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RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)
Contents Vol 51(1)

The toad less travelled: comparing life histories, ecological niches, and potential habitat of Asian black-spined toads and cane toads

C. L. Kelly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-149X A B , L. Schwarzkopf B , T. M. Christy C and M. S. Kennedy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-7080 A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 203 Tor Street, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.

B College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia.

C Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.

* Correspondence to: malcolm.kennedy@daf.qld.gov.au

Handling Editor: Adam Stow

Wildlife Research 51, WR22111 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR22111
Submitted: 24 June 2022  Accepted: 9 March 2023  Published: 11 April 2023

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Context

Invasive vertebrates have significant negative impacts on biodiversity and agricultural production worldwide. Increased connectivity among countries, through trade and tourism, is escalating the rate of introductions of vertebrate species, particularly herpetofauna, across international borders. In Australia, Asian black-spined toads (ABSTs; Duttaphrynus melanostictus) are one of the species most intercepted at borders. They are considered a biosecurity risk because of the potential for negative environmental impacts, similar to those caused by cane toads (Rhinella marina).

Aims

We aimed to compare ABSTs with cane toads to investigate potential impacts and distribution of ABSTs in the Australian context. We also aimed to identify knowledge gaps regarding ABST biology and the potential role of cane toads in an ABST invasion in Australia.

Methods

We undertook a literature review to obtain published data to compare the life history characteristics of ABSTs and cane toads. We also modelled climatic niche overlap and compared suitable habitat for both species in Australia.

Key results

Our results show ABSTs and cane toads have broadly similar reproductive life histories and feeding niches. In particular, similarities include large clutch sizes, preferred oviposition sites, and diet at tadpole and adult life stages. In Australia, the species share suitable potential habitat, particularly in North Queensland, where the majority of ABST incursions have occurred. The species differ in size, call characteristics, clutch size relative to body size, and egg development rate, although the environment also influences these traits. We identify gaps in our knowledge of ABST spatial ecology, thermal tolerances, water reliance, and habitat.

Conclusions

ABSTs pose a significant biosecurity threat to Australia. Similarities in life history to cane toads means they may have similar impacts, but may have a more limited distribution in Australia. Invasion of Australia by ABSTs would likely result in interactions with cane toads, but it is not possible to accurately determine the outcomes of those interactions without further investigation.

Implications

Addressing knowledge gaps and quantitatively determining the potential for competition between ABSTs and cane toads will assist surveillance and response planning for ABST incursions in Australia.

Keywords: Asian black-spined toad, cane toad, competition, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, incursion, invasion, life history, niche overlap, species distribution modelling.

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