions catalysed by branched-chain-amino acid transaminase. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 32, 1381–1398.
| Thermodynamics of reactions catalysed by branched-chain-amino acid transaminase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXovFeltrk%3D&md5=aacac2da1ff5520d3a62d813d8b68b6aCAS |
van den Heuvel RHH, Curti B, Vanoni MA, Mattevi A (2004) Glutamate synthase: a fascinating pathway from L-glutamine to L-glutamate. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 61, 669–681.
| Glutamate synthase: a fascinating pathway from L-glutamine to L-glutamate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjsFyrtbs%3D&md5=7e4ccba099cf6116557b816751507074CAS | 15052410PubMed |
Weiss PM, Chen CY, Cleland WW, Cook PF (1988) Use of primary deuterium and 15N isotope effects to deduce the relative rates of steps in the mechanism of alanine and glutamate dehydrogenases. Biochemistry 27, 4814–4822.
| Use of primary deuterium and 15N isotope effects to deduce the relative rates of steps in the mechanism of alanine and glutamate dehydrogenases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXktF2gu7o%3D&md5=66d5a156c6115918a62cbabd7359521dCAS | 3139028PubMed |
Werner RA, Schmidt HL (2002) The in vivo nitrogen isotope discrimination among organic plant compounds. Phytochemistry 61, 465–484.
| The in vivo nitrogen isotope discrimination among organic plant compounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xot1Wmu70%3D&md5=8069b818a2cf30f2062923e277b6d066CAS | 12409013PubMed |
Wright SK, Rishavy MA, Cleland WW (2003) 2H, 13C and 15N kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of the ammonia-rescued K258A mutant of aspartate aminotransferase. Biochemistry 42, 8369–8376.
| 2H, 13C and 15N kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of the ammonia-rescued K258A mutant of aspartate aminotransferase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXksF2ktrg%3D&md5=0086d795d44e13365d62ddde7c35c97dCAS | 12846586PubMed |
Yoneyama T, Tanaka F (1999) Natural abundance of 15N in nitrate, ureides, and aminoacids from plant tissues. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 45, 751–755.
Yoneyama T, Kamachi K, Yamaya T, Mae T (1993) Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes by glutamine synthetase isolated from spinach leaves. Plant & Cell Physiology 34, 489–491.
Yoneyama T, Fujihara S, Yagi K (1998) Natural abundance of 15N in amino acids and polyamines from leguminous nodules: unique 15N enrichment in homospermidine. Journal of Experimental Botany 49, 521–526.
| Natural abundance of 15N in amino acids and polyamines from leguminous nodules: unique 15N enrichment in homospermidine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
