Monitoring methods influence native predator detectability and inferred occupancy responses to introduced carnivore management
Tim S. Jessop
A * and Graeme R. Gillespie B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre For Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic. 3216, Australia.
B Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Palmerston, NT 0830, Australia.
Wildlife Research 50(1) 16-27 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR22012
Submitted: 24 January 2022 Accepted: 14 April 2022 Published: 4 July 2022
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Management actions that suppress introduced predator densities can benefit the population recovery of native species. Nevertheless, ensuring that predator management produces measurable population-level benefits can be influenced by multiple factors affecting species detection. Monitoring designs using multiple survey methods may perform better than increasing sampling effort with single-method protocols.
Aims: This study aimed to estimate individual and cumulative detection probabilities and site occupancy estimates from the use of five different monitoring methods to survey a native mesopredator, the lace monitor (Varanus varius). Second, we assessed the effect of lethal red fox (Vulpes vulpes) baiting on lace monitor detection probabilities and site occupancy estimates collected from each monitoring method.
Methods: Multi-method sampling for Varanus varius occurred at 76 sites across lethal fox baited and non-baited habitats in East Gippsland, Victoria. Bayesian site occupancy models were used to estimate the effects of detection method and fox-baiting treatments on Varanus varius detection probability and site occupancy.
Key results: Method-specific detection probabilities (P = 0.00–0.12) and site occupancy estimates (Ψ = 0–0.53) varied considerably among methods, but combinations of multi-method monitoring improved lace monitor detection probability (P = 0.11–0.18) and site occupancy (Ψ = 0.87 ± [0.66–0.93]−0.91 ± [0.76–0.97] mean ± [95% credible intervals]) above any single method. However, there was extreme heterogeneity in the size and direction of the introduced predator baiting effect on method-specific lace monitor detection. Three methods (box traps and two different visual search surveys) all indicated lace monitor detection probabilities increased in fox-baited sites. However, sand pads reported a decrease in lace monitor detection at fox-baited sites, whereas pipe traps obtained no detections.
Conclusions: Combining detection data from all methods led to the inference of a positive fox-baiting effect, albeit with a smaller magnitude and better certainty than that estimated using a reduced method monitoring design, which had fewer detection data after excluding biased detection from sand pads.
Implications: Using a multi-method monitoring approach improved lace monitor detection and reduced sampling effort. However, depending on sampling methodology, the management effects on lace monitors can change.
Keywords: biodiversity monitoring, detection method evaluation, detection probability, lace monitor, lethal fox baiting, management inference, site occupancy, Varanus varius.
References
Anson, JR, Dickman, CR, Boonstra, R, and Jessop, TS (2013). Stress triangle: do introduced predators exert indirect costs on native predators and prey? PLoS ONE 8, e60916.| Stress triangle: do introduced predators exert indirect costs on native predators and prey?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23585861PubMed |
Anson, JR, Dickman, CR, Handasyde, K, and Jessop, TS (2014). Effects of multiple disturbance processes on arboreal vertebrates in eastern Australia: implications for management. Ecography 37, 357–366.
| Effects of multiple disturbance processes on arboreal vertebrates in eastern Australia: implications for management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ariefiandy, A, Purwandana, D, Seno, A, Chrismiawati, M, Ciofi, C, and Jessop, TS (2014). Evaluation of three field monitoring-density estimation protocols and their relevance to Komodo dragon conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 23, 2473–2490.
| Evaluation of three field monitoring-density estimation protocols and their relevance to Komodo dragon conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ariefiandy, A, Purwandana, D, Seno, A, Ciofi, C, and Jessop, TS (2013). Can camera traps monitor Komodo dragons a large ectothermic predator? PLoS ONE 8, e58800.
| Can camera traps monitor Komodo dragons a large ectothermic predator?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23527027PubMed |
Bailey, LL, Simons, TR, and Pollock, KH (2004). Estimating site occupancy and species detection probability parameters for terrestrial salamanders. Ecological Applications 14, 692–702.
| Estimating site occupancy and species detection probability parameters for terrestrial salamanders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barnard, CJ, and Brown, CAJ (1985). Risk-sensitive foraging in common shrews (Sorex araneus L.). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 16, 161–164.
| Risk-sensitive foraging in common shrews (Sorex araneus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boback, SM, Nafus, MG, Yackel Adams, AA, and Reed, RN (2020). Use of visual surveys and radiotelemetry reveals sources of detection bias for a cryptic snake at low densities. Ecosphere 11, e03000.
| Use of visual surveys and radiotelemetry reveals sources of detection bias for a cryptic snake at low densities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Braysher M (2017) ‘Managing Australia’s Pest Animals: a Guide to Strategic Planning and Effective Management.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)
Caraco, T, Martindale, S, and Whittam, TS (1980). An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences. Animal Behaviour 28, 820–830.
| An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clare, J, McKinney, ST, DePue, JE, and Loftin, CS (2017). Pairing field methods to improve inference in wildlife surveys while accommodating detection covariance. Ecological Applications 27, 2031–2047.
| Pairing field methods to improve inference in wildlife surveys while accommodating detection covariance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28644579PubMed |
Claridge, AW, Cunningham, RB, Catling, PC, and Reid, AM (2010). Trends in the activity levels of forest-dwelling vertebrate fauna against a background of intensive baiting for foxes. Forest Ecology and Management 260, 822–832.
| Trends in the activity levels of forest-dwelling vertebrate fauna against a background of intensive baiting for foxes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Comer, S, Speldewinde, P, Tiller, C, Clausen, L, Pinder, J, Cowen, S, and Algar, D (2018). Evaluating the efficacy of a landscape scale feral cat control program using camera traps and occupancy models. Scientific Reports 8, 5335.
| Evaluating the efficacy of a landscape scale feral cat control program using camera traps and occupancy models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29593271PubMed |
Descalzo, E, Jiménez, J, Delibes-Mateos, M, Díaz-Ruiz, F, and Ferreras, P (2021). Assessment of methods for detecting an opportunistic and expanding mesocarnivore in southwestern Europe. Journal of Zoology 315, 138–148.
| Assessment of methods for detecting an opportunistic and expanding mesocarnivore in southwestern Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Tores PJ, Marlow N (2012) The relative merits of predator-exclusion fencing and repeated fox baiting for protection of native fauna: five case studies from Western Australia. In ‘Fencing for Conservation: Restriction of Evolutionary Potential or a Riposte to Threatening Processes?’. (Eds MJ Somers, M Hayward) pp. 21–42. (Springer New York: New York, NY, USA)
Dexter, N, and Murray, A (2009). The impact of fox control on the relative abundance of forest mammals in East Gippsland, Victoria. Wildlife Research 36, 252–261.
| The impact of fox control on the relative abundance of forest mammals in East Gippsland, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Doherty, TS, Glen, AS, Nimmo, DG, Ritchie, EG, and Dickman, CR (2016). Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 11261–11265.
| Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27638204PubMed |
Doody, JS, Soanes, R, Castellano, CM, Rhind, D, Green, B, McHenry, CR, and Clulow, S (2015). Invasive toads shift predator–prey densities in animal communities by removing top predators. Ecology 96, 2544–2554.
| Invasive toads shift predator–prey densities in animal communities by removing top predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26594710PubMed |
du Preez, BD, Loveridge, AJ, and Macdonald, DW (2014). To bait or not to bait: a comparison of camera-trapping methods for estimating leopard Panthera pardus density. Biological Conservation 176, 153–161.
| To bait or not to bait: a comparison of camera-trapping methods for estimating leopard Panthera pardus density.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Einoder, LD, Southwell, DM, Lahoz-Monfort, JJ, Gillespie, GR, Fisher, A, and Wintle, BA (2018). Occupancy and detectability modelling of vertebrates in northern Australia using multiple sampling methods. PLoS ONE 13, e0203304.
| Occupancy and detectability modelling of vertebrates in northern Australia using multiple sampling methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30248104PubMed |
Feit, B, Dempster, T, Jessop, TS, Webb, JK, and Letnic, M (2020). A trophic cascade initiated by an invasive vertebrate alters the structure of native reptile communities. Global Change Biology 26, 2829–2840.
| A trophic cascade initiated by an invasive vertebrate alters the structure of native reptile communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32034982PubMed |
Glen, AS, and Dickman, CR (2008). Niche overlap between marsupial and eutherian carnivores: does competition threaten the endangered spotted-tailed quoll? Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 700–707.
| Niche overlap between marsupial and eutherian carnivores: does competition threaten the endangered spotted-tailed quoll?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glen, AS, Pech, RP, and Byrom, AE (2013). Connectivity and invasive species management: towards an integrated landscape approach. Biological Invasions 15, 2127–2138.
| Connectivity and invasive species management: towards an integrated landscape approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griffiths, AD, and McKay, JL (2007). Cane toads reduce the abundance and site occupancy of Merten’s water monitor (Varanus mertensi). Wildlife Research 34, 609–615.
| Cane toads reduce the abundance and site occupancy of Merten’s water monitor (Varanus mertensi).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guarino, F (2002). Spatial ecology of a large carnivorous lizard, Varanus varius (Squamata: Varanidae). Journal of Zoology 258, 449–457.
| Spatial ecology of a large carnivorous lizard, Varanus varius (Squamata: Varanidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayward, MW, Boitani, L, Burrows, ND, Funston, PJ, Karanth, KU, MacKenzie, DI, Pollock, KH, and Yarnell, RW (2015). FORUM: ecologists need robust survey designs, sampling and analytical methods. Journal of Applied Ecology 52, 286–290.
| FORUM: ecologists need robust survey designs, sampling and analytical methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayward MW, Somers MJ (2012) An introduction to fencing for conservation. In ‘Fencing for Conservation’. (Eds MJ Somers, MW Hayward) pp. 1–6. (Springer: New York, NY, USA)
Hines JE (2006) Program PRESENCE. Available at http://www.mbrpwrc.usgs.gov/software/doc/presence/presence.html
Hradsky, BA, Kelly, LT, Robley, A, and Wintle, BA (2019). FoxNet: an individual-based model framework to support management of an invasive predator, the red fox. Journal of Applied Ecology 56, 1460–1470.
| FoxNet: an individual-based model framework to support management of an invasive predator, the red fox.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hu, Y, Gillespie, G, and Jessop, TS (2019). Variable reptile responses to introduced predator control in southern Australia. Wildlife Research 46, 64–75.
| Variable reptile responses to introduced predator control in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Imansyah, MJ, Jessop, TS, Ciofi, C, and Akbar, Z (2008). Ontogenetic differences in the spatial ecology of immature Komodo dragons. Journal of Zoology 274, 107–115.
| Ontogenetic differences in the spatial ecology of immature Komodo dragons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jessop, TS, Anson, JR, Narayan, E, and Lockwood, T (2015). An introduced competitor elevates corticosterone responses of a native lizard (Varanus varius). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88, 237–245.
| An introduced competitor elevates corticosterone responses of a native lizard (Varanus varius).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25860823PubMed |
Jessop, TS, Ariefiandy, A, Forsyth, DM, Purwandana, D, White, CR, Benu, YJ, Madsen, T, Harlow, HJ, and Letnic, M (2020). Komodo dragons are not ecological analogs of apex mammalian predators. Ecology 101, e02970.
| Komodo dragons are not ecological analogs of apex mammalian predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31984486PubMed |
Jessop TS, Gillespie GR, Letnic M (2016) Examining multi-scale effects of the invasive fox on a large varanid (Varanus varius White, 1790) mesopredator. In ‘Proceedings of the 2015 Interdisciplinary World Conference on Monitor Lizards’. (Ed. M Cota) pp. 221–236. (Institute for Research and Development, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University: Thailand)
Jessop, TS, Holmes, B, Sendjojo, A, Thorpe, MO, and Ritchie, EG (2021). Assessing the benefits of integrated introduced predator management for recovery of native predators. Restoration Ecology 29, e13419.
| Assessing the benefits of integrated introduced predator management for recovery of native predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jessop, TS, Kearney, MR, Moore, JL, Lockwood, T, and Johnston, M (2013). Evaluating and predicting risk to a large reptile (Varanus varius) from feral cat baiting protocols. Biological Invasions 15, 1653–1663.
| Evaluating and predicting risk to a large reptile (Varanus varius) from feral cat baiting protocols.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jessop, TS, Smissen, P, Scheelings, F, and Dempster, T (2012). Demographic and phenotypic effects of human mediated trophic subsidy on a large Australian lizard (Varanus varius): meal ticket or last supper? PLoS ONE 7, e34069.
| Demographic and phenotypic effects of human mediated trophic subsidy on a large Australian lizard (Varanus varius): meal ticket or last supper?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22509271PubMed |
Jessop, TS, Urlus, JA, Lockwood, T, and Gillespie, GR (2010). Preying possum: assessment of the diet of lace monitors (Varanus varius) from coastal forests in southeastern Victoria. Biawak 4, 59–63.
Kéry, M, and Schmidt, BR (2008). Imperfect detection and its consequences for monitoring for conservation. Community Ecology 9, 207–216.
| Imperfect detection and its consequences for monitoring for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kinnear, JE, Onus, ML, and Sumner, NR (1998). Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics — II. An update. Wildlife Research 25, 81–88.
| Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics — II. An update.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kinnear, JE, Sumner, NR, and Onus, ML (2002). The red fox in Australia—an exotic predator turned biocontrol agent. Biological Conservation 108, 335–359.
| The red fox in Australia—an exotic predator turned biocontrol agent.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Legge, S, Woinarski, JCZ, Burbidge, AA, Palmer, R, Ringma, J, Radford, JQ, Mitchell, N, Bode, M, Wintle, B, Baseler, M, Bentley, J, Copley, P, Dexter, N, Dickman, CR, Gillespie, GR, Hill, B, Johnson, CN, Latch, P, Letnic, M, Manning, A, McCreless, EE, Menkhorst, P, Morris, K, Moseby, K, Page, M, Pannell, D, and Tuft, K (2018). Havens for threatened Australian mammals: the contributions of fenced areas and offshore islands to the protection of mammal species susceptible to introduced predators. Wildlife Research 45, 627–644.
| Havens for threatened Australian mammals: the contributions of fenced areas and offshore islands to the protection of mammal species susceptible to introduced predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, D, Woinarski, J, Legge, S, Southwell, D, Lavery, T, Robinson, N, Scheele, B, and Wintle, B (2020). A checklist of attributes for effective monitoring of threatened species and threatened ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Management 262, 110312.
| A checklist of attributes for effective monitoring of threatened species and threatened ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32250795PubMed |
Lindenmayer, DB, and Likens, GE (2010). The science and application of ecological monitoring. Biological Conservation 143, 1317–1328.
| The science and application of ecological monitoring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Wood, J, MacGregor, C, Foster, C, Scheele, B, Tulloch, A, Barton, P, Banks, S, Robinson, N, Dexter, N, O’Loughlin, LS, and Legge, S (2018). Conservation conundrums and the challenges of managing unexplained declines of multiple species. Biological Conservation 221, 279–292.
| Conservation conundrums and the challenges of managing unexplained declines of multiple species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Long, RA, Donovan, TM, Mackay, P, Zielinski, WJ, and Buzas, JS (2007). Comparing scat detection dogs, cameras, and hair snares for surveying carnivores. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 2018–2025.
| Comparing scat detection dogs, cameras, and hair snares for surveying carnivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Long RA, MacKay P, Ray J, Zielinski W (2012) ‘Noninvasive Survey Methods for Carnivores.’ (Island Press: Washington, DC, USA)
Lunn, DJ, Thomas, A, Best, N, and Spiegelhalter, D (2000). WinBUGS – a Bayesian modelling framework: concepts, structure, and extensibility. Statistics and Computing 10, 325–337.
| WinBUGS – a Bayesian modelling framework: concepts, structure, and extensibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
MacKenzie DI, Nichols JD, Royle JA, Pollock KH, Bailey L, Hines JE (2017) ‘Occupancy Estimation and Modeling: Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence.’ (Elsevier: Oxford, UK)
MacKenzie D, Nichols J, Royle J, Pollock K, Bailey L, Hines J (2006) ‘Occupancy Estimation and Modelling.’ (Academic Press: Burlington, MA, USA)
Marlow, NJ, Thomas, ND, Williams, AAE, Macmahon, B, Lawson, J, Hitchen, Y, Angus, J, and Berry, O (2015). Cats (Felis catus) are more abundant and are the dominant predator of woylies (Bettongia penicillata) after sustained fox (Vulpes vulpes) control. Australian Journal of Zoology 63, 18–27.
| Cats (Felis catus) are more abundant and are the dominant predator of woylies (Bettongia penicillata) after sustained fox (Vulpes vulpes) control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin, J, McIntyre, CL, Hines, JE, Nichols, JD, Schmutz, JA, and MacCluskie, MC (2009). Dynamic multistate site occupancy models to evaluate hypotheses relevant to conservation of Golden Eagles in Denali National Park, Alaska. Biological Conservation 142, 2726–2731.
| Dynamic multistate site occupancy models to evaluate hypotheses relevant to conservation of Golden Eagles in Denali National Park, Alaska.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mattfeldt, SD, Bailey, LL, and Grant, EHC (2009). Monitoring multiple species: estimating state variables and exploring the efficacy of a monitoring program. Biological Conservation 142, 720–737.
| Monitoring multiple species: estimating state variables and exploring the efficacy of a monitoring program.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCarthy MA (2007) ‘Bayesian Methods for Ecology’. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
McGrath, T, Guillera-Arroita, G, Lahoz-Monfort, JJ, Osborne, W, Hunter, D, and Sarre, SD (2015). Accounting for detectability when surveying for rare or declining reptiles: turning rocks to find the Grassland Earless Dragon in Australia. Biological Conservation 182, 53–62.
| Accounting for detectability when surveying for rare or declining reptiles: turning rocks to find the Grassland Earless Dragon in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mcilroy, JC, King, DR, and Oliver, AJ (1985). The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison VIII.* Amphibians and reptiles. Wildlife Research 12, 113–118.
| The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison VIII.* Amphibians and reptiles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Michael, DR, Cunningham, RB, Donnelly, CF, and Lindenmayer, DB (2012). Comparative use of active searches and artificial refuges to survey reptiles in temperate eucalypt woodlands. Wildlife Research 39, 149–162.
| Comparative use of active searches and artificial refuges to survey reptiles in temperate eucalypt woodlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moll, RJ, Redilla, KM, Mudumba, T, Muneza, AB, Gray, SM, Abade, L, Hayward, MW, Millspaugh, JJ, and Montgomery, RA (2017). The many faces of fear: a synthesis of the methodological variation in characterizing predation risk. Journal of Animal Ecology 86, 749–765.
| The many faces of fear: a synthesis of the methodological variation in characterizing predation risk.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28390066PubMed |
Moore, HA, Champney, JL, Dunlop, JA, Valentine, LE, and Nimmo, DG (2020). Spot on: using camera traps to individually monitor one of the world’s largest lizards. Wildlife Research 47, 326–337.
| Spot on: using camera traps to individually monitor one of the world’s largest lizards.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murray AJ, Poore RN, Dexter N (2006) Project Deliverance – the response of “critical weight range” mammals to effective fox control in mesic forest habitats in far East Gippsland, Victoria. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
Nichols, JD, Bailey, LL, O’Connell, AF, Talancy, NW, Campbell Grant, EH, Gilbert, AT, Annand, EM, Husband, TP, and Hines, JE (2008). Multi-scale occupancy estimation and modelling using multiple detection methods. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 1321–1329.
| Multi-scale occupancy estimation and modelling using multiple detection methods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nichols, JD, Hines, JE, Mackenzie, DI, Seamans, ME, and Gutiérrez, RJ (2007). Occupancy estimation and modeling with multiple states and state uncertainty. Ecology 88, 1395–1400.
| Occupancy estimation and modeling with multiple states and state uncertainty.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17601132PubMed |
Nichols, JD, and Williams, BK (2006). Monitoring for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, 668–673.
| Monitoring for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Otto, CRV, and Roloff, GJ (2011). Using multiple methods to assess detection probabilities of forest-floor wildlife. The Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 423–431.
| Using multiple methods to assess detection probabilities of forest-floor wildlife.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Phillips, RB, and Winchell, CS (2011). Reducing nontarget recaptures of an endangered predator using conditioned aversion and reward removal. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 1501–1507.
| Reducing nontarget recaptures of an endangered predator using conditioned aversion and reward removal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Purwandana, D, Ariefiandy, A, Imansyah, MJ, Rudiharto, H, Seno, A, Ciofi, C, Fordham, DA, and Jessop, TS (2014). Demographic status of Komodo dragons populations in Komodo National Park. Biological Conservation 171, 29–35.
| Demographic status of Komodo dragons populations in Komodo National Park.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Purwandana, D, Ciofi, C, Imansyah, MJ, Ariefiandy, A, Rudiharto, H, and Jessop, TS (2021). Prey preferences and body mass most influence movement behavior and home range area of Komodo Dragons. Ichthyology & Herpetology 109, 92–101.
| Prey preferences and body mass most influence movement behavior and home range area of Komodo Dragons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Radford, JQ, Woinarski, JC, Legge, S, Baseler, M, Bentley, J, Burbidge, AA, Bode, M, Copley, P, Dexter, N, Dickman, CR, Gillespie, G, Hill, B, Johnson, CN, Kanowski, J, Latch, P, Letnic, M, Manning, A, Menkhorst, P, Mitchell, N, Morris, K, Moseby, K, Page, M, and Ringma, J (2018). Degrees of population-level susceptibility of Australian terrestrial non-volant mammal species to predation by the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus). Wildlife Research 45, 645–657.
| Degrees of population-level susceptibility of Australian terrestrial non-volant mammal species to predation by the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Read, JL, and Scoleri, V (2015). Ecological implications of reptile mesopredator release in arid South Australia. Journal of Herpetology 49, 64–69.
| Ecological implications of reptile mesopredator release in arid South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ritchie, EG, and Johnson, CN (2009). Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters 12, 982–998.
| Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19614756PubMed |
Saunders, GR, Gentle, MN, and Dickman, CR (2010). The impacts and management of foxes Vulpes vulpes in Australia. Mammal Review 40, 181–211.
| The impacts and management of foxes Vulpes vulpes in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smissen, PJ, Melville, J, Sumner, J, and Jessop, TS (2013). Mountain barriers and river conduits: phylogeographical structure in a large, mobile lizard (Varanidae: Varanus varius) from eastern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 40, 1729–1740.
| Mountain barriers and river conduits: phylogeographical structure in a large, mobile lizard (Varanidae: Varanus varius) from eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stewart, FEC, Volpe, JP, and Fisher, JT (2019). The debate about bait: a red herring in wildlife research. The Journal of Wildlife Management 83, 985–992.
| The debate about bait: a red herring in wildlife research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stokeld, D, Frank, ASK, Hill, B, Choy, JL, Mahney, T, Stevens, A, Young, S, Rangers, D, Rangers, W, and Gillespie, GR (2015). Multiple cameras required to reliably detect feral cats in northern Australian tropical savanna: an evaluation of sampling design when using camera traps. Wildlife Research 42, 642–649.
| Multiple cameras required to reliably detect feral cats in northern Australian tropical savanna: an evaluation of sampling design when using camera traps.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson, GG, and Thompson, SA (2007). Usefulness of funnel traps in catching small reptiles and mammals, with comments on the effectiveness of the alternatives. Wildlife Research 34, 491–497.
| Usefulness of funnel traps in catching small reptiles and mammals, with comments on the effectiveness of the alternatives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thompson W (2013) ‘Sampling Rare or Elusive Species: Concepts, Designs, and Techniques for Estimating Population Parameters.’ (Island Press: Washington, DC, USA)
Twigg, LE, and King, DR (1991). The impact of fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation on native Australian fauna: a review. Oikos 61, 412–430.
| The impact of fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation on native Australian fauna: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walsh, JC, Wilson, KA, Benshemesh, J, and Possingham, HP (2012). Unexpected outcomes of invasive predator control: the importance of evaluating conservation management actions. Animal Conservation 15, 319–328.
| Unexpected outcomes of invasive predator control: the importance of evaluating conservation management actions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willson, JD, Winne, CT, and Todd, BD (2011). Ecological and methodological factors affecting detectability and population estimation in elusive species. The Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 36–45.
| Ecological and methodological factors affecting detectability and population estimation in elusive species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woinarski, JCZ, Braby, MF, Burbidge, AA, Coates, D, Garnett, ST, Fensham, RJ, Legge, SM, McKenzie, NL, Silcock, JL, and Murphy, BP (2019). Reading the black book: the number, timing, distribution and causes of listed extinctions in Australia. Biological Conservation 239, 108261.
| Reading the black book: the number, timing, distribution and causes of listed extinctions in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yoccoz, NG, Nichols, JD, and Boulinier, T (2001). Monitoring of biological diversity in space and time. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, 446–453.
| Monitoring of biological diversity in space and time.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
