Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) genotypes tolerant to intermittent drought maintain a high harvest index and have small leaf canopy under stress
P. Ratnakumar A and V. Vadez A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India.
B Corresponding author. Email: v.vadez@cgiar.org
Functional Plant Biology 38(12) 1016-1023 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP11145
Submitted: 24 June 2011 Accepted: 21 September 2011 Published: 7 November 2011
Abstract
Intermittent drought, which varies in intensity, severely limits groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yields. Experiments were conducted to assess root development, water uptake, transpiration efficiency, yield components and their relationships, in 20 groundnut genotypes under well watered (WW), and mild (DS-1), medium (DS-2) and severe (DS-3) intermittent stress. Pod yield decreased 70%, 55% and 35% under severe, medium and mild stress, respectively. Pod yield varied among genotypes, and showed significant genotype-by-treatment effects. Root length density (RLD) varied among genotypes before and after stress, although RLD did not discriminate tolerant from sensitive lines. Total water uptake and RLD under water stress had a weakly significant relationship. Water extraction from the soil profile was highest under severe stress. Water uptake varied among genotypes in all water regimes, but correlated with pod yield under WW conditions. The relative harvest index (HI) (i.e. the ratio of the HI under stress to HI under WW conditions) was closely related to the pod yield in all three intermittent stresses (R2 = 0.68 in DS-1; R2 = 0.65 in DS-2; R2 = 0.86 in DS-3) and was used as an index of stress tolerance. Under medium and severe stresses, the relative HI was negatively related to plant leaf weight (R2 = 0.79 in DS-2; R2 = 0.53 in DS-3), but less so under mild stress (R2 = 0.31). The results suggest that under intermittent stress, genotypes with a lower leaf area may use water more sparingly during the drying cycle with less damaging consequences for reproduction and pod.
Additional keywords: lysimetric system, pod yield, root characteristics, water deficit intensities, water uptake.
References
Amato M, Ritchie JT (2002) Spatial distribution of roots and water uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by soil structure. Crop Science 42, 773–780.| Spatial distribution of roots and water uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by soil structure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boote KJ, Stansell JR, Schubert AM, Stone JF (1982) Irrigation, water use and water relations. In ‘Peanut science and technology’. (Eds HE Pattee, CT Young) pp. 164–205. (American Peanut Research Education Society: Yoakum, TX)
Boyer JS, Westgate ME (2004) Grain yield with limited water. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 2385–2394.
| Grain yield with limited water.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovVOisr8%3D&md5=d5daae6d5873228ee61ab4f9b94f72e1CAS |
Brockwell J (1982) Inoculation methods for field experimenters and farmers. In ‘Nitrogen fixation in legumes’. (Ed JM Vincent) pp. 211–221. (Academic Press: New York)
De Costa WA, Shanmigasthasan KN, Joseph KD (1999) Physiology of yield determination of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) under various irrigation regimes in the dry and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka. Field Crops Research 61, 1–12.
| Physiology of yield determination of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) under various irrigation regimes in the dry and intermediate zones of Sri Lanka.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Devries JD, Bennett JM, Albrecht SL, Boote KJ (1989) Water relations, nitrogenase activity and root development of three grain legumes in response to soil water deficits. Field Crops Research 21, 215–226.
| Water relations, nitrogenase activity and root development of three grain legumes in response to soil water deficits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Girdthai T, Jogloy S, Vorasoot N, Akkasaeng C, Wongkaew S, Corley HC, Patanothai A (2010) Heritability of, and genotypic correlations between, aflatoxin traits and physiological traits for drought tolerance under end of season drought in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crops Research 118, 169–176.
| Heritability of, and genotypic correlations between, aflatoxin traits and physiological traits for drought tolerance under end of season drought in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hamblin AP, Tennant D (1987) Root length density and water uptake in cereals and grain legumes: how well are they correlated? Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, 513–527.
| Root length density and water uptake in cereals and grain legumes: how well are they correlated?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hamidou F, Ratnakumar P, Halilou O, Mponda O, Kapewa T, Monyo E, Faye I, Ntare B, Nigam SN, Upadhyaya HD, Vadez V (2012) Selection of intermittent drought stress tolerant lines across years and locations in the reference collection of groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) Field Crops Research
| Selection of intermittent drought stress tolerant lines across years and locations in the reference collection of groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jongrungklang N, Toomsan B, Vorasoot N, Jogloy S, Boote KJ, Hoogenboom G, Patanothai A (2011) Rooting traits of groundnut genotypes with different yield responses to pre-flowering drought stress. Field Crops Research 120, 262–270.
| Rooting traits of groundnut genotypes with different yield responses to pre-flowering drought stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krishnamurthy L, Vadez V, Devi MJ, Serraj R, Nigam SN, Sheshshayee MS, Chandra S, Aruna R (2007) Variation in transpiration efficiency and its related traits in a groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) mapping population. Field Crops Research 103, 189–197.
| Variation in transpiration efficiency and its related traits in a groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) mapping population.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nageswara Rao RC, Singh S, Sivakumar MVK, Srivastava KL, Williams JH (1985) Effect of water deficits at different growth phases of peanut. I. Yield responses. Agronomy Journal 77, 782–786.
| Effect of water deficits at different growth phases of peanut. I. Yield responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ntare BR, Williams JH (1998) Heritability and genotype × environment interaction for yield and components of a yield model in the segregating populations under semi-arid conditions. African Crop Science Journal 6, 119–127.
Passioura JB (1977) Grain yield, harvest index and water use of wheat. Journal of Australian Institute of Agricultural Sciences 43, 117–121.
Passioura JB (1983) Roots and drought resistance. Agricultural Water Management 7, 265–280.
| Roots and drought resistance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rahmianna AA, Taufiq A, Yusnawan E (2004) Evaluation of ICRISAT groundnut genotypes for end-of-season drought tolerance and aflatoxin contamination in Indonesia. International Arachis Newsletter 24, 14–17.
Ratnakumar P, Vadez V, Nigam SN, Krishnamurthy L (2009) Assessment of transpiration efficiency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under drought by lysimetric system. Plant Biology 11, 124–130.
| Assessment of transpiration efficiency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under drought by lysimetric system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlslajsrc%3D&md5=e0ab383038b0544a90cc4af8b50a64adCAS |
Ravi K, Vadez V, Isobe S, Mir RR, Guo Y, Nigam SN, Gowda MVC, Radhakrishnan T, Bertioli DJ, Knapp SJ, Varshney RK (2011) Identification of several small main-effect QTLs and a large number of epistatic QTLs for drought tolerance related traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 122, 1119–1132.
| Identification of several small main-effect QTLs and a large number of epistatic QTLs for drought tolerance related traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M3msVSgtw%3D%3D&md5=82cf561174be714317ae7407b5194a13CAS |
Serraj R, Hash CT, Buhariwalla HK, Bidinger FR, Folkertsma RT, Chandra S, Gaur PM, Kashiwagi J, Nigam SN, Rupakula A, Crouch JH (2005) Marker-assisted breeding for crop drought tolerance at ICRISAT: achievements and prospects. In ‘In the wake of the double helix: from the green revolution to the gene revolution’. (Eds R Tuberosa, RL Phillips , MD Gale). pp. 217–238. (Avenue Media: Bologna)
Stansell JR, Pallas JE (1985) Yield and quality response of Florunner peanut to applied drought at several growth stages. Peanut Science 12, 64–70.
| Yield and quality response of Florunner peanut to applied drought at several growth stages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner NC (1986) Crop water deficits: a decade of progress. Advances in Agronomy 39, 1–51.
| Crop water deficits: a decade of progress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vadez V, Krishnamurthy L, Kashiwagi JW, Kholova J, Devi JM, Sharma KK, Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Hoisington DA, Hash CT, Bidinger FR, Keatinge JDH (2007a) ‘Exploiting the functionality of root systems for dry, saline, and nutrient deficient environments in a changing climate’. (ICRISTAT: Patancheru, India) Available at: http://www.icrisat.org/journal/SpecialProject/sp10.pdf [Verified 4 October 2011]
Vadez V, Krishnamurthy L, Gaur PM, Upadhyaya HD, Hoisington DA, Varshney RK, Turner NC, Siddique KHM (2007b) Large variation in salinity tolerance is explained by differences in the sensitivity of reproductive stages in chickpea. Field Crops Research 104, 123–129.
| Large variation in salinity tolerance is explained by differences in the sensitivity of reproductive stages in chickpea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vadez V, Rao S, Kholova J, Krishnamurthy L, Kashiwagi J, Ratnakumar P, Sharma KK, Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Basu PS (2008) Roots research for legume tolerance to drought: quo vadis? Journal of Food Legumes 21, 77–85.
Vadez V, Deshpande S, Kholova J, Hammer GL, Borrell AK, Talwar HS, Hash CT (2011) Stay-green QTLs effects on water extraction, transpiration efficiency and seed yield depend on recipient parent background. Functional Plant Biology 38, 553–566.
| Stay-green QTLs effects on water extraction, transpiration efficiency and seed yield depend on recipient parent background.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright GC, Nageswara Rao RC (1994) Groundnut water relations. In ‘The groundnut crops’. (Ed. J Smartt) pp. 281–235. (Chapman and Hall: London)
Wright GC, Hubick KT, Farquhar GD (1991) Physiological analysis of peanut cultivar response to timing and duration of drought stress. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, 453–470.
| Physiological analysis of peanut cultivar response to timing and duration of drought stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright GC, Nageswara Rao RC, Farquhar GD (1994) Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in groundnut under water deficit conditions. Crop Science 34, 92–97.
| Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in groundnut under water deficit conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zaman-Allah M, Jenkinson D, Vadez V (2011) A conservative pattern of water use, rather than deep or profuse rooting, is critical for the terminal drought tolerance of chickpea. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 4239–4252.
| A conservative pattern of water use, rather than deep or profuse rooting, is critical for the terminal drought tolerance of chickpea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVeit7jJ&md5=bda1604df1bb36d9895b498683001d4bCAS |
