Roosting behaviour and the tree-hollow requirements of bats: insights from the lesser long-eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) and Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) in south-eastern Australia
Linda F. Lumsden
A B E , Stephen R. Griffiths C D , John E. Silins A and Andrew F. Bennett B C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia.
B School of Ecology and Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic. 3125, Australia.
C Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia.
D Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: Lindy.Lumsden@delwp.vic.gov.au
Australian Journal of Zoology - https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO20072
Submitted: 1 August 2020 Accepted: 23 April 2021 Published online: 26 May 2021
Abstract
Access to suitable roosts is critical for the conservation of tree-hollow roosting bats worldwide. Availability of roost sites is influenced by human land-use, but also by the roosting requirements and behaviour of species. We investigated roosting behaviour of the lesser long-eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) and Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) in a rural landscape in south-eastern Australia. Forty-five N. geoffroyi and 27 C. gouldii were fitted with radio-transmitters, resulting in the location of 139 and 89 roosts, respectively. Most (88%) roosts occupied by male N. geoffroyi contained only a single individual. During the breeding season female colonies were larger, with maternity roosts containing 18.3 ± 5.7 (s.e.) individuals. Mean colony sizes for C. gouldii were 8.7 ± 1.4 individuals. Both species shifted roosts frequently: on average, individual N. geoffroyi moved every 2.2 ± 0.23 days and C. gouldii every 2.2 ± 0.14 days. Notably, lactating female N. geoffroyi shifted roosts more frequently than non-breeding females. Individuals of both species roosted within a discrete area, with roosts typically <300 m apart; and consistently returned there from foraging up to 12 km distant. This roosting behaviour highlights three important requirements: (1) a relatively large overall number of hollows to support a population; (2) discrete roost areas with a high density of suitable hollows in close proximity; and (3) a range of hollow types to provide the specialised roosts required, particularly for breeding.
Keywords: bats, behavioural ecology, conservation, habitat fragmentation, radio telemetry, roost selection, rural landscapes, tree cavities.
References
Australian Bureau of Meteorology (2020). Climate data online. Available at http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/ [accessed 10 July 2020].Barclay, R. M., and Kurta, A. (2007). Ecology and behavior of bats roosting in tree cavities and under bark. In ‘Bats in Forests: Conservation and Management’. (Eds M. J. Lacki, J. P. Hayes, and A. Kurta.) pp. 17–59. (Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD.)
Bartonička, T., and Růžičková, L. (2013). Recolonization of bat roost by bat bugs (Cimex pipistrelli): could parasite load be a cause of bat roost switching? Parasitology Research 112, 1615–1622.
| Recolonization of bat roost by bat bugs (Cimex pipistrelli): could parasite load be a cause of bat roost switching?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23385971PubMed |
Bender, R. (2011). Bat roost boxes at Organ Pipes National Park, Victoria: seasonal and annual usage patterns. In ‘Biology and Conservation of Australasian Bats’. (Eds B. Law, P. Eby, D. Lunney, and L. Lumsden.) pp. 443–459. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Mosman, NSW.)
Bennett, A. F., Lumsden, L. F., and Nicholls, A. O. (1994). Tree hollows as a resource for wildlife in remnant woodlands: spatial and temporal patterns across the northern plains of Victoria, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 222–235.
| Tree hollows as a resource for wildlife in remnant woodlands: spatial and temporal patterns across the northern plains of Victoria, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Churchill, S. K. (2008). ‘Australian Bats.’ (Allen and Unwin: Crows Nest, NSW.)
Cryan, P. M., Bogan, M. A., and Yanega, G. M. (2001). Roosting habits of four bat species in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Acta Chiropterologica 3, 43–52.
Dixon, J. M., and Huxley, L. (1989). Observations on a maternity colony of Gould’s wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Mammalia 53, 395–414.
| Observations on a maternity colony of Gould’s wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans, L. N., and Lumsden, L. F. (2011). A comparison of the roosting behaviour of Gould’s wattled bats Chalinolobus gouldii using bat boxes and tree hollows in suburban Melbourne. In ‘Biology and Conservation of Australasian Bats’. (Eds B. Law, P. Eby, D. Lunney, and L. Lumsden.) pp. 288–296. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Mosman, NSW.)
Fenton, M. B., Audet, D., Dunning, D. C., Long, J., Merriman, C. B., Pearl, D., Syme, D. M., Adkins, B., Pedersen, S., and Wohlgenant, T. (1993). Activity patterns and roost selection by Noctilio albiventris (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae) in Costa Rica. Journal of Mammalogy 74, 607–613.
| Activity patterns and roost selection by Noctilio albiventris (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae) in Costa Rica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fischer, J., Zerger, A., Gibbons, P., Stott, J., and Law, B. S. (2010). Tree decline and the future of Australian farmland biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 19597–19602.
| Tree decline and the future of Australian farmland biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20974946PubMed |
Foster, R. W., and Kurta, A. (1999). Roosting ecology of the northern bat (Myotis septentrionalis) and comparisons with the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). Journal of Mammalogy 80, 659–672.
| Roosting ecology of the northern bat (Myotis septentrionalis) and comparisons with the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gibbons, P., Lindenmayer, D. B., Fischer, J., Manning, A. D., Weinberg, A., Seddon, J., Ryan, P., and Barrett, G. (2008). The future of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. Conservation Biology 22, 1309–1319.
| The future of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18680500PubMed |
Godinho, L. N., Cripps, J. K., Coulson, G., and Lumsden, L. F. (2013). The effect of ectoparasites on the grooming behaviour of Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii): an experimental study. Acta Chiropterologica 15, 463–472.
| The effect of ectoparasites on the grooming behaviour of Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii): an experimental study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Godinho, L. N., Lumsden, L. F., Coulson, G., and Griffiths, S. R. (2015). Network analysis reveals cryptic seasonal patterns of association in Gould’s wattled bats (Chalinolobus gouldii) roosting in bat-boxes. Behaviour 152, 2079–2105.
| Network analysis reveals cryptic seasonal patterns of association in Gould’s wattled bats (Chalinolobus gouldii) roosting in bat-boxes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Godinho, L. N., Lumsden, L. F., Coulson, G., and Griffiths, S. R. (2020). Flexible roost selection by Gould’s wattled bats (Chalinolobus gouldii) using bat boxes in an urban landscape. Australian Journal of Zoology 67, 269–280.
| Flexible roost selection by Gould’s wattled bats (Chalinolobus gouldii) using bat boxes in an urban landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gonsalves, L., and Law, B. S. (2018). Seasonal activity patterns of bats in north Sydney, New South Wales: implications for urban bat monitoring programs. Australian Mammalogy 40, 220–229.
| Seasonal activity patterns of bats in north Sydney, New South Wales: implications for urban bat monitoring programs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griffiths, S. R., Lumsden, L. F., Robert, K. A., and Lentini, P. E. (2020). Nest boxes do not cause a shift in bat community composition in an urbanised landscape. Scientific Reports 10, 6210.
| Nest boxes do not cause a shift in bat community composition in an urbanised landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32277114PubMed |
Hosken, D. J. (1996). Roost selection by the lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, and the greater long-eared bat, N. major (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Banksia woodlands. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 79, 211–216.
Hosken, D. J. (1997). Reproduction and the female reproductive cycle of Nyctophilus geoffroyi and N. major (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 45, 489–504.
| Reproduction and the female reproductive cycle of Nyctophilus geoffroyi and N. major (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jenkin, J. J. (1982). Physiography. In ‘Atlas of Victoria’. (Ed. J. S. Duncan.) pp. 20–25. (Government of Victoria: Melbourne.)
Johnson, J. S., and Lacki, M. J. (2013). Summer heterothermy in Rafinesque’s big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) roosting in tree cavities in bottomland hardwood forests. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 183, 709–721.
| Summer heterothermy in Rafinesque’s big-eared bats (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) roosting in tree cavities in bottomland hardwood forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23269613PubMed |
Kerth, G., and Konig, B. (1999). Fission, fusion and nonrandom associations in female Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii). Behaviour 136, 1187–1202.
| Fission, fusion and nonrandom associations in female Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kerth, G., and Van Schaik, J. (2012). Causes and consequences of living in closed societies: lessons from a long-term socio-genetic study on Bechstein’s bats. Molecular Ecology 21, 633–646.
| Causes and consequences of living in closed societies: lessons from a long-term socio-genetic study on Bechstein’s bats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21883583PubMed |
Kerth, G., Weissmann, K., and Konig, B. (2001). Day roost selection in female Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii): a field experiment to determine the influence of roost temperature. Oecologia 126, 1–9.
| Day roost selection in female Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii): a field experiment to determine the influence of roost temperature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28547427PubMed |
Kunz, T. H., and Lumsden, L. F. (2003). Ecology of cavity and foliage roosting bats. In ‘Bat Ecology’. (Eds T. H. Kunz, and M. B. Fenton.) pp. 3–89. (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, USA.)
Kurta, A., Johnson, K. A., and Kunz, T. H. (1987). Oxygen consumption and body temperature of female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) under simulated roost conditions. Physiological Zoology 60, 386–397.
| Oxygen consumption and body temperature of female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) under simulated roost conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kurta, A., Murray, S. W., and Miller, D. H. (2002). Roost selection and movements across the summer landscape. In ‘The Indiana Bat: Biology and Management of an Endangered Species’. (Eds A. Kurta, and J. Kennedy.) pp. 118–129. (Bat Conservation International: Austin, TX.)
Law, B. S., and Anderson, J. (2000). Roost preferences and foraging ranges of the eastern forest bat Vespadelus pumilus under two disturbance histories in northern New South Wales, Australia. Austral Ecology 25, 352–367.
| Roost preferences and foraging ranges of the eastern forest bat Vespadelus pumilus under two disturbance histories in northern New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Law, B. S., Chidel, M., and Penman, T. (2011). Do young eucalypt plantations benefit bats in an intensive agricultural landscape? Wildlife Research 38, 173–187.
| Do young eucalypt plantations benefit bats in an intensive agricultural landscape?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Law, B., Park, K. J., and Lacki, M. J. (2016). Insectivorous bats and silviculture: balancing timber production and bat conservation. In ‘Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World’. (Eds C. C. Voigt, and T. Kingston.) pp. 105–150. (Springer International Publishing: Cham.)
Lentini, P. E., Gibbons, P., Fischer, J., Law, B. S., Hanspach, J., and Martin, T. G. (2012). Bats in a farming landscape benefit from linear remnants and unimproved pastures. PLoS One 7, e48201.
| Bats in a farming landscape benefit from linear remnants and unimproved pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23155378PubMed |
Lewis, S. E. (1995). Roost fidelity of bats – a review. Journal of Mammalogy 76, 481–496.
| Roost fidelity of bats – a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lumsden, L. F., and Bennett, A. F. (2006). Flexibility and specificity in the roosting ecology of the lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi: a common and widespread Australian species. In ‘Functional and Evolutionary Ecology of Bats’. (Eds A. Zubaid, G. McCracken, and T. Kunz.) pp. 290–307. (Oxford University Press: New York.)
Lumsden, L. F., Bennett, A. F., Krasna, S. P., and Silins, J. E. (1995). The conservation of insectivorous bats in rural landscapes of northern Victoria. In ‘People and Nature Conservation: Perspectives on Private Land Use and Endangered Species Recovery’. (Eds A. F. Bennett, G. Backhouse, and T. Clark.) pp. 142–148. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Mosman.)
Lumsden, L. F., Bennett, A. F., and Silins, J. E. (1998). The roosting behaviour of two species of vespertilionids in southern Australia. Bat Research News 39, 80–81.
Lumsden, L. F., Bennett, A. F., and Silins, J. E. (2002a). Location of roosts of the lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi and Gould’s wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii in a fragmented landscape in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 106, 237–249.
| Location of roosts of the lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi and Gould’s wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii in a fragmented landscape in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lumsden, L. F., Bennett, A. F., and Silins, J. E. (2002b). Selection of roost sites by the lesser long-eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) and Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Zoology 257, 207–218.
| Selection of roost sites by the lesser long-eared bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) and Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lunney, D., Barker, J., Priddel, D., and O’Connell, M. (1988). Roost selection by Gould’s long-eared bat, Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in logged forest on the south coast of New South Wales. Wildlife Research 15, 375–384.
| Roost selection by Gould’s long-eared bat, Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in logged forest on the south coast of New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Manning, A. D., Gibbons, P., Fischer, J., Oliver, D. L., and Lindenmayer, D. B. (2013). Hollow futures? Tree decline, lag effects and hollow-dependent species. Animal Conservation 16, 395–403.
| Hollow futures? Tree decline, lag effects and hollow-dependent species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Donnell, C. F. J. (2000). Cryptic local populations in a temperate rainforest bat Chalinolobus tuberculatus in New Zealand. Animal Conservation 3, 287–297.
| Cryptic local populations in a temperate rainforest bat Chalinolobus tuberculatus in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Donnell, C. F. J. (2001). Home range and use of space by Chalinolobus tuberculatus, a temperate rainforest bat from New Zealand. Journal of Zoology 253, 253–264.
| Home range and use of space by Chalinolobus tuberculatus, a temperate rainforest bat from New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Donnell, C. F. J., and Sedgeley, J. A. (1999). Use of roosts by the long-tailed bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, in temperate rainforest in New Zealand. Journal of Mammalogy 80, 913–923.
| Use of roosts by the long-tailed bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, in temperate rainforest in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parsons, K. N., Jones, G., Davidson-Watts, I., and Greenaway, F. (2003). Swarming of bats at underground sites in Britain – implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 111, 63–70.
| Swarming of bats at underground sites in Britain – implications for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
R Development Core Team (2011). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at https://www.R-project.org
Racey, P. A., and Entwistle, A. C. (2003). Conservation ecology of bats. In ‘Bat Ecology’. (Eds T. H. Kunz, and M. B. Fenton.) pp. 680–744. (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois, USA.)
Reardon, T. B., and Flavel, S. C. (1987). ‘A Guide to the Bats of South Australia.’ (South Australian Museum: Adelaide.)
Rhodes, M. (2007). Roost fidelity and fission–fusion dynamics of white-striped free-tailed bats (Tadarida australis). Journal of Mammalogy 88, 1252–1260.
| Roost fidelity and fission–fusion dynamics of white-striped free-tailed bats (Tadarida australis).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ruczyński, I. (2006). Influence of temperature on maternity roost selection by noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) and Leisler’s bats (N. leisleri) in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, 900–907.
| Influence of temperature on maternity roost selection by noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) and Leisler’s bats (N. leisleri) in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rueegger, N., Goldingay, R., and Law, B. S. (2018a). Physical and microclimate characteristics of Nyctophilus gouldi and Vespadelus vulturnus maternity-roost cavities. Wildlife Research 45, 611–619.
| Physical and microclimate characteristics of Nyctophilus gouldi and Vespadelus vulturnus maternity-roost cavities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rueegger, N., Law, B., and Goldingay, R. (2018b). Interspecific differences and commonalities in maternity roosting by tree cavity-roosting bats over a maternity season in a timber production landscape. PLoS One 13, e0194429.
| Interspecific differences and commonalities in maternity roosting by tree cavity-roosting bats over a maternity season in a timber production landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29543883PubMed |
Sedgeley, J. A. (2001). Quality of cavity microclimate as a factor influencing selection of maternity roosts by a tree-dwelling bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, in New Zealand. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 425–438.
| Quality of cavity microclimate as a factor influencing selection of maternity roosts by a tree-dwelling bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Speakman, J. R., Lumsden, L. F., and Hays, G. C. (1994). Predation rates on bats released to fly during daylight in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Zoology 233, 318–321.
| Predation rates on bats released to fly during daylight in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stawski, C., and Currie, S. E. (2016). Effect of roost choice on winter torpor patterns of a free-ranging insectivorous bat. Australian Journal of Zoology 64, 132–137.
| Effect of roost choice on winter torpor patterns of a free-ranging insectivorous bat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Threlfall, C. G., Law, B. S., and Banks, P. B. (2013). Roost selection in suburban bushland by the urban sensitive bat Nyctophilus gouldi. Journal of Mammalogy 94, 307–319.
| Roost selection in suburban bushland by the urban sensitive bat Nyctophilus gouldi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tidemann, C. R., and Flavel, S. C. (1987). Factors affecting choice of diurnal roost site by tree-hole bats (Microchiroptera) in southeastern Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 14, 459–473.
| Factors affecting choice of diurnal roost site by tree-hole bats (Microchiroptera) in southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Treby, D. L., and Castley, J. G. (2015). Distribution and abundance of hollow-bearing trees in urban forest fragments. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14, 655–663.
| Distribution and abundance of hollow-bearing trees in urban forest fragments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turbill, C. (2006a). Roosting and thermoregulatory behaviour of male Gould’s long-eared bats, Nyctophilus gouldi: energetic benefits of thermally unstable tree roosts. Australian Journal of Zoology 54, 57–60.
| Roosting and thermoregulatory behaviour of male Gould’s long-eared bats, Nyctophilus gouldi: energetic benefits of thermally unstable tree roosts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turbill, C. (2006b). Thermoregulatory behavior of tree-roosting chocolate wattled bats (Chalinolobus morio) during summer and winter. Journal of Mammalogy 87, 318–323.
| Thermoregulatory behavior of tree-roosting chocolate wattled bats (Chalinolobus morio) during summer and winter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turbill, C., Kortner, G., and Geiser, F. (2003). Natural use of heterothermy by a small, tree-roosting bat during summer. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76, 868–876.
| Natural use of heterothermy by a small, tree-roosting bat during summer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14988802PubMed |
Veilleux, J. P., Whitaker, J. O., and Veilleux, S. L. (2004). Reproductive stage influences roost use by tree roosting female eastern pipistrelles, Pipistrellus subflavus. Ecoscience 11, 249–256.
| Reproductive stage influences roost use by tree roosting female eastern pipistrelles, Pipistrellus subflavus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Waldien, D. L., Hayes, J. P., and Arnett, E. B. (2000). Day-roosts of female long-eared myotis in western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 64, 785–796.
| Day-roosts of female long-eared myotis in western Oregon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Webala, P. W., Craig, M. D., Law, B. S., Armstrong, K. N., Wayne, A. F., and Bradley, J. S. (2011). Bat habitat use in logged jarrah eucalypt forests of south-western Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 398–406.
| Bat habitat use in logged jarrah eucalypt forests of south-western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willis, C. K. R., and Brigham, R. M. (2004). Roost switching, roost sharing and social cohesion: forest-dwelling big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, conform to the fission–fusion model. Animal Behaviour 68, 495–505.
| Roost switching, roost sharing and social cohesion: forest-dwelling big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, conform to the fission–fusion model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willis, C. K. R., and Brigham, R. M. (2007). Social thermoregulation exerts more influence than microclimate on forest roost preferences by a cavity-dwelling bat. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62, 97–108.
| Social thermoregulation exerts more influence than microclimate on forest roost preferences by a cavity-dwelling bat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Young, R. A. (1980). Observations on the vulnerability of two species of wattled bats (Chalinolobus) to diurnal avian predators. Victorian Naturalist 97, 258–262.
