Register      Login
Australian Journal of Zoology Australian Journal of Zoology Society
Evolutionary, molecular and comparative zoology
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > ZO > ZO08003
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 56(5)

Hollow-using vertebrate fauna of Tasmania: distribution, hollow requirements and conservation status

Amelia J. Koch A B F G , Sarah A. Munks B C D and Eric J. Woehler D E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A University of Tasmania, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Private Bag 78, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.

B CRC for Forestry, Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.

C Tasmanian Forest Practices Authority, 30 Patrick Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia.

D University of Tasmania, School of Zoology, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.

E Birds Tasmania, GPO Box 68 Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.

F Present address: Tasmanian Forest Practices Authority, 30 Patrick Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia.

G Corresponding author. Email: amy.koch@fpa.tas.gov.au

Australian Journal of Zoology 56(5) 323-349 https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO08003
Submitted: 8 January 2008  Accepted: 16 December 2008   Published: 3 March 2009

Abstract

In Tasmania, a considerable proportion of the forested landscape is available for land clearance and production forestry, which has and will continue to result in a decline in hollow availability unless managed appropriately. All hollow-using species are listed as having priority status under the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement. To ensure the habitat for hollow-using fauna is managed effectively, we first have to understand the requirements of the species involved. This paper is a review of the distribution, hollow requirements and conservation status of the five species of arboreal marsupials, eight species of bats and 29 bird species that use hollows in Tasmania. The number of species that use hollows is lower than in many other areas of Australia, but these species represent a large proportion of the vertebrate fauna of Tasmania. Three of these species and nine subspecies are endemic to Tasmania and seven are exotic. Four bird species are listed as Threatened at the state and/or national level. Twenty-five of Tasmania’s hollow-using species are capable of using small hollows, 14 can use medium-sized hollows and three bird species are limited to using large hollows. Current records indicate that the highest diversity of hollow-using species is associated with dry forest areas.


Acknowledgements

Thanks to Mark Holdsworth, Don Driscoll and Jamie Kirkpatrick for reading and helping improve this manuscript. The bird distribution data used in this paper were supplied by Birds Tasmania, a regional group of Birds Australia. Thanks to Mark Holdsworth and Chris Spencer who helped check the species distribution maps. Thanks to Stewart Blackhall for checking the distribution maps and editing the text on ducks. Thanks to Raymond Brereton for discussions on Tasmanian bats and for checking the text on bats in this paper. Thanks to Nick Mooney for reading the sections on Tasmanian owls. Thanks to Matt Webb for comments on the texts for swift parrot, masked owl and yellow-tailed black cockatoo.


References

Abbott, I. , and Whitford, K. (2002). Conservation of vertebrate fauna using hollows in forests of south-west Western Australia: strategic risk assessment in relation to ecology, policy, planning, and operations management. Pacific Conservation Biology 7, 240–255.
Barrett G. , Silcocks A. , and Cunningham R. (2002). ‘Australian Bird Atlas (1998–2001) Supplementary Report No. 1 – Comparison of Atlas 1 (1977–1981) and Atlas 2 (1998–2001).’ (Birds Australia: Melbourne.)

Barrett G. , Silcocks A. , Barry S. C. , Cunningham R. , and Poulter R. (2003). ‘The New Atlas of Australian Birds.’ (Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union: Melbourne.)

Bekessy S. , Fox J. , Munks S. , and Wintle B. (2004). PVA for ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus convolutor). In ‘Linking Landscape Ecology and Management to Population Viability Analysis. Report 2: Population Viability Analysis for Eleven Forest Dependent Species’. (Eds J. C. Fox, T. J.Regan, S. A. Bekessy, B. A. Wintle, M. J. Brown, J. M. Meggs, K. Bonham, R. Mesibov, M. A. McCarthy, S. A. Munks, P. Wells, R. Brereton, K. Graham, J. Hickey, P. Turner, M. Jones, W. E. Brown, N. Mooney, S. Grove, K. Yamada and M. A. Burgman.) pp. 190–214. A project by the University of Melbourne prepared for Forestry Tasmania. (University of Melbourne: Melbourne.)

Bell, H. L. (1979). Tree martins nesting in buildings. Australian Bird Watcher 8, 102.
Bell P. J. , and Mooney N. (2002). Distribution, habitat and abundance of masked owls (Tyto novaehollandiae) in Tasmania. In ‘Ecology and Conservation of Owls.’ (Eds I. Newton, R. Kavanagh, J. Olsen and I. Taylor.) pp. 125–136. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)

Bell P. , Mooney N. , and Wiersma J. (1997). Predicting essential habitat for forest owls in Tasmania. Report to the Tasmanian RFA Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, Hobart.

Blakers M. , Davies S. J. J. F. , and Reilly P. N. (1984). ‘The Atlas of Australian Birds.’ (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.)

Bosworth P. , Dorney N. , and Tarran A. (1976). Application of island biogeographic principles to the selection and management of Tasmanian dry sclerophyll reserves. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Brereton R. (1997). Management prescriptions for the swift parrot in production forests. Report to the Tasmanian RFA Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, Hobart.

Brereton R. N. , Bryant S. L. , and Rowell M. (1997). Habitat modelling of the forty-spotted pardalote and recommendations for management. Report to the Tasmanian RFA Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, Hobart.

Brereton R. , Swift Parrot Recovery Team, and Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service (1999). Swift parrot recovery plan 1997–2000. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart.

Brown, P. B. (1979). The status of parrot species in Western Tasmania. Tasmanian Bird Report 9, 4–12.
Brown P. B. (1986). The forty-spotted pardalote in Tasmania. Wildlife Division Technical Report 1986/4, Hobart.

Brown P. B. (1989 a). The swift parrot Lathamus discolor (White). A report on its ecology, distribution and status, including management considerations. Report for the Australian Heritage Commission and the Department of Lands Parks and Wildlife, Tasmania, Hobart.

Brown, P. B. (1989b). The Forty-spotted pardalote on Maria Island. Tasmanian Bird Report 18, 4–13.
Brown P. B. , and Wilson R. I. (1982). The orange-bellied parrot. In ‘Species At Risk: Research in Australia. Proceedings of a Symposium on the Biology of Rare and Endangered Species in Australia, Canberra, 25–26 November 1981’. (Eds R. H. Groves and W. D. L. Ride.) pp. 106–115. (Australian Academy of Science: Canberra.)

Brown P. B. , and Wilson R. I. (1984). Orange-bellied parrot recovery plan. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania, Hobart.

Bryant, S. L. (1997). Status of forty-spotted pardalote colonies. Tasmanian Bird Report 26, 45–50.
Bryant S. (2002). Impact of clearing old growth elements on Tasmania’s woodland vertebrates. In ‘Launceston Firewood Conference 2001. Summaries of Papers Presented’. pp. 102–103. (Natural Heritage Trust Bushcare National Projects: Hobart.)

Callister, D. J. (1991). A review of the Tasmanian brushtail possum industry. Traffic Bulletin 12, 49–58.
Cawthen L. (2007). Den use by the common brushtail possum in logged and unlogged dry forest in SE Tasmania. B.Sc. (Hons.) Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Cayley N. W. , and Lendon A. H. (1973). ‘Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary. Revised Edition of Neville W. Cayley’s Original Work.’ (Angus and Robertson: Sydney.)

Churchill S. (1998). ‘Australian Bats.’ (Reed New Holland: Sydney.)

Commonwealth of Australia and State of Tasmania (1997). ‘Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement between the Commonwealth of Australia and the State of Tasmania.’ (Commonwealth of Australia and State of Tasmania: Hobart.)

Commonwealth of Australia and State of Tasmania (2005). ‘The Tasmanian Community Forest Agreement.’ (Commonwealth of Australia and State of Tasmania: Hobart.)

Cooper, R. (1998). A second record for Tasmania? Scepticism little lorikeets and rainbows. Tasmanian Bird Report 27, 3–4.
Coulson R. I. , and Coulson G. M. (1981). The effect of forestry practices on bird breeding in open forest. Project Report 1980/4. Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Coupland C. (2000). The distribution, roosting requirements and daily routine of white cockatoos in Northern Tasmania. B.Sc. (Hons.) Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Debus, S. J. S. (1993). The mainland masked owl Tyto novaehollandiae: a review. Australian bird watcher 15, 168–191.
Dorr T. L. (1999). Foraging behaviour and habitat selection of the forty-spotted pardalote, Pardalotus quadragintus. B.Sc. (Hons.) Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Dove, H. S. (1910). The dusky robin (Petroeca vittata). Emu 10, 127–131.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | DPIW (2007 a). ‘CAR Reserves.’ (Department of Primary Industries and Water: Hobart.)

DPIW (2007 b). ‘Natural Values Atlas.’ (Department of Primary Industries and Water: Hobart.)

DPIW (2008). ‘Forest Groups Data.’ (Resource Management and Conservation, Department of Primary Industries and Water: Hobart.)

Drechsler, M. (1998). Spatial conservation management of the orange-bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster. Biological Conservation 84, 283–292.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Driessen M. M. , and Hocking G. J. (1992). Review and analysis of spotlight surveys in Tasmania: 1975–1990. Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, Hobart.

Driessen, M. M. , Taylor, R. J. , and Hocking, G. J. (1990). Trends in abundance of three marsupial species after fire. Australian Mammalogy 14, 121–124.
Duncan A. M. R. (1995). Use of silvicultural regrowth by fauna. Report to Forestry Tasmania and the Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Canberra.

Duncan, A. M. R. , and Taylor, R. J. (2001). Occurrence of pygmy-possums, Cercartetus lepidus and C. nanus, and their nest sites in logged and unlogged dry and wet eucalypt forest in Tasmania. Australian Forestry 64, 159–164.
Forest Practices Authority (2007). ‘State of the Forests Tasmania 2006.’ (Forest Practices Authority: Hobart.)

Forest Practices Board (2000). ‘Forest Practices Code.’ (Forest Practices Board: Hobart.)

Foster, G. (2001). Observations of wood duck (Chenonetta jubata) in far south and south-west Tasmania. Tasmanian Bird Report 29, 19.
Frith H. J. (1967). ‘Waterfowl in Australia.’ (Angus and Robertson Ltd.: Sydney.)

Frith, C. B. , and Frith, D. W. (1993). Notes on birds found nesting at Iron Range, Cape York peninsula, November–December 1990. Sunbird 23, 44–58.
Game Management Services Unit (2005). Game tracks Issue 10. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart.

Gibbons P. (1999). Habitat tree retention in wood production forests. Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.

Gibbons P. , and Lindenmayer D. (2002). ‘Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)

Gibbons, P. , Lindenmayer, D. B. , Barry, S. C. , and Tanton, M. T. (2000). Hollow formation in eucalypts from temperate forests in southeastern Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 6, 218–228.
Green R. H. (1973). ‘The Mammals of Tasmania.’ (Published by the author: Launceston.)

Green, R. H. (1977). The vertebrate fauna of Maggs Mountain Tasmania. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 58, 1–40.
Green R. H. (1995). ‘The Fauna of Tasmania. Birds.’ (Potoroo Publishing: Launceston.)

Green, R. H. , and Rainbird, J. L. (1984). The bat genus Eptesicus Gray in Tasmania. Tasmanian Naturalist 76, 1–5.
Gunn G. C. (1851). On the introduction and naturalisation of Petaurus sciureus in Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1 253–255.

Harris, J. G. K. (1980). Birds of the Sullivans Cove area, city of Hobart. Tasmanian Naturalist 60, 1–6.
Haseler M. (1990). The distribution and abundance of tree hollows and their use by birds in a dry sclerophyll forest in north-east Tasmania. Report to the Forestry Commission of Tasmania, Hobart.

Haseler, M. , and Taylor, R. (1993). Use of tree hollows by birds in sclerophyll forest in north-eastern Tasmania. Tasforests 5, 51–56.
Hickey J. E. , and Brown M. J. (2003). Towards ecological forestry in Tasmania. In ‘Towards Forest Sustainability’. (Eds D. B. Lindenmayer and J. F. Franklin.) pp. 31–46. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)

Higgins P. J. (1999). ‘Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds: Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)

Higgins P. J. , Peter J. M. , and Cowling S. J. (2006). ‘Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds: Volume 7: Boatbill to Starlings. Part A: Boatbill to Larks.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)

Hingston, A. B. (2000). Impacts of logging on autumn bird populations in the southern forests of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 134, 19–28.
Hocking G. J. (1981). The population ecology of the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr), in Tasmania. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Hocking G. J. (1990). The brush possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr) in Tasmania. Report for the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart.

Hocking, G. J. , and Driessen, M. M. (1996). Mammals of northeast Tasmania. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 103, 163–169.
Holdsworth M. (2006). Breeding success and demography of the orange-bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Johnson K. A. (1977). Methods for the census of wallaby and possum in Tasmania. Wildlife Division Technical Report 77/2, Hobart.

Kalcounis-Ruppell, M. C. , Psyllakis, J. M. , and Brigham, R. M. (2005). Tree roost selection by bats: an empirical synthesis using meta-analysis. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33, 1123–1132.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Lamb D. , Loyn R. H. , Smith A. P. , and Wilkinson G. (1998). Managing habitat trees in Queensland forests. A report by the Habitat tree technical advisory group to the Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Forest Resources, Brisbane.

Law, B. S. (1996). The ecology of bats in south-east Australian forests and potential impacts of forestry practices: a review. Pacific Conservation Biology 2, 363–374.
Lindenmayer D. B. , and Franklin J. F. (2002). ‘Conserving Forest Biodiversity. A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach.’ (Island Press: Washington, DC.)

Lloyd, S. (2002). Ecological impact of the laughing kookaburra in Tasmania. Tasmanian Bird Report 30, 6–8.
Lumsden L. F. , Bennett A. F. , Krasna S. P. , and Silins J. E. (1995). The conservation of insectivorous bats in rural landscapes of northern Victoria. In ‘People and Nature Conservation. Perspectives on Private Land Use and Endangered Species Recovery’. (Eds A. F. Bennett, G. Backhouse and T. Clark.) pp. 142–148. (The Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Sydney.)

Lumsden, L. F. , Bennett, A. F. , and Silins, J. E. (2002). Location of roosts of the lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi and Gould’s wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii in a fragmented landscape in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 106, 237–249.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Marchant S. , and Higgins P. J. (1990). ‘Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds: Volume 1: Ratites to Ducks. Part A: Ratites to Petrels, Part B: Australian Pelican to Ducks.’ (Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union: Melbourne.)

Martin, K. , Aitken, K. E. H. , and Wiebe, K. L. (2004). Nest sites and nest webs for cavity-nesting communities in interior British Columbia, Canada: nest characteristics and niche partitioning. The Condor 106, 5–19.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Mooney N. J. , and Johnson K. A. (1979). Methods for the census of wallaby and possum in Tasmania. Report for National Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania and the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.

Munks S. A. (1990). Ecological energetics and reproduction in the common ringtail possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus (Marsupialia: Phalangeroidea). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

Munks S. A. , Mooney N. , Pemberton D. , and Gales R. (2004). An update on the distribution and status of possums and gliders in Tasmania, including off-shore islands. In ‘The Biology of Australian Possums and Gliders’. (Eds R. L. Goldingay and S. M. Jackson.) pp. 111–129. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Chipping Norton.)

Munks, S. , Wapstra, M. , Corkrey, R. , Otley, H. , and Miller, G. (2007). The occurrence of potential tree hollows in the dry eucalpyt forests of south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. Australian Zoologist 34, 22–36.
O’Neill M. G. (1984). Structure and composition of Tasmanian bat communities. B.Sc. (Hons.) Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.

O’Neill, M. G. , and Taylor, R. J. (1986). Observations on the flight patterns and foraging behaviour of Tasmanian bats. Australian Wildlife Research 13, 427–432.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Orange-bellied Parrot Recovery Team (1999). Orange-bellied parrot recovery plan 1998–2002. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart.

Orange-bellied Parrot Recovery Team (2006). National recovery plan for the orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster). Department of Primary Industries and Water, Hobart.

Park, P. (1981). Results from a nesting study of welcome swallows in southern Tasmania. Corella 5, 85–88.
Paton D. C. (1996). Overview of feral and managed honeybees in Australia: distribution, abundance, extent of interactions with native biota, evidence of impacts and future research. Report for the Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Adelaide.

Pattemore V. (1980). Effects of the pulpwood industry on wildlife in Tasmania 3. Succession in bird communities and their habitats. Wildlife Division Tech. Rep. 80/1, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.

Penck, M. , Torcello, J. C. , and Sanderson, K. J. (1995). Observations of coexistence between Adelaide and eastern rosellas (Platycercus spp.) in Adelaide. South Australian Ornithologist 32, 25–32.
Recher H. F. (1991). The conservation and management of eucalypt forest birds: resource requirements for nesting and foraging. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s Forest Fauna’. (Ed. D. Lunney.) pp. 25–34. (Royal Zoological Society of NSW: Sydney.)

Recher, H. F. , Thomas, D. G. , and Milledge, D. R. (1971). Census of dry sclerophyll. Emu 71, 40–43.
Rhodes M. P. (1996). Use of silvicultural regrowth for foraging by Tasmanian bat species. Report to Forestry Tasmania and the Department of Primary Industry and Energy, Hobart.

Robinson, D. (1990). The nesting ecology of sympatric scarlet robin Petroica multicolor and flame robin P. phoenicea populations in open eucalypt forest. Emu 90, 40–52.
Rowley I. (1990). ‘Behavioural Ecology of the Galah Eolophus roseicapillus in the Wheatbelt of Western Australia.’ (Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd: Chipping Norton.)

Ruczynski, I. , and Bogdanowicz, W. (2005). Roost cavity selection by Nyctalus noctula and N. leisleri (Vespertilionidae: Chiroptera) in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, eastern Poland. Journal of Mammalogy 86, 921–930.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Sharland M. (1958). ‘Tasmanian Birds.’ (Angus and Robertson: Sydney.)

Sharland, M. (1983). Pardalotes in and near Hobart. Tasmanian Naturalist 72, 2–3.
Slater J. (1987 a). ‘Arboreal Marsupial Fauna of Southern Tasmania. 1. The Species and Their Distribution.’ (The author: Hobart.)

Slater J. E. (1987 b). ‘The Autumn/winter Diet of the Sugar Glider, Petaurus breviceps, with an Investigation of Banksia Nectar as a Food Source.’ (University of Tasmania: Hobart.)

Smith A.P. (1993). Habitat tree retention in the Wingham Management Area. Department of Planning, Department of Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale.

Smith G. , and Lees N. (1998). Density and distribution of habitat trees required to support viable populations of hollow-dependent species. Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane.

Smith, A. P. , and Murray, M. (2003). Habitat requirements of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) and associated possums and gliders on the New South Wales central coast. Wildlife Research 30, 291–301.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Statham H. L. (1984). The effects of forest operations on wildlife in Tasmania. A literature review submitted to the Forest Ecology Research Fund, Hobart.

Statham H. L. (1987). The fauna of the Southern Forests. Forestry commission, Hobart.

Statham, H. , and Statham, H. L. (1997). Movements and habits of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr) in an urban area. Wildlife Research 24, 715–726.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Swift Parrot Recovery Team (2001). Swift parrot recovery plan. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart.

Tarburton, M. K. (1993). A comparison of the breeding biology of the welcome swallow in Australia and recently colonised New Zealand. Emu 93, 34–43.
Taylor R. J. (1991). Fauna conservation in production forests in Tasmania. Forestry Commission, Hobart.

Taylor R. J. , and Comfort M. D. (1993). Small terrestrial mammals and bats of Melaleuca and Claytons, southwestern Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 127, 33–37.

Taylor, R. J. , and Haseler, M. (1993). Occurrence of potential nest trees and their use by birds in sclerophyll forest in north-east Tasmania. Australian Forestry 56, 165–171.
Taylor R. J. , Bryant S. L. , Pemberton D. , and Norton T. W. (1985). Mammals of the upper henty river region, western Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 119, 7–14.

Taylor, R. J. , O’Neill, M. G. , and Reardon, T. (1987). Tasmanian bats: identification, distribution and natural history. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 121, 109–119.
Thomas D. (1979). ‘Tasmanian Bird Atlas. Fauna of Tasmania Handbook No. 2.’ (University of Tasmania: Hobart.)

Threatened Species Section (2006). Fauna recovery plan: forty-spotted pardalote 2006–2010. Department of Primary Industries and Water, Hobart.

Tidemann, C. R. , and Flavel, S. C. (1987). Factors affecting choice of diurnal roost site by tree-hole bats (Microchiroptera) in south-eastern Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 14, 459–473.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Watts D. (1993). ‘Tasmanian Mammals – A Field Guide.’ (Peregrine Press: Hobart.)

Wayne A. , Kavanagh R. P. , Loyn R. H. , Munks S. A. , and Smith G. (2006). Brief summary of prescriptions for the retention of hollow bearing trees in multiple-use forests throughout Australia. Report for the Research Priorities and Coordination Committee, Perth.

Webb M. , Holdsworth M. , and Voogdt J. (2007). Nesting requirements of the swift parrot Lathamus discolour. Unpublished report to the Department of Primary Industries and Water, Hobart.

Whitford, K. R. , and Williams, M. R. (2002). Hollows in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) trees II. Selecting trees to retain for hollow dependent fauna. Forest Ecology and Management 160, 215–232.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Wilson R. I. (1984). Breeding habitat requirements of four endemic bird species in Tasmanian dry sclerophyll forests: green rosella, dusky robin, yellow wattlebird and swift parrot. Report to the Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.

Woinarski, J. C. Z. , and Bulman, C. (1985). Ecology and breeding biology of the forty-spotted pardalote and other pardalotes on north Bruny Island. Emu 85, 106–120.


Woinarski, J. C. Z. , and Rounsevell, D. E. (1983). Comparative ecology of pardalotes, including the forty-spotted pardalote, Pardalotus quadragintus (Aves: Pardalotidae) in south-eastern Tasmania. Australian Wildlife Research 10, 351–361.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wormington, K. R. , Lamb, D. , McCallum, H. I. , and Moloney, D. J. (2002). Habitat requirements for the conservation of arboreal marsupials in dry sclerophyll forests of Southeast Queensland, Australia. Forest Science 48, 217–227.


Young, D. (2006). Home range size, habitat use and diet of the endangered Tasmanian masked owl. Forest Practices News 7(4), 5.