Reclassification, Phylogeny and Zoogeography of the Australian Species of Cicindela (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae)

Abstract

Australian components of the subfamilies Collyrinae and Cicindelinae, tribes Collyrini, Megacephalini and Cicindelini, and genera Tricondyla Latreille, Megacephala Latreille, Distipsidera Westwood, Rhysopleura Sloane, Nickerlea W. Horn, and Cicindela Linne are distinguished in a key. For each of the first five genera, numbers of Australian species, geographical distributions, and habitats of the adults are described. Diagnostic characteristics are provided for the genus Cicindela Linne. Twenty-nine Australian species are arranged in seven species-groups as follows: the iosceles group, six species; the nigrina group, two species: the carnarvona, group (=subgenus Grandopronotalia W. Horn, genus Prothyma), one species, C. carnarvona, sp. et comb. nov.; the tetragramma group, seven species, including C. levitetragramma, sp. nov. (type locality, Western Australia, Port Hedland); the ypsilon group, four species; the igneicollis group, five species, including C. gairdneri, sp. nov. (type locality, South Australia, Lake Gairdner, south-west gulf); the semicincta group, four species, including C. parasemicincta, sp. nov. (type locality, South Australia, Wobna Mound Spring about 8km south-east of Coward Spring). Placement of the iosceles and carnarvona groups is discussed. A key is provided for all species and five subspecies. Species-groups, species, and subspecies are revised, described and illustrated, and the ranges of species indicated by maps. A history of the Australian species of Cicindela is derived, which comprises a reconstructed phylogeny, based on adult characteristics, and zoogeography based on patterns of geographical distributions of species-groups, ecological requirements, vicariance relations of sister groups, and climatic events of the past. It is concluded that five species-groups are endemic to Australia. Their origins are unknown, though geographical distributions indicate that four (iosceles, nigrina, tetragramma, carnarvona) are relicts of extinct Oriental lineages, and one (igneicollis) is relict of a south ancient lineage. Two species-groups (ypsilon, semicincta) are southernmost extensions of extant Oriental groups. Zoogeographical evidence suggests that most founding stocks invaded northern Australia through New Guinea during the Tertiary and Pleistocene, and speciation in the Pleistocene has been generated in the north-east by periodic retreats and invasions of the sea in the Gulf of Carpentaria during glacial and interglacial phases.