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Australian Journal of Zoology Australian Journal of Zoology Society
Evolutionary, molecular and comparative zoology
REVIEW (Open Access)

Wildlife parasitology in Australia: past, present and future

David M. Spratt https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-7361 A C and Ian Beveridge B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Australian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

B Veterinary Clinical Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic. 3030, Australia.

C Corresponding author. Email: dave.spratt@csiro.au

Australian Journal of Zoology 66(4) 286-305 https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO19017
Submitted: 28 February 2019  Accepted: 23 March 2019   Published: 23 April 2019

Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract

Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts. This aspect of parasite evolution is a continuing area for research in the case of helminths, but remains to be addressed for many other parasitic groups.

Additional keywords: acanthocephalans, arthropods, molecular methods, morphology, nematodes, platyhelminths, protists.


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