Meat quality traits and feeding distillers grains to cattle: a review
M. Merayo A B , D. Pighin A B C D and G. Grigioni A B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
B Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria, INTA, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, CC 27, CP 1712, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
C Universidad de Morón, Cabildo 134, B1708JPD, Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
D Corresponding author. Email: pighin.dario@inta.gob.ar
Animal Production Science 60(9) 1123-1135 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN18382
Submitted: 13 June 2018 Accepted: 4 December 2019 Published: 12 March 2020
Abstract
Livestock management and meat production involve a series of steps that affect meat quality. Animal genetics, nutrition and diets, slaughter procedures and meat-preservation conditions are some of the parameters that should be controlled to maintain meat quality. In regard to animal nutrition and diets, novel ingredients are increasingly used, distillers grains (DG) being an example. DG are obtained as a co-product from bioethanol production and comprise the fat, protein, fibre and micronutrient portion of the grains. Many papers have studied the inclusion of DG in finishing diets and their effect on growth performance and meat characteristics, but a review on the effects on meat quality is needed. Feeding with DG influences beef colour; nevertheless, a relationship between the level of inclusion and colour development has not been established yet. In addition, feeding DG-inclusion diets sometimes increases meat discoloration during retail display. Also, the composition of fatty acids is modified since total polyunsaturated fatty acid content in meat increases with the inclusion of DG in finishing diets. This increment in polyunsaturated fatty acid content is likely to contribute to lipid oxidation processes and might be related to meat discoloration due to myoglobin oxidation. However, meat tenderness has not been modified in most of the cases. This review focused on recent studies on DG inclusion, animal performance and meat quality. Key points that need further research are also identified and discussed.
Additional keywords: beef, colour, fatty acid profile, finishing diets, tenderness.
References
Ahern NA, Nuttelman BL, Klopfenstein TJ, MacDonald JC, Erickson GE, Watson AK (2016) Comparison of wet and dry distillers grains plus solubles to corn as an energy source in forage-based diets. The Professional Animal Scientist 32, 758–767.| Comparison of wet and dry distillers grains plus solubles to corn as an energy source in forage-based diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ahn DU, Wolfe FH, Sim JS (1995) Dietary α-linolenic acid and mixed tocopherols, and packaging influences on lipid stability in broiler chicken breast and leg muscle. Journal of Food Science 60, 1013–1018.
| Dietary α-linolenic acid and mixed tocopherols, and packaging influences on lipid stability in broiler chicken breast and leg muscle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aldai N, Aalhus J, Dugan M, Robertson W, McAllister T, Walter L, McKinnon J (2010) Comparison of wheat- versus corn-based dried distillers’ grains with solubles on meat quality of feedlot cattle. Meat Science 84, 569–577.
| Comparison of wheat- versus corn-based dried distillers’ grains with solubles on meat quality of feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20374826PubMed |
AMSA (2012) ‘Meat color measurement guidelines.’ (American Meat Science Association: Champaign, IL, USA)
Araújo WA (2016) Ethanol industry: surpassing uncertainties and looking forward. In ‘Global bioethanol’. (Eds SL Monteiro Salles-Filho, LA Barbosa Cortez, JM Ferreira Jardim da Silveira, SC Trindade, MdG Derengowski Fonseca) pp. 1–33. (Academic Press: London)
Belyea RL, Rausch KD, Clevenger TE, Singh V, Johnston DB, Tumbleson ME (2010) Sources of variation in composition of DDGS. Animal Feed Science and Technology 159, 122–130.
| Sources of variation in composition of DDGS.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Böttger C, Südekum KH (2018) Review: protein value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal nutrition as affected by the ethanol production process. Animal Feed Science and Technology 244, 11–17.
| Review: protein value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal nutrition as affected by the ethanol production process.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Buttrey EK, Jenkins KH, McCollum FT, Cole NA, Tedeschi LO, MacDonald JC (2016) Effects of sorghum wet distillers grains plus solubles in steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets on steer performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility characteristics. The Professional Animal Scientist 32, 768–776.
| Effects of sorghum wet distillers grains plus solubles in steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets on steer performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chao MD, Domenech-Perez KI, Voegele HR, Kunze EK, Calkins CR (2018a) Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation of steers finished with 30% wet distillers grains plus solubles on fatty acid profiles and display life of strip loins. Animal Production Science 58, 1949–1957.
| Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation of steers finished with 30% wet distillers grains plus solubles on fatty acid profiles and display life of strip loins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chao MD, Domenech-Perez KI, Senaratne-Lenagala LS, Calkins CR (2018b) Feeding wet distillers grains plus solubles contributes to sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane instability. Animal Production Science 58, 2215–2223.
| Feeding wet distillers grains plus solubles contributes to sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane instability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cleveland BD, Buntyn JO, Gronli AL, MacDonald JC, Sullivan GA (2017) Effect of feeding distillers grains during different phases of production and addition of postmortem antioxidants on shelf life of ground beef. The Professional Animal Scientist 33, 555–566.
| Effect of feeding distillers grains during different phases of production and addition of postmortem antioxidants on shelf life of ground beef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Colle MJ, Richard RP, Killinger KM, Bohlscheid JC, Gray AR, Loucks WI, Day RN, Cochran AS, Nasados JA, Doumit ME (2015) Influence of extended aging on beef quality characteristics and sensory perception of steaks from gluteus medius and longissimus lumborum. Meat Science 110, 32–39.
| Influence of extended aging on beef quality characteristics and sensory perception of steaks from gluteus medius and longissimus lumborum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26172241PubMed |
Coria MS, Reineri PS, Pighin D, Barrionuevo MG, Carranza PG, Grigioni G, Palma GA (2019) Feeding strategies alter gene expression of the calpain system and meat quality in the longissimus muscle of Braford steers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences.
| Feeding strategies alter gene expression of the calpain system and meat quality in the longissimus muscle of Braford steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31480177PubMed |
Corrigan ME, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Luebbe MK, Vander Pol KJ, Meyer NF, Buckner CD, Vanness SJ, Hanford KJ (2009) Effect of corn processing method and corn wet distillers grains plus solubles inclusion level in finishing steers. Journal of Animal Science 87, 3351–3362.
| Effect of corn processing method and corn wet distillers grains plus solubles inclusion level in finishing steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19542508PubMed |
Cromwell G, Azain M, Adeola O, Baidoo S, Carter S, Crenshaw T, Kim S, Mahan D, Miller P, Shannon M (2011) Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in diets for growing-finishing pigs: a cooperative study Journal of Animal Science 89, 2801–2811.
| Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in diets for growing-finishing pigs: a cooperative studyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21454866PubMed |
Dannenberger D, Nuernberg G, Scollan N, Ender K, Nuernberg K (2007) Diet alters the fatty acid composition of individual phospholipid classes in beef muscle. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, 452–460.
| Diet alters the fatty acid composition of individual phospholipid classes in beef muscle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17227079PubMed |
Davis K (2001) Corn milling, processing and generation of co-products. In ‘Proceedings of the 62nd Minnesota nutrition conference, technical symposium’. (Minnesota Corn Growers Association: Bloomington, MN). Available at https://www.biofuelscoproducts.umn.edu/sites/biodieselfeeds.cfans.umn.edu/files/ddgs-techinfo-pro-20.pdf [Verified June 2018].
de Mello AS, Jenschke BE, Senaratne LS, Carr TP, Erickson GE, Calkins CR (2018) Effects of finishing diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles on beef quality attributes and fatty acid profile. Meat Science 136, 16–22.
| Effects of finishing diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles on beef quality attributes and fatty acid profile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29055851PubMed |
De Smet S, Raes K, Demeyer D (2004) Meat fatty acid composition as affected by fatness and genetic factors: a review. Animal Research 53, 81–98.
| Meat fatty acid composition as affected by fatness and genetic factors: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Depenbusch BE, Coleman CM, Higgins JJ, Drouillard JS (2009a) Effects of increasing levels of dried corn distillers grains with solubles on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of yearling heifers. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2653–2663.
| Effects of increasing levels of dried corn distillers grains with solubles on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of yearling heifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19359505PubMed |
Depenbusch BE, Loe ER, Sindt JJ, Cole NA, Higgins JJ, Drouillard JS (2009b) Optimizing use of distillers grains in finishing diets containing steam-flaked corn. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2644–2652.
| Optimizing use of distillers grains in finishing diets containing steam-flaked corn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19359511PubMed |
Descalzo AM, Sancho AM (2008) A review of natural antioxidants and their effects on oxidative status, odor and quality of fresh beef produced in Argentina. Meat Science 79, 423–436.
| A review of natural antioxidants and their effects on oxidative status, odor and quality of fresh beef produced in Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22062902PubMed |
Descalzo AM, Insani EM, Biolatto A, Sancho AM, García PT, Pensel NA, Josifovich JA (2005) Influence of pasture or grain-based diets supplemented with vitamin E on antioxidant/oxidative balance of Argentine beef. Meat Science 70, 35–44.
| Influence of pasture or grain-based diets supplemented with vitamin E on antioxidant/oxidative balance of Argentine beef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22063278PubMed |
Drewnoski ME, Pogge DJ, Hansen SL (2014) High-sulfur in beef cattle diets: a review. Journal of Animal Science 92, 3763–3780.
| High-sulfur in beef cattle diets: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24981568PubMed |
FAO (2012) ‘Grasas y ácidos grasos en nutrición humana.’ Consulta de expertos. (FAO/FINUT: Granada, Spain)
Faustman C, Cassens RG (1990) The biochemical basis for discoloration in fresh meat: a review. Journal of Muscle Foods 1, 217–243.
| The biochemical basis for discoloration in fresh meat: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Faustman C, Sun Q, Mancini R, Suman SP (2010) Myoglobin and lipid oxidation interactions: mechanistic bases and control. Meat Science 86, 86–94.
| Myoglobin and lipid oxidation interactions: mechanistic bases and control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20554121PubMed |
Garcia PT, Pensel NA, Sancho AM, Latimori NJ, Kloster AM, Amigone MA, Casal JJ (2008) Beef lipids in relation to animal breed and nutrition in Argentina. Meat Science 79, 500–508.
| Beef lipids in relation to animal breed and nutrition in Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22062910PubMed |
Gill RK, VanOverbeke DL, Depenbusch B, Drouillard JS, DiCostanzo A (2008) Impact of beef cattle diets containing corn or sorghum distillers grains on beef color, fatty acid profiles, and sensory attributes. Journal of Animal Science 86, 923–935.
| Impact of beef cattle diets containing corn or sorghum distillers grains on beef color, fatty acid profiles, and sensory attributes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18192556PubMed |
Harris EK, Mellencamp MA, Johnston LJ, Cox RB, Shurson GC (2018) Effectiveness of different corn dried distillers grains with solubles feeding strategies and increasing the time intervals between the second Improvest dose and slaughter of immunologically castrated pigs on belly and pork fat quality. Meat Science 135, 62–73.
| Effectiveness of different corn dried distillers grains with solubles feeding strategies and increasing the time intervals between the second Improvest dose and slaughter of immunologically castrated pigs on belly and pork fat quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28926824PubMed |
He ZX, He ML, Walker ND, McAllister TA, Yang WZ (2014) Using a fibrolytic enzyme in barley-based diets containing wheat dried distillers grains with solubles: ruminal fermentation, digestibility and growth performance of feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science 92, 3978–3987.
| Using a fibrolytic enzyme in barley-based diets containing wheat dried distillers grains with solubles: ruminal fermentation, digestibility and growth performance of feedlot steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24987082PubMed |
He ZX, He ML, Zhao YL, Xu L, Walker ND, Beauchemin KA, McAllister TA, Yang WZ (2015) Effect of wheat dried distillers grains and enzyme supplementation on growth rates, feed conversion ratio and beef fatty acid profile in feedlot steers. Animal 9, 1740–1746.
| Effect of wheat dried distillers grains and enzyme supplementation on growth rates, feed conversion ratio and beef fatty acid profile in feedlot steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26051447PubMed |
Hocquette JF, Botreau R, Legrand I, Polkinghorne R, Pethick DW, Lherm M, Picard B, Doreau M, Terlouw EMC (2014) Win–win strategies for high beef quality, consumer satisfaction, and farm efficiency, low environmental impacts and improved animal welfare. Animal Production Science 54, 1537–1548.
| Win–win strategies for high beef quality, consumer satisfaction, and farm efficiency, low environmental impacts and improved animal welfare.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hopkins DL, Geesink GH (2009) Protein degradation postmortem and tenderization. In ‘Applied muscle biology and meat science’. (Eds M Du, RJ McCormick) pp. 149–173. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
Huff Lonergan E, Zhang W, Lonergan SM (2010) Biochemistry of postmortem muscle: lessons on mechanisms of meat tenderization. Meat Science 86, 184–195.
| Biochemistry of postmortem muscle: lessons on mechanisms of meat tenderization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20566247PubMed |
Hunt MC, Acton JC, Benedict RC, Calkins CR, Cornforth DP, Jeremiah LE, Olson DG, Salm CP, Savell JW, Shivas SD (1991) ‘Guidelines for meat color evaluation.’ (National Livestock and Meat Board: Chicago, IL)
Insani EM, Eyherabide A, Grigioni G, Sancho AM, Pensel NA, Descalzo AM (2008) Oxidative stability and its relationship with natural antioxidants during refrigerated retail display of beef produced in Argentina. Meat Science 79, 444–452.
| Oxidative stability and its relationship with natural antioxidants during refrigerated retail display of beef produced in Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22062904PubMed |
Institute of Medicine (2005) ‘Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids.’ (The National Academies Press: Washington, DC)
Ji JR, Takahashi K (2006) Changes in concentration of sarcoplasmic free calcium during post-mortem ageing of meat. Meat Science 73, 395–403.
| Changes in concentration of sarcoplasmic free calcium during post-mortem ageing of meat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22062476PubMed |
Kim Y, Mosier NS, Hendrickson R, Ezeji T, Blaschek H, Dien B, Cotta M, Dale B, Ladisch MR (2008) Composition of corn dry-grind ethanol by-products: DDGS, wet cake, and thin stillage. Bioresource Technology 99, 5165–5176.
| Composition of corn dry-grind ethanol by-products: DDGS, wet cake, and thin stillage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17988859PubMed |
Kinman LA, Hilton GG, Richards CJ, Morgan JB, Krehbiel CR, Hicks RB, Dillwith JW, VanOverbeke DL (2011) Impact of feeding various amounts of wet and dry distillers grains to yearling steers on palatability, fatty acid profile, and retail case life of longissimus muscle. Journal of Animal Science 89, 179–184.
| Impact of feeding various amounts of wet and dry distillers grains to yearling steers on palatability, fatty acid profile, and retail case life of longissimus muscle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20935140PubMed |
Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE, Bremer VR (2007) Feeding corn milling byproducts to feedlot cattle. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 23, 223–245.
| Feeding corn milling byproducts to feedlot cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17606148PubMed |
Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE, Bremer VR (2008) Board-invited review: use of distillers by-products in the beef cattle feeding industry. Journal of Animal Science 86, 1223–1231.
| Board-invited review: use of distillers by-products in the beef cattle feeding industry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18156361PubMed |
Koger TJ, Wulf DM, Weaver AD, Wright CL, Tjardes KE, Mateo KS, Engle TE, Maddock RJ, Smart AJ (2010) Influence of feeding various quantities of wet and dry distillers grains to finishing steers on carcass characteristics, meat quality, retail-case life of ground beef, and fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle. Journal of Animal Science 88, 3399–3408.
| Influence of feeding various quantities of wet and dry distillers grains to finishing steers on carcass characteristics, meat quality, retail-case life of ground beef, and fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20562359PubMed |
Koohmaraie M, Geesink GH (2006) Contribution of postmortem muscle biochemistry to the delivery of consistent meat quality with particular focus on the calpain system. Meat Science 74, 34–43.
| Contribution of postmortem muscle biochemistry to the delivery of consistent meat quality with particular focus on the calpain system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22062714PubMed |
Lana A, Zolla L (2016) Proteolysis in meat tenderization from the point of view of each single protein: a proteomic perspective. Journal of Proteomics 147, 85–97.
| Proteolysis in meat tenderization from the point of view of each single protein: a proteomic perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26899368PubMed |
Latimori NJ, Kloster AM, Bagües S, Carduza FJ, Grigioni G, Cunzolo SA, Perez CD, Rizzo S, Rossetti L, Descalzo AM, Pazos A, Pighin D (2015) Effect of wet distillers grains plus solubles-based feedlot diet in production and beef quality parameters. In ‘Proceedings of 61st international congress of meat science and technology’. (Clermont-Ferrand: France) Available at icomst-proceedings.helsinki.fi/papers/2015_05_44.pdf [Verified June 2018].
Lourenço M, De Smet S, Raes K, Fievez V (2007) Effect of botanical composition of silages on rumen fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid composition in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat of lambs. Animal 1, 911–921.
| Effect of botanical composition of silages on rumen fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid composition in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat of lambs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22444757PubMed |
Ma D, Kim YHB, Cooper B, Oh JH, Chun H, Choe JH, Min B (2017) Metabolomics profiling to determine the effect of postmortem aging on color and lipid oxidative stabilities of different bovine muscles. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, 6708–6716.
| Metabolomics profiling to determine the effect of postmortem aging on color and lipid oxidative stabilities of different bovine muscles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28700223PubMed |
Mancini RA (2009) Meat color. In ‘Applied muscle biology and meat science’. (Eds M Du, RJ McCormick) pp. 217–225. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
Mancini RA, Hunt MC (2005) Current research in meat color. Meat Science 71, 100–121.
| Current research in meat color.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22064056PubMed |
Mello AS, Calkins CR, Jenschke BE, Carr TP, Dugan MER, Erickson GE (2012a) Beef quality of calf-fed steers finished on varying levels of corn-based wet distillers grains plus solubles. Journal of Animal Science 90, 4625–4633.
| Beef quality of calf-fed steers finished on varying levels of corn-based wet distillers grains plus solubles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22859754PubMed |
Mello AS, Jenschke BE, Senaratne LS, Carr TP, Erickson GE, Calkins CR (2012b) Effects of feeding modified distillers grains plus solubles on marbling attributes, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile of beef. Journal of Animal Science 90, 4634–4640.
| Effects of feeding modified distillers grains plus solubles on marbling attributes, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile of beef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22859752PubMed |
Nantapo CWT, Muchenje V, Nkukwana TT, Hugo A, Descalzo A, Grigioni G, Hoffman LC (2015) Socio-economic dynamics and innovative technologies affecting health-related lipid content in diets: Implications on global food and nutrition security. Food Research International 76, 896–905.
| Socio-economic dynamics and innovative technologies affecting health-related lipid content in diets: Implications on global food and nutrition security.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
NRC (2000) ‘Nutrient requirements of beef cattle.’ 7th revised edn: update 2000. (National Academies Press: Washington, DC)
Olukosi OA, Adebiyi AO (2013) Chemical composition and prediction of amino acid content of maize- and wheat-distillers’ dried grains with soluble. Animal Feed Science and Technology 185, 182–189.
| Chemical composition and prediction of amino acid content of maize- and wheat-distillers’ dried grains with soluble.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pethick DW, Harper GS, Oddy VH (2004) Growth development and nutritional manipulation of marbling in cattle: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, 705–715.
| Growth development and nutritional manipulation of marbling in cattle: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pethick DW, Barendse W, Hocquette JF, Thompson JM, Wang YH (2007) Regulation of marbling and body composition: growth and development, gene markers and nutritional biochemestry. In ‘Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition. (Eds I Ortigues-Marty, N Miraux, W Brand-Williams) Vol 124’. pp. 75–88. (Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, Netherlands)
Pighin D, Pazos A, Chamorro V, Paschetta F, Cunzolo SA, Godoy F, Messina V, Pordomingo AJ, Grigioni G (2016) A contribution of beef to human health: a review of the role of the animal production systems. The Scientific World Journal 10,
| A contribution of beef to human health: a review of the role of the animal production systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pogge DJ, Hansen SL (2013) Supplemental vitamin C improves marbling in feedlot cattle consuming high sulfur diets. Journal of Animal Science 91, 4303–4314.
| Supplemental vitamin C improves marbling in feedlot cattle consuming high sulfur diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23851995PubMed |
Pogge JD, Lonergan SM, Hansen SL (2014) Influence of supplemental vitamin C on postmortem protein degradation and fatty acid profiles of the longissimus thoracis of steers fed varying concentrations of dietary sulfur. Meat Science 96, 956–963.
| Influence of supplemental vitamin C on postmortem protein degradation and fatty acid profiles of the longissimus thoracis of steers fed varying concentrations of dietary sulfur.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pokharel S, Calkins CR, De Mello AS, Jr, Senaratne LS, Hinkle JB, Carr TP, Erickson GE (2011) ‘Effects of feeding high levels of wet distillers grains and straw on beef quality.’ (Digital Commons: Lincoln, NE)
Purslow P (2014) New developments on the role of intramuscular connective tissue in meat toughness. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 5, 133–153.
| New developments on the role of intramuscular connective tissue in meat toughness.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24437687PubMed |
Rausch KD, Belyea RL (2006) The future of coproducts from corn processing. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 128, 47–86.
| The future of coproducts from corn processing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16415480PubMed |
Renerre M, Poncet K, Mercier Y, Gatellier P, Métro B (1999) Influence of dietary fat and vitamin E on antioxidant status of muscles of turkey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 237–244.
| Influence of dietary fat and vitamin E on antioxidant status of muscles of turkey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10563878PubMed |
Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) (2019) Industry statics. Available at http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resources/industry/statistics/#1454099788442-e48b2782-ea53 [Verified February 2020].
Rodenhuis MA, Keomanivong FE, Gaspers JJ, Gilbery TC, Underdahl SR, Bauer ML, Anderson VL, Engel CL, Swanson KC (2017) Influence of grain source and dried corn distillers grains plus solubles oil concentration on finishing cattle performance and feeding behavior. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 97, 545–552.
| Influence of grain source and dried corn distillers grains plus solubles oil concentration on finishing cattle performance and feeding behavior.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roeber D, Gill R, DiCostanzo A (2005) Meat quality responses to feeding distiller’s grains to finishing Holstein steers. Journal of Animal Science 83, 2455–2460.
| Meat quality responses to feeding distiller’s grains to finishing Holstein steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16160059PubMed |
Rosentrater K, Kalscheur K, Garcia A, Wright C (2018) Fuel ethanol coproducts for livestock diets. Available at https://distillersgrains.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Distillers-Grains-Processing.pdf [Verified June 2018].
Salim H, Wood KM, McEwen PL, Vandervoort G, Miller SP, Mandell IB, Cant JP, Swanson KC (2014) Influence of feeding increasing level of dry or modified wet corn distillers grains plus solubles in whole corn grain-based finishing diets on growth performance, carcass traits, and feeding behavior in finishing cattle. Livestock Science 161, 53–59.
| Influence of feeding increasing level of dry or modified wet corn distillers grains plus solubles in whole corn grain-based finishing diets on growth performance, carcass traits, and feeding behavior in finishing cattle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Santos JEP, Huber JT, Theurer CB, Nussio LG, Tarazon M, Santos FAP (1999) Response of lactating dairy cows to steam-flaked sorghum, steam-flaked corn, or steam-rolled corn and protein sources of differing degradability. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 728–737.
| Response of lactating dairy cows to steam-flaked sorghum, steam-flaked corn, or steam-rolled corn and protein sources of differing degradability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schoonmaker JP, Trenkle AH, Beitz DC (2010) Effect of feeding wet distillers grains on performance, marbling deposition, and fatty acid content of beef from steers fed low- or high-forage diets. Journal of Animal Science 88, 3657–3665.
| Effect of feeding wet distillers grains on performance, marbling deposition, and fatty acid content of beef from steers fed low- or high-forage diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20601523PubMed |
Schwandt EF, Wagner JJ, Engle TE, Bartle SJ, Thomson DU, Reinhardt CD (2016) The effects of dry-rolled corn particle size on performance, carcass traits, and starch digestibility in feedlot finishing diets containing wet distiller’s grains. Journal of Animal Science 94, 1194–1202.
| The effects of dry-rolled corn particle size on performance, carcass traits, and starch digestibility in feedlot finishing diets containing wet distiller’s grains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27065280PubMed |
Scollan N, Hocquette J-F, Nuernberg K, Dannenberger D, Richardson I, Moloney A (2006) Innovations in beef production systems that enhance the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Science 74, 17–33.
| Innovations in beef production systems that enhance the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22062713PubMed |
Scollan ND, Dannenberger D, Nuernberg K, Richardson I, MacKintosh S, Hocquette JF, Moloney AP (2014) Enhancing the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Science 97, 384–394.
| Enhancing the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24697921PubMed |
Segers JR, Stewart RL, Lents CA, Pringle TD, Froetschel MA, Lowe BK, McKeith RO, Stelzleni AM (2011) Effect of long-term corn by-product feeding on beef quality, strip loin fatty acid profiles, and shelf life. Journal of Animal Science 89, 3792–3802.
| Effect of long-term corn by-product feeding on beef quality, strip loin fatty acid profiles, and shelf life.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21642492PubMed |
Shin EC, Shurson GC, Gallaher DD (2018) Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Animal Nutrition 4, 435–441.
| Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30564765PubMed |
Song R, Chen C, Wang L, Johnston LJ, Kerr BJ, Weber TE, Shurson GC (2013) High sulfur content in corn dried distillers grains with solubles protects against oxidized lipids by increasing sulfur-containing antioxidants in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 91, 2715–2728.
| High sulfur content in corn dried distillers grains with solubles protects against oxidized lipids by increasing sulfur-containing antioxidants in nursery pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23482577PubMed |
Stein HH, Shurson GC (2009) Board-invited review: the use and application of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets. Journal of Animal Science 87, 1292–1303.
| Board-invited review: the use and application of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19028847PubMed |
Stock RA, Lewis JM, Klopfenstein TJ, Milton CT (2000) Review of new information on the use of wet and dry milling feed by-products in feedlot diets. Journal of Animal Science 77, 1–12.
| Review of new information on the use of wet and dry milling feed by-products in feedlot diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Suman SP, Hunt MC, Nair MN, Rentfrow G (2014) Improving beef color stability: practical strategies and underlying mechanisms. Meat Science 98, 490–504.
| Improving beef color stability: practical strategies and underlying mechanisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25041654PubMed |
Uwituze S, Parsons GL, Shelor MK, Depenbusch BE, Karges KK, Gibson ML, Reinhardt CD, Higgins JJ, Drouillard JS (2010) Evaluation of dried distillers grains and roughage source in steam-flaked corn finishing diets. Journal of Animal Science 88, 258–274.
| Evaluation of dried distillers grains and roughage source in steam-flaked corn finishing diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19820042PubMed |
Vander Pol KJ, Luebbe MK, Crawford GI, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ (2009) Performance and digestibility characteristics of finishing diets containing distillers grains, composites of corn processing coproducts, or supplemental corn oil. Journal of Animal Science 87, 639–652.
| Performance and digestibility characteristics of finishing diets containing distillers grains, composites of corn processing coproducts, or supplemental corn oil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18952733PubMed |
Walter LJ, Aalhus JL, Robertson WM, McAllister TA, Gibb DJ, Dugan MER, Aldai N, McKinnon JJ (2010) Evaluation of wheat or corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90, 259–269.
| Evaluation of wheat or corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Warner RD, McDonnell CK, Bekhit AED, Claus J, Vaskoska R, Sikes A, Dunshea FR, Ha M (2017) Systematic review of emerging and innovative technologies for meat tenderisation. Meat Science 132, 72–89.
| Systematic review of emerging and innovative technologies for meat tenderisation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28666558PubMed |
World Health Organization (WHO) (2003) ‘Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases’. (WHO/FAO: Geneva, Switzerland)
Wright SA, Ramos P, Johnson DD, Scheffler JM, Elzo MA, Mateescu RG, Bass AL, Carr CC, Scheffler TL (2018) Brahman genetics influence muscle fiber properties, protein degradation, and tenderness in an Angus–Brahman multibreed herd. Meat Science 135, 84–93.
| Brahman genetics influence muscle fiber properties, protein degradation, and tenderness in an Angus–Brahman multibreed herd.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28946054PubMed |
