Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world
Monika S. Doblin A , Filomena Pettolino A and Antony Bacic A B CA Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.
B Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: abacic@unimelb.edu.au
Functional Plant Biology 37(5) 357-381 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09279
Submitted: 16 November 2009 Accepted: 2 February 2010 Published: 30 April 2010
Abstract
Plants are our major source of renewable biomass. Since cell walls represent some 50% of this biomass, they are major targets for biotechnology. Major drivers are their potential as a renewable source of energy as transport fuels (biofuels), functional foods to improve human health and as a source of raw materials to generate building blocks for industrial processes (biobased industries). To achieve sustainable development, we must optimise plant production and utilisation and this will require a complete understanding of wall structure and function at the molecular/biochemical level. This overview summarises the current state of knowledge in relation to the synthesis and assembly of the wall polysaccharides (i.e. the genes and gene families encoding the polysaccharide synthases and glycosyltransferases (GlyTs)), the predominant macromolecular components. We also touch on an exciting emerging role of the cell wall–plasma membrane–cytoskeleton continuum as a signal perception and transduction pathway allowing plant growth regulation in response to endogenous and exogenous cues.
Additional keywords: cell wall–plasma membrane–cytoskeleton continuum, glycosyltransferase, polysaccharide structure and biosynthesis, synthase.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the generous support of the Australia Research Council (current grant ARC LP0989478) and Grains Research and Development Corporation over many years and more recently the Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation Flagship Collaborative Research Program, provided to the High Fibre Grains Cluster via the Food Futures Flagship, that has enabled us to pursue research, fundamental and strategic, into wall structure and function.
Andème-Onzighi C,
Sivaguru M,
Judy-March J,
Baskin T, Driouich A
(2002) The reb1–1 mutation of Arabidopsis alters the morphology of trichoblasts, the expression of arabinogalactan-proteins and the organization of cortical microtubules. Planta 215, 949–958.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Anderson CM,
Wagner TA,
Perret M,
He Z-H,
He D, Kohorn BD
(2001) WAKs: cell wall-associated kinases linking the cytoplasm to the extracellular matrix. Plant Molecular Biology 47, 197–206.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Arioli T,
Peng L,
Betzner AS,
Burn J, Wittke W ,
et al
.
(1998) Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Science 279, 717–720.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Aspeborg H,
Schrader J,
Coutinho PM,
Stam M, Kallas Å ,
et al
.
(2005) Carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in the secondary cell wall biogenesis in hybrid aspen. Plant Physiology 137, 983–997.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Atanassov II,
Pittman JK, Turner SR
(2009) Elucidating the mechanisms of assembly and subunit interaction of the cellulose synthase complex of Arabidopsis secondary cell walls. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, 3833–3841.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Bacic A
(2006) Breaking an impasse in pectin biosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 5639–5640.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Baskin TI
(2005) Anisotropic expansion of the plant cell wall. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21, 203–222.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Baskin TI,
Betzner AS,
Hoggart R,
Cork A, Williamson RE
(1992) Root morphology mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 19, 427–437.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Becker JD,
Boavida LC,
Carneiro J,
Haury M, Feijo JA
(2003) Transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis tissues reveals the unique characteristics of the pollen transcriptome. Plant Physiology 133, 713–725.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Bernal AJ,
Jensen JK,
Harholt J,
Sørensen S, Moller I ,
et al
.
(2007) Disruption of ATCSLD5 results in reduced growth, reduced xylan and homogalacturonan synthase activity and altered xylan occurrence in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 52, 791–802.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Bernal AJ,
Yoo C-M,
Mutwil M,
Jensen JK,
Hou G,
Blaukopf C,
Sørensen I,
Blancaflor EB,
Scheller HV, Willats WGT
(2008) Functional analysis of the cellulose synthase-like genes CSLD1, CSLD2, and CSLD4 in tip-growing Arabidopsis cells. Plant Physiology 148, 1238–1253.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Boerjan W,
Ralph J, Baucher M
(2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology 54, 519–546.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Boudet AM,
Kajita S,
Grima-Pettenati J, Goffner D
(2003) Lignins and lignocellulosics: a better control of synthesis for new and improved uses. Trends in Plant Science 8, 576–581.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Bouton S,
Leboeuf E,
Mouille G,
Leydecker M-T,
Talbotec J,
Granier F,
Lahaye M,
Hofte H, Truong H-N
(2002) QUASIMODO1 encodes a putative membrane-bound glycosyltransferase required for normal pectin synthesis and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 14, 2577–2590.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Brown DM,
Zeef LAH,
Ellis J,
Goodacre R, Turner SR
(2005) Identification of novel genes in Arabidopsis involved in secondary cell wall formation using expression profiling and reverse genetics. The Plant Cell 17, 2281–2295.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Brown DM,
Goubet F,
Wong VW,
Goodacre R,
Stephens E,
Dupree P, Turner SR
(2007) Comparison of five xylan synthesis mutants reveals new insight into the mechanisms of xylan synthesis. The Plant Journal 52, 1154–1168.
| Crossref |
PubMed |
Brown DM,
Zhinong Z,
Stephens E,
Dupree P, Turner SR
(2009) Characterization of IRX10 and IRX10-like reveals an essential role in glucuronoxylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 57, 732–746.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Brownfield L,
Ford K,
Doblin MS,
Newbigin E,
Read S, Bacic A
(2007) Proteomic and biochemical evidence links the callose synthase in Nicotiana alata pollen tubes to the product of the NaGSL1 gene. The Plant Journal 52, 147–156.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Burget EG, Reiter W-D
(1999) The mur4 mutant of Arabidopsis is partially defective in the de novo synthesis of uridine diphospho L-arabinose. Plant Physiology 121, 383–390.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Burget EG,
Verma R,
Molhoj M, Reiter W-D
(2003) The biosynthesis of L-arabinose in plants: molecular cloning and characterization of a Golgi-localized UDP-d-xylose 4-epimerase encoded by the MUR4 gene of Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 15, 523–531.
| Crossref | d-xylose 4-epimerase encoded by the MUR4 gene of Arabidopsis.&journal=The Plant Cell&volume=15&pages=523-531&publication_year=2003&author=W%2DD%20Reiter&hl=en&doi=10.1105/tpc.008425" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Burk DH, Ye Z-H
(2002) Alteration of oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils by mutation of a katanin-like microtubule-severing protein. The Plant Cell 14, 2145–2160.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Burton RA, Fincher GB
(2009) (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans in cell walls of the poaceae, lower plants, and fungi: a tale of two linkages. Molecular Plant 2, 873–882.
| Crossref | d-glucans in cell walls of the poaceae, lower plants, and fungi: a tale of two linkages.&journal=Molecular Plant&volume=2&pages=873-882&publication_year=2009&author=GB%20Fincher&hl=en&doi=10.1093/mp/ssp063" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Burton RA,
Wilson SM,
Hrmova M,
Harvey AJ,
Shirley NJ,
Medhurst A,
Stone BA,
Newbigin EJ,
Bacic A, Fincher GB
(2006) Cellulose synthase-like CslF genes mediate the synthesis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans. Science 311, 1940–1942.
| Crossref | d-glucans.&journal=Science&volume=311&pages=1940-1942&publication_year=2006&author=GB%20Fincher&hl=en&doi=10.1126/science.1122975" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Burton RA,
Jobling SA,
Harvey AJ,
Shirley NJ,
Mather DE,
Bacic A, Fincher GB
(2008) The genetics and transcriptional profiles of the cellulose synthase-like HvCslF gene family in barley. Plant Physiology 146, 1821–1833.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Buxton DR, Redfearn DD
(1997) Plant limitations to fiber digestion and utilization. The Journal of Nutrition 127, 814S–818S.
| PubMed |
Cantarel BL,
Coutinho PM,
Rancurel C,
Bernard T,
Lombard V, Henrissat B
(2009) The Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for glycogenomics. Nucleic Acids Research 37, D233–D238.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM
(1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. The Plant Journal 3, 1–30.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Carpita N,
Tierney M, Campbell M
(2001a) Molecular biology of the plant cell wall: searching for the genes that define structure, architecture and dynamics. Plant Molecular Biology 47, 1–5.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Carpita NC,
Defernez M,
Findlay K,
Wells B,
Shoue DA,
Catchpole G,
Wilson RH, McCann MC
(2001b) Cell wall architecture of the elongating maize coleoptile. Plant Physiology 127, 551–565.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Cavalier DM, Keegstra K
(2006) Two xyloglucan xylosyltransferases catalyze the addition of multiple xylosyl residues to cellohexaose. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, 34197–34207.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Cavalier DM,
Lerouxel O,
Neumetzler L,
Yamauchi K, Reinecke A ,
et al
.
(2008) Disrupting two Arabidopsis thaliana xylosyltransferase genes results in plants deficient in xyloglucan, a major primary cell wall component. The Plant Cell 20, 1519–1537.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Chu Z,
Chen H,
Zhang Y,
Zhang Z, Zheng N ,
et al
.
(2007) Knockout of the AtCESA2 gene affects microtubule orientation and causes abnormal cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 143, 213–224.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Cocuron J-C,
Lerouxel O,
Drakakaki G,
Alonso AP,
Liepman AH,
Keegstra K,
Raikhel N, Wilkerson CG
(2007) A gene from the cellulose synthase-like C family encodes a β-1,4 glucan synthase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 8550–8555.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Colombani A,
Djerbi S,
Bessueille L,
Blomqvist K,
Ohlsson A,
Berglund T,
Teeri TT, Bulone V
(2004)
In vitro synthesis of (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan (callose) and cellulose by detergent extracts of membranes from cell suspension cultures of hybrid aspen. Cellulose 11, 313–327.
| Crossref | d-glucan (callose) and cellulose by detergent extracts of membranes from cell suspension cultures of hybrid aspen.&journal=Cellulose&volume=11&pages=313-327&publication_year=2004&author=V%20Bulone&hl=en&doi=10.1023/B:CELL.0000046404.25406.19" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cosgrove DJ
(2005) Growth of the plant cell wall. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 6, 850–861.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Coutinho PM,
Starn M,
Blanc E, Henrissat B
(2003) Why are there so many carbohydrate-active enzyme-related genes in plants? Trends in Plant Science 8, 563–565.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Cui XJ,
Shin HS,
Song C,
Laosinchai W,
Amano Y, Brown RM
(2001) A putative plant homolog of the yeast beta-1,3-glucan synthase subunit FKS1 from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers. Planta 213, 223–230.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
DeBolt S,
Gutierrez R,
Ehrhardt DW,
Melo CV,
Ross L,
Cutler SR,
Somerville C, Bonetta D
(2007) Morlin, an inhibitor of cortical microtubule dynamics and cellulose synthase movement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 5854–5859.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Delmer DP
(1999) Cellulose biosynthesis: exciting times for a difficult field of study. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 50, 245–276.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Desprez T,
Juraniec M,
Crowell E,
Jouy H,
Pochylova Z,
Parcy F,
Höfte H,
Gonneau M, Vernhettes S
(2007) Organization of cellulose synthase complexes involved in primary cell wall synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 15572–15577.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Dhugga KS,
Barreiro R,
Whitten B,
Stecca K,
Hazebroek J,
Randhawa GS,
Dolan M,
Kinney AJ,
Tomes D,
Nichols S, Anderson P
(2004) Guar seed β-mannan synthase is a member of the cellulose synthase super gene family. Science 303, 363–366.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Doblin MS,
De Melis L,
Newbigin E,
Bacic A, Read SM
(2001) Pollen tubes of Nicotiana alata express two genes from different β-glucan synthase families. Plant Physiology 125, 2040–2052.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Doblin MS,
Pettolino FA,
Wilson SM,
Campbell R,
Burton RA,
Fincher GB,
Newbigin E, Bacic A
(2009) A barley cellulose synthase-like CSLH gene mediates (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan synthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 5996–6001.
| Crossref | d-glucan synthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis.&journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America&volume=106&pages=5996-6001&publication_year=2009&author=A%20Bacic&hl=en&doi=10.1073/pnas.0902019106" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Dong X,
Hong Z,
Sivaramakrishnan M,
Mahfouz M, Verma DPS
(2005) Callose synthase (CalS5) is required for exine formation during microgametogenesis and for pollen viability in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal 42, 315–328.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Du H,
Clarke AE, Bacic A
(1996) Arabinogalactan-proteins: a class of extracellular matrix proteoglycans involved in plant growth and development. Trends in Cell Biology 6, 411–414.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Dunkley TPJ,
Hester S,
Shadforth IP,
Runions J, Weimar T ,
et al
.
(2006) Mapping the Arabidopsis organelle proteome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 6518–6523.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Dwivany FM,
Yulia D,
Burton RA,
Shirley NJ,
Wilson SM,
Fincher GB,
Bacic A,
Newbigin E, Doblin MS
(2009) The Cellulose-Synthase Like C (CSLC) family of barley includes members that are integral membrane proteins targeted to the plasma membrane. Molecular Plant 2, 1025–1039.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Edwards ME,
Dickson CA,
Chengappa S,
Sidebottom C,
Gidley MJ, Reid JSG
(1999) Molecular characterisation of a membrane-bound galactosyltransferase of plant cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis. The Plant Journal 19, 691–697.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Edwards ME,
Choo TS,
Dickson CA,
Scott C,
Gidley MJ, Reid JSG
(2004) The seeds of Lotus japonicus lines transformed with sense, antisense, and sense/antisense galactomannan galactosyltransferase constructs have structurally altered galactomannans in their endosperm cell walls. Plant Physiology 134, 1153–1162.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Egelund J,
Petersen BL,
Motawia MS,
Damager I,
Faik A,
Olsend CE,
Ishii T,
Clausen H,
Ulvskov P, Geshi N
(2006)
Arabidopsis thaliana RGXT1 and RGXT2 encode Golgi-localized (1,3)-α-d-xylosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of pectic rhamnogalacturonan-II. The Plant Cell 18, 2593–2607.
| Crossref | d-xylosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of pectic rhamnogalacturonan-II.&journal=The Plant Cell&volume=18&pages=2593-2607&publication_year=2006&author=N%20Geshi&hl=en&doi=10.1105/tpc.105.036566" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Elkins T,
Hortsch M,
Bieber AJ,
Snow PM, Goodman CS
(1990)
Drosophila fasciclin I is a novel homophilic adhesion molecule that along with fasciclin III can mediate cell sorting. The Journal of Cell Biology 110, 1825–1832.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Enns LC,
Kanaoka MM,
Torii KU,
Comai L,
Okada K, Cleland RE
(2005) Two callose synthases, GSL1 and GSL5, play an essential and redundant role in plant and pollen development and in fertility. Plant Molecular Biology 58, 333–349.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Escobar-Restrepo JM,
Huck N,
Kessler S,
Gagliardini V,
Gheyselinck J,
Yang WC, Grossniklaus U
(2007) The FERONIA receptor-like kinase mediates male-female interactions during pollen tube reception. Science 317, 656–660.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Faik A,
Bar-Peled M,
DeRocher AE,
Zeng W,
Perrin RM,
Wilkerson C,
Raikhel NV, Keegstra K
(2000) Biochemical characterization and molecular cloning of an α-1,2-fucosyltransferase that catalyzes the last step of cell wall xyloglucan biosynthesis in pea. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 15082–15089.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Faik A,
Price NJ,
Raikhel NV, Keegstra K
(2002) An Arabidopsis gene encoding an α-xylosyltransferase involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 7797–7802.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Favery B,
Ryan E,
Foreman J,
Linstead P,
Boudonck K,
Steer M,
Shaw P, Dolan L
(2001) KOJAK encodes a cellulose synthase-like protein required for root hair cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Genes & Development 15, 79–89.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Fincher GB
(2009a) Exploring the evolution of (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucans in plant cell walls: comparative genomics can help! Current Opinion in Plant Biology 12, 140–147.
| Crossref | d-glucans in plant cell walls: comparative genomics can help!&journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology&volume=12&pages=140-147&publication_year=2009&author=GB%20Fincher&hl=en&doi=10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.002" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Fincher GB
(2009b) Revolutionary times in our understanding of cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in the grasses. Plant Physiology 149, 27–37.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Fry SC,
York WS,
Albersheim P,
Darvill A, Hayashi T ,
et al
.
(1993) An unambiguous nomenclature for xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. Physiologia Plantarum 89, 1–3.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gardiner JC,
Taylor NG, Turner SR
(2003) Control of cellulose synthase complex localization in developing xylem. The Plant Cell 15, 1740–1748.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Geisler-Lee J,
Geisler M,
Coutinho PM,
Segerman B, Nishikubo N ,
et al
.
(2006) Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes. gene identification and expression analyses. Plant Physiology 140, 946–962.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Gens JS,
Fujiki M, Pickard BG
(2000) Arabinogalactan protein and wall-associated kinase in a plasmalemmal reticulum with specialized vertices. Protoplasma 212, 115–134.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Gibeaut DM, Carpita NC
(1993) Synthesis of (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan in the Golgi apparatus of maize coleoptiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90, 3850–3854.
| Crossref | d-glucan in the Golgi apparatus of maize coleoptiles.&journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America&volume=90&pages=3850-3854&publication_year=1993&author=NC%20Carpita&hl=en&doi=10.1073/pnas.90.9.3850" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Gibeaut DM, Carpita NC
(1994) Improved recovery of (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan synthase activity from Golgi apparatus of Zea mays (L.) using differential flotation centrifugation. Protoplasma 180, 92–97.
| Crossref | d-glucan synthase activity from Golgi apparatus of Zea mays (L.) using differential flotation centrifugation.&journal=Protoplasma&volume=180&pages=92-97&publication_year=1994&author=NC%20Carpita&hl=en&doi=10.1007/BF01379227" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Haigler CH, Brown RM
(1986) Transport of rosettes from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane in isolated mesophyll cells of Zinnia elegans during differentiation to tracheary elements in suspension culture. Protoplasma 134, 111–120.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Han F,
Ullrich SE,
Chirat S,
Menteur S, Jestin L ,
et al
.
(1995) Mapping of β-glucan content and β-glucanase activity loci in barley grain and malt. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 91, 921–927.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harholt J,
Jensen JK,
Sørensen SO,
Orfila C,
Pauly M, Scheller HV
(2006) ARABINAN DEFICIENT 1 is a putative arabinosyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of pectic arabinan in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 140, 49–58.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Harris PJ,
Kelderman MR,
Kendon MF, McKenzie RJ
(1997) Monosaccharide compositions of unlignified cell walls of monocotyledons in relation to the occurrence of wall-bound ferulic acid. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25, 167–179.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hazen SP,
Scott-Craig JS, Walton JD
(2002) Cellulose synthase-like genes of rice. Plant Physiology 128, 336–340.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Hématy K, Höfte H
(2008) Novel receptor kinases involved in growth regulation. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11, 321–328.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Hématy K,
Sado P-E,
Van Tuinen A,
Rochange S,
Desnos T,
Balzergue S,
Pelletier S,
Renou J-P, Höfte H
(2007) A receptor-like kinase mediates the response of Arabidopsis cells to the inhibition of cellulose synthesis. Current Biology 17, 922–931.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Henry RJ,
Schibeci A, Stone BA
(1983) Localization of β-glucan synthases on the membranes of cultured Lolium multiflorum (ryegrass) endosperm cells. The Biochemical Journal 209, 627–633.
| PubMed |
Honys D, Twell D
(2003) Comparative analysis of the Arabidopsis pollen transcriptome. Plant Physiology 132, 640–652.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Huber O, Sumper M
(1994) Algal-CAMs: isoforms of a cell adhesion molecule in embryos of the alga Volvox with homology to Drosophila fasciclin I. The EMBO Journal 13, 4212–4222.
| PubMed |
Humphrey TV,
Bonetta DT, Goring DR
(2007) Sentinels at the wall: cell wall receptors and sensors. New Phytologist 176, 7–21.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Iwai H,
Masaoka N,
Ishii T, Satoh S
(2002) A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 16319–16324.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Iwai H,
Hokura A,
Oishi M,
Chida H,
Ishii T,
Sakai S, Satoh S
(2006) The gene responsible for borate cross-linking of pectin Rhamnogalacturonan-II is required for plant reproductive tissue development and fertilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 16592–16597.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Jacobs AK,
Lipka V,
Burton RA,
Panstruga R,
Strizhov N,
Schulze-Lefert P, Fincher GB
(2003) An Arabidopsis callose synthase, GSL5, is required for wound and papillary callose formation. The Plant Cell 15, 2503–2513.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Jensen JK,
Sorensen SO,
Harholt J,
Geshi N, Sakuragi Y ,
et al
.
(2008) Identification of a xylogalacturonan xylosyltransferase involved in pectin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 20, 1289–1302.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Kawamoto T,
Noshiro M,
Shen M,
Nakamasu K,
Hashimoto K,
Kawashima-Ohya Y,
Gotoh O, Kato Y
(1998) Structural and phylogenetic analyses of RGD-CAP/βig-h3, a fasciclin-like adhesion protein expressed in chick chondrocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Gene Structure and Expression 1395, 288–292.
| Crossref |
Keegstra K, Raikhel N
(2001) Plant glycosyltransferases. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4, 219–224.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Kim CM,
Park SH,
Je BI,
Park SH,
Park SJ,
Piao HL,
Eun MY,
Dolan L, Han C-d
(2007)
OsCSLD1, a cellulose synthase-like D1 gene, is required for root hair morphogenesis in rice. Plant Physiology 143, 1220–1230.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Kohorn BD
(2000) Plasma membrane-cell wall contacts. Plant Physiology 124, 31–38.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Kohorn BD,
Kobayashi M,
Johansen S,
Riese J,
Li-Fen H,
Koch K,
Fu S,
Dotson A, Byers N
(2006) An Arabidopsis cell wall-associated kinase required for invertase activity and cell growth. The Plant Journal 46, 307–316.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Kudlicka K, Brown RM
(1997) Cellulose and callose biosynthesis in higher plants. I. Solubilization and separation of (1→3)- and (1→4)-beta-glucan synthase activities from mung bean. Plant Physiology 115, 643–656.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Kurek I,
Kawagoe Y,
Jacob-Wilk D,
Doblin M, Delmer D
(2002) Dimerization of cotton fiber cellulose synthase catalytic subunits occurs via oxidation of the zinc-binding domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 11109–11114.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Lai-Kee-Him J,
Chanzy H,
Muller M,
Putaux JL,
Imai T, Bulone V
(2002)
In vitro versus in vivo cellulose microfibrils from plant primary wall synthases: structural differences. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 36931–36939.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Lally D,
Ingmire P,
Tong H-Y, He Z-H
(2001) Antisense expression of a cell wall-associated protein kinase, WAK4, inhibits cell elongation and alters morphology. The Plant Cell 13, 1317–1332.
| Crossref |
PubMed |
Lamport DTA,
Kieliszewski MJ, Showalter AM
(2006) Salt stress upregulates periplasmic arabinogalactan proteins: using salt stress to analyse AGP function. New Phytologist 169, 479–492.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Lao NT,
Long D,
Kiang S,
Coupland G,
Shoue DA,
Carpita NC, Kavanagh TA
(2003) Mutation of a family 8 glycosyltransferase gene alters cell wall carbohydrate composition and causes a humidity-sensitive semi-sterile dwarf phenotype in Arabidopsis. Plant Molecular Biology 53, 687–701.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Leboeuf E,
Guillon F,
Thoiron S, Lahaye M
(2005) Biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of pectic polysaccharides in the cell walls of Arabidopsis mutant QUASIMODO 1 suspension-cultured cells: implications for cell adhesion. Journal of Experimental Botany 56, 3171–3182.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Lee C,
O’Neill MA,
Tsumuraya Y,
Darvill AG, Ye Z-H
(2007a) The irregular xylem9 mutant is deficient in xylan xylosyltransferase activity. Plant & Cell Physiology 48, 1624–1634.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Lee C,
Zhong R,
Richardson EA,
Himmelsbach DS,
McPhail BT, Ye Z-H
(2007b) The PARVUS gene is expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening and is essential for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. Plant & Cell Physiology 48, 1659–1672.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Li J,
Burton RA,
Harvey AJ,
Hrmova M,
Wardak AZ,
Stone BA, Fincher GB
(2003) Biochemical evidence linking a putative callose synthase gene with (1→3)-beta-d-glucan biosynthesis in barley. Plant Molecular Biology 53, 213–225.
| Crossref | d-glucan biosynthesis in barley.&journal=Plant Molecular Biology&volume=53&pages=213-225&publication_year=2003&author=GB%20Fincher&hl=en&doi=10.1023/B:PLAN.0000009289.50285.52" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Li Y,
Smith C,
Corke F,
Zheng L,
Merali Z,
Ryden P,
Derbyshire P,
Waldron K, Bevan MW
(2007) Signaling from an altered cell wall to the nucleus mediates sugar-responsive growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Cell 19, 2500–2515.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Liepman AH,
Wilkerson CG, Keegstra K
(2005) Expression of cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes in insect cells reveals that CslA family members encode mannan synthases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 2221–2226.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Liepman AH,
Nairn CJ,
Willats WGT,
Sorensen I,
Roberts AW, Keegstra K
(2007) Functional genomic analysis supports conservation of function among cellulose synthase-like A gene family members and suggests diverse roles of mannans in plants. Plant Physiology 143, 1881–1893.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Madson M,
Dunand C,
Li X,
Verma R,
Vanzin GF,
Caplan J,
Shoue DA,
Carpita NC, Reiter W-D
(2003) The MUR3 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase that is evolutionarily related to animal exostosins. The Plant Cell 15, 1662–1670.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Majewska-Sawka A, Nothnagel EA
(2000) The multiple roles of arabinogalactan proteins in plant development. Plant Physiology 122, 3–10.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Manfield IW,
Orfila C,
McCartney L,
Harholt J,
Bernal AJ,
Scheller HV,
Gilmartin PM,
Mikkelsen JD,
Knox JP, Willats WGT
(2004) Novel cell wall architecture of isoxaben-habituated Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cells: global transcript profiling and cellular analysis. The Plant Journal 40, 260–275.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
McCann MC, Roberts K
(1994) Changes in cell wall architecture during cell elongation. Journal of Experimental Botany 45, 1683–1691.
Mitchell RAC,
Dupree P, Shewry PR
(2007) A novel bioinformatics approach identifies candidate genes for the synthesis and feruloylation of arabinoxylan. Plant Physiology 144, 43–53.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Mohnen D
(2008) Pectin structure and biosynthesis. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11, 266–277.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Moller I,
Sørensen I,
Bernal AJ,
Blaukopf C, Lee K ,
et al
.
(2007) High-throughput mapping of cell-wall polymers within and between plants using novel microarrays. The Plant Journal 50, 1118–1128.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Mouille G,
Ralet M-C,
Cavelier C,
Eland C, Effroy D ,
et al
.
(2007) Homogalacturonan synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana requires a Golgi-localized protein with a putative methyltransferase domain. The Plant Journal 50, 605–614.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Nakamura A,
Furata H,
Maeda H,
Takao T, Nagamatsu Y
(2002) Structural studies by stepwise enzymatic degradation of the main backbone of soybean soluble polysaccharides consisting of galacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 66, 1301–1313.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Natera SHA,
Ford KL,
Cassin AM,
Patterson JH,
Newbigin EJ, Bacic A
(2008) Analysis of the Oryza sativa plasma membrane proteome using combined protein and peptide fractionation approaches in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Journal of Proteome Research 7, 1159–1187.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Nishikawa S,
Zinkl GM,
Swanson RJ,
Maruyama D, Preuss D
(2005) Callose (β-1,3 glucan) is essential for Arabidopsis pollen wall patterning, but not tube growth. BMC Plant Biology 5, 22.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Nishimura MT,
Stein M,
Hou B-H,
Vogel JP,
Edwards H, Somerville SC
(2003) Loss of a callose synthase results in salicylic acid-dependent disease resistance. Science 301, 969–972.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Nothnagel EA
(1997) Proteoglycans and related components in plant cells. International Review of Cytology 174, 195–291.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Obroucheva N
(2008) Cell elongation as an inseparable component of growth in terrestrial plants. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology 39, 13–24.
Orfila C,
Sørensen SO,
Harholt J,
Geshi N,
Crombie H,
Truong H-N,
Reid JSG,
Knox JP, Scheller HV
(2005)
QUASIMODO1 is expressed in vascular tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stems, and affects homogalacturonan and xylan biosynthesis. Planta 222, 613–622.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Oxley D, Bacic A
(1999) Structure of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of an arabinogalactan protein from Pyrus communis suspension-cultured cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 14246–14251.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Paredez AR,
Somerville CR, Ehrhardt DW
(2006) Visualization of cellulose synthase demonstrates functional association with microtubules. Science 312, 1491–1495.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Paredez AR,
Persson S,
Ehrhardt DW, Somerville CR
(2008) Genetic evidence that cellulose synthase activity influences microtubule cortical array organization. Plant Physiology 147, 1723–1734.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Park AR,
Cho SK,
Yun UJ,
Jin MY,
Lee SH,
Sachetto-Martins G, Park OK
(2001) Interaction of the Arabidopsis receptor protein kinase wak1 with a glycine-rich protein, AtGRP-3. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 26 688–26 693.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Pear JR,
Kawagoe Y,
Schreckengost WE,
Delmer DP, Stalker DM
(1996) Higher plants contain homologs of the bacterial celA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93, 12 637–12 642.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Pelosi L,
Imai T,
Chanzy H,
Heux L,
Buhler E, Bulone V
(2003) Structural and morphological diversity of (1→3)-β-d-glucans synthesized in vitro by enzymes from Saprolegnia monoica. Comparison with a corresponding in vitro product from blackberry (Rubus fruticosus). Biochemistry 42, 6264–6274.
| Crossref | d-glucans synthesized in vitro by enzymes from Saprolegnia monoica. Comparison with a corresponding in vitro product from blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).&journal=Biochemistry&volume=42&pages=6264-6274&publication_year=2003&author=V%20Bulone&hl=en&doi=10.1021/bi0340550" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Peña MJ,
Zhong R,
Zhou G-K,
Richardson EA,
O’Neill MA,
Darvill AG,
York WS, Ye Z-H
(2007)
Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9: implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis. The Plant Cell 19, 549–563.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Peña MJ,
Darvill AG,
Eberhard S,
York WS, O’Neill MA
(2008) Moss and liverwort xyloglucans contain galacturonic acid and are structurally distinct from the xyloglucans synthesized by hornworts and vascular plants. Glycobiology 18, 891–904.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Peng LC,
Kawagoe Y,
Hogan P, Delmer D
(2002) Sitosterol-β-glucoside as primer for cellulose synthesis in plants. Science 295, 147–150.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Perrin RM,
DeRocher AE,
Bar-Peled M,
Zeng W,
Norambuena L,
Orellana A,
Raikhel NV, Keegstra K
(1999) Xyloglucan fucosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Science 284, 1976–1979.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Persson S,
Wei H,
Milne J,
Page G, Somerville C
(2005) Identification of genes required for cellulose synthesis by regression analysis of public microarray data sets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 8633–8638.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Persson S,
Caffall KH,
Freshour G,
Hilley MT,
Bauer S,
Poindexter P,
Hahn MG,
Mohnen D, Somerville C
(2007a) The Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 mutant is deficient in glucuronoxylan and homogalacturonan, which are essential for secondary cell wall integrity. The Plant Cell 19, 237–255.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Persson S,
Paredez A,
Carroll A,
Palsdottir H,
Doblin M,
Poindexter P,
Khitrov N,
Auer M, Somerville C
(2007b) Genetic evidence for three unique components in primary cell wall cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 15566–15571.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Pickard BG
(2008) ‘Second extrinsic organizational mechanism’ for orienting cellulose: modeling a role for the plasmalemmal reticulum. Protoplasma 233, 7–29.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Plun-Favreau H,
Elson G,
Chabbert M,
Froger J, deLapeyrière O ,
et al
.
(2001) The ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor α component induces the secretion of and is required for functional responses to cardiotrophin-like cytokine. The EMBO Journal 20, 1692–1703.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Read SM, Bacic A
(2002) Prime time for cellulose. Science 295, 59–60.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Reiter W-D
(2008) Biochemical genetics of nucleotide sugar interconversion reactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11, 236–243.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Reyes F, Orellana A
(2008) Golgi transporters: opening the gate to cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11, 244–251.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Richmond TA, Somerville CR
(2000) The cellulose synthase superfamily. Plant Physiology 124, 495–498.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Ridley BL,
O’Neill MA, Mohnen D
(2001) Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling. Phytochemistry 57, 929–967.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Robert S,
Mouille G, Höfte H
(2004) The mechanism and regulation of cellulose synthesis in primary walls: lessons from cellulose-deficient Arabidopsis mutants. Cellulose 11, 351–364.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roberts K
(1990) Structures at the plant cell surface. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 2, 920–928.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Roberts AW, Bushoven JT
(2007) The cellulose synthase (CESA) gene superfamily of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Plant Molecular Biology 63, 207–219.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Sardar HS,
Yang J, Showalter AM
(2006) Molecular interactions of arabinogalactan proteins with cortical microtubules and F-Actin in bright yellow-2 tobacco cultured cells. Plant Physiology 142, 1469–1479.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Sarria R,
Wagner TA,
O’Neill MA,
Faik A,
Wilkerson CG,
Keegstra K, Raikhel NV
(2001) Characterization of a family of Arabidopsis genes related to xyloglucan fucosyltransferase1. Plant Physiology 127, 1595–1606.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Scheible WR, Pauly M
(2004) Glycosyltransferases and cell wall biosynthesis: novel players and insights. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7, 285–295.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Scheller HV,
Jensen JK,
Sørensen SO,
Harholt J, Geshi N
(2007) Biosynthesis of pectin. Physiologia Plantarum 129, 283–295.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schreiber A,
Shirley N,
Burton R, Fincher G
(2008) Combining transcriptional datasets using the generalized singular value decomposition. BMC Bioinformatics 9, 335.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Schultz CJ,
Gilson P,
Oxley D,
Youl JJ, Bacic A
(1998) GPI-anchors on arabinogalactan-proteins: implications for signalling in plants. Trends in Plant Science 3, 426–431.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schultz CJ,
Ferguson KL,
Lahnstein J, Bacic A
(2004) Post-translational modifications of arabinogalactan-peptides of Arabidopsis thaliana: endoplasmic reticulum and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor signal cleavage sites and hydroxlation of proline. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 45503–45511.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Seifert GJ
(2004) Nucleotide sugar interconversions and cell wall biosynthesis: how to bring the inside to the outside. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7, 277–284.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Seifert GJ, Roberts K
(2007) The biology of arabinogalactan proteins. Annual Review of Plant Biology 58, 137–161.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Shao M,
Zheng H,
Hu Y,
Liu D,
Jang J-C,
Ma H, Huang H
(2004) The GAOLAOZHUANGREN1 gene encodes a putative glycosyltransferase that is critical for normal development and carbohydrate metabolism. Plant & Cell Physiology 45, 1453–1460.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Shi H,
Kim Y,
Guo Y,
Stevenson B, Zhu J-K
(2003) The Arabidopsis SOS5 locus encodes a putative cell surface adhesion protein and is required for normal cell expansion. The Plant Cell 15, 19–32.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Smith BG, Harris PJ
(1999) The polysaccharide composition of Poales cell walls: Poaceae cell walls are not unique. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27, 33–53.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Somerville C
(2006) Cellulose synthesis in higher plants. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 22, 53–78.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Somerville C,
Bauer S,
Brininstool G,
Facette M, Hamann T ,
et al
.
(2004) Toward a systems approach to understanding plant cell walls. Science 306, 2206–2211.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Staudte RG,
Woodward JR,
Fincher GB, Stone BA
(1983) Water-soluble (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucans from barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. III. Distribution of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl residues. Carbohydrate Polymers 3, 299–312.
| Crossref | d-glucans from barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. III. Distribution of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl residues.&journal=Carbohydrate Polymers&volume=3&pages=299-312&publication_year=1983&author=BA%20Stone&hl=en&doi=10.1016/0144-8617(83)90027-9" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sterling JD,
Atmodjo MA,
Inwood SE,
Kolli VSK,
Quigley HF,
Hahn MG, Mohnen D
(2006) Functional identification of an Arabidopsis pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 5236–5241.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Sugimoto K,
Himmelspach R,
Williamson RE, Wasteneys GO
(2003) Mutation or drug-dependent microtubule disruption causes radial swelling without altering parallel cellulose microfibril deposition in Arabidopsis root cells. The Plant Cell 15, 1414–1429.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Suzuki S,
Li L,
Sun Y-H, Chiang VL
(2006) The cellulose synthase gene superfamily and biochemical functions of xylem-specific cellulose synthase-like genes in Populus trichocarpa. Plant Physiology 142, 1233–1245.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Szymanski DB, Cosgrove DJ
(2009) Dynamic coordination of cytoskeletal and cell wall systems during plant cell morphogenesis. Current Biology 19, R800–R811.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Tamura K,
Shimada T,
Kondo M,
Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I
(2005) KATAMARI1/MURUS3 is a novel Golgi membrane protein that is required for endomembrane organization in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 17, 1764–1776.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Taylor NG,
Scheible WR,
Cutler S,
Somerville CR, Turner SR
(1999) The irregular xylem3 locus of Arabidopsis encodes a cellulose synthase required for secondary cell wall synthesis. The Plant Cell 11, 769–779.
| Crossref |
PubMed |
Taylor NG,
Laurie S, Turner SR
(2000) Multiple cellulose synthase catalytic subunits are required for cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 12, 2529–2539.
| Crossref |
PubMed |
Taylor NG,
Howells RM,
Huttly AK,
Vickers K, Turner SR
(2003) Interactions among three distinct CesA proteins essential for cellulose synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 1450–1455.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Töller A,
Brownfield L,
Neu C,
Twell D, Schulze-Lefert P
(2008) Dual function of Arabidopsis glucan synthase-like genes GSL8 and GSL10 in male gametophyte development and plant growth. The Plant Journal 54, 911–923.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Trethewey JAK, Harris PJ
(2002) Location of (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucans in vegetative cell walls of barley (Hordeum vulgare) using immunogold labelling. New Phytologist 154, 347–358.
| Crossref | d-glucans in vegetative cell walls of barley (Hordeum vulgare) using immunogold labelling.&journal=New Phytologist&volume=154&pages=347-358&publication_year=2002&author=PJ%20Harris&hl=en&doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00383.x" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" class="reftools">GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner SR, Somerville CR
(1997) Collapsed xylem phenotype of Arabidopsis identifies mutants deficient in cellulose deposition in the secondary cell wall. The Plant Cell 9, 689–701.
| Crossref |
PubMed |
van Erp H, Walton J
(2009) Regulation of the cellulose synthase-like gene family by light in the maize mesocotyl. Planta 229, 885–897.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Vanholme R,
Morreel K,
Ralph J, Boerjan W
(2008) Lignin engineering. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11, 278–285.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Vanzin GF,
Madson M,
Carpita NC,
Raikhel NV,
Keegstra K, Reiter W-D
(2002) The mur2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana lacks fucosylated xyloglucan because of a lesion in fucosyltransferase AtFUT1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 3340–3345.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Vogel J, Somerville S
(2000) Isolation and characterization of powdery mildew-resistant Arabidopsis mutants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 1897–1902.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Wagner TA, Kohorn BD
(2001) Wall-associated kinases are expressed throughout plant development and are required for cell expansion. The Plant Cell 13, 303–318.
| Crossref |
PubMed |
Wang X,
Cnops G,
Vanderhaeghen R,
De Block S,
Van Montagu M, Van Lijsebettens M
(2001)
AtCSLD3, a cellulose synthase-like gene important for root hair growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 126, 575–586.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Wasteneys GO
(2004) Progress in understanding the role of microtubules in plant cells. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7, 651–660.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Wightman R,
Marshall R, Turner SR
(2009) A cellulose synthase-containing compartment moves rapidly beneath sites of secondary wall synthesis. Plant & Cell Physiology 50, 584–594.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Wilson JR, Hatfield RD
(1997) Structural and chemical changes of cell wall types during stem development: consequences for fibre degradation by rumen microflora. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, 165–180.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson S,
Burton R,
Doblin M,
Stone B,
Newbigin E,
Fincher G, Bacic A
(2006) Temporal and spatial appearance of wall polysaccharides during cellularization of barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm. Planta 224, 655–667.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Wu A-M,
Rihouey C,
Seveno M,
Hörnblad E,
Singh SK,
Matsunaga T,
Ishii T,
Lerouge P, Marchant A
(2009) The Arabidopsis IRX10 and IRX10-LIKE glycosyltransferases are critical for glucuronoxylan biosynthesis during secondary cell wall formation. The Plant Journal 57, 718–731.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Xu S-L,
Rahman A,
Baskin TI, Kieber JJ
(2008) Two leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases mediate signaling, linking cell wall biosynthesis and ACC synthase in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell 20, 3065–3079.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
York WS, O’Neill MA
(2008) Biochemical control of xylan biosynthesis – which end is up? Current Opinion in Plant Biology 11, 258–265.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Youl JJ,
Bacic A, Oxley D
(1998) Arabinogalactan-proteins from Nicotiana alata and Pyrus communis contain glycosylphosphaticylinositol membrane anchors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 7921–7926.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Zabotina O,
Malm E,
Drakakaki G,
Bulone V, Raikhel N
(2008) Identification and preliminary characterization of a new chemical affecting glucosyltransferase activities involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Molecular Plant 1, 977–989.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Zeng W, Keegstra K
(2008) AtCSLD2 is an integral Golgi membrane protein with its N-terminus facing the cytosol. Planta 228, 823–838.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Zhong R, Ye Z-H
(2003) Unraveling the functions of glycosyltransferase family 47 in plants. Trends in Plant Science 8, 565–568.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Zhong R,
Peña MJ,
Zhou G-K,
Nairn CJ,
Wood-Jones A,
Richardson EA,
Morrison WH,
Darvill AG,
York WS, Ye Z-H
(2005)
Arabidopsis Fragile Fiber8, which encodes a putative glucuronyltransferase, is essential for normal secondary wall synthesis. The Plant Cell 17, 3390–3408.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
