Telemetry tails: a practical method for attaching animal-borne devices to small vertebrates in the field
K. A. Cornelsen A * , C. M. Arkinstall B , J. van Weenen C , A. K. Ross A D , J. C. Lawes A , K. E. Moseby A , A. Elphinstone E and N. R. Jordan A EA Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
B School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Street Lucia, Qld, Australia.
C Department for Environment and Water, South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
D Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
E Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW, Australia.
Wildlife Research 49(5) 399-414 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR21107
Submitted: 22 July 2021 Accepted: 19 October 2021 Published: 16 March 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY)
Abstract
Context: Continued miniaturisation of tracking technology increases its utility in animal applications. However, species morphology often dictates the type of animal-borne device (ABD) that can be used, and how it is attached. The morphology of species within Peramelemorphia preclude them from the standard collar attachment of ABDs for terrestrial mammals.
Aims: This paper describes a method for the tail-mount attachment of ABDs, and deployment results for Peramelemorphia across arid, semi-arid and temperate Australia to (a) test the performance of attachments and ABDs in the field and (b) discuss the animal welfare considerations for this attachment method.
Methods: Tail-mount attachment of ABDs were field-tested on a total of 80 greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis), and 14 long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta).
Key results: Time to natural detachment (TTND) was between 2 and 52 days, with 65.74% (142 of 216) remaining on until manual removal. For ABDs that were manually removed, attachments were retained for up to 94 days. The method used for tail-mount attachment of ABDs to long-nosed bandicoots resulted in significantly shorter TTND compared with the method used for bilbies, and environmental factors (high temperatures and rainfall) had a negative effect on TTND. Tail-mount attached global positioning system (GPS) sensors collected large quantities of accurate data, with a maximum fix success rate of 83.38%. Damage to GPS (antenna breakage and water ingress) during deployment, however, impacted performance. In environments with frequent rainfall and waterlogged soils, the tape on a small proportion (6.25%) of (n = 192) attachments to bilbies caused tail injury. All injuries were resolvable, with most requiring minimal to no veterinary intervention.
Key conclusions: Attachment longevity can be affected by how the ABD is mounted to the tail, the species and the deployment environment. The environment can also affect which adhesive tapes are suitable for ABD attachment. However, this method is highly modifiable, practical for field application and can have long retention times relative to other temporary methods.
Implications: This ABD tail-mount attachment method adds another tool to the telemetry tool-kit, with all the benefits of a low-tech, low-cost, passive drop-off type attachment. This method has demonstrated practicality for Peramelemorphia, with potential application to other suitable small vertebrates.
Keywords:
References
Adams, AL, Dickinson, KJM, Robertson, BC, and van Heezik, Y (2013). An evaluation of the accuracy and performance of lightweight GPS collars in a suburban environment. PLoS One 8, 1–8.| An evaluation of the accuracy and performance of lightweight GPS collars in a suburban environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Akelma, H, Kılıç, ET, Kaçar, CK, Uzundere, O, Kaydu, A, Gökçek, E, Şahin, ÖF, and Aksoy, Y (2017). Accidental full thickness burns by super glue. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research 7, 70–71.
Barron, DG, Brawn, JD, and Weatherhead, PJ (2010). Meta-analysis of transmitter effects on avian behaviour and ecology. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1, 180–187.
| Meta-analysis of transmitter effects on avian behaviour and ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bates, D, Mächler, M, Bolker, BM, and Walker, SC (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67, 1–48.
| Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blackie, HM (2010). Comparative performance of three brands of lightweight global positioning system collars. Journal of Wildlife Management 74, 1911–1916.
| Comparative performance of three brands of lightweight global positioning system collars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Börger, L, Bijleveld, AI, Fayet, AL, Machovsky‐Capuska, GE, Patrick, SC, Street, GM, and Vander Wal, E (2020). Biologging special feature. Journal of Animal Ecology 89, 6–15.
| Biologging special feature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Braithwaite RW, Gordon G, McKenzie NL, Stodart E, Seebeck JH, Burbidge AA, Aitken PF, Johnson KA (1983) Bandicoots and bilbies. In ‘The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals’. (Ed. R Strahan) pp. 99–109. (Angus and Robertson Publishers: Australia)
Brander RB, Cochran WW (1969) Radio-location telemetry. In ‘Wildlife Management Techniques’. (Ed. JRH Giles) pp. 95–103. (The Wildlife Society: Washington DC)
Bridge, ES, Thorup, K, Bowlin, MS, Chilson, PB, Diehl, RH, Fléron, RW, Hartl, P, Roland, K, Kelly, JF, Robinson, WD, and Wikelski, M (2011). Technology on the move: recent and forthcoming innovations for tracking migratory birds. BioScience 61, 689–698.
| Technology on the move: recent and forthcoming innovations for tracking migratory birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) (2021). Data from: Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data
Chambers, LK, and Dickman, CR (2002). Habitat selection of the long-nosed bandicoot, Perameles nasuta (Mammalia, Peramelidae), in a patchy urban environment. Austral Ecology 27, 334–342.
| Habitat selection of the long-nosed bandicoot, Perameles nasuta (Mammalia, Peramelidae), in a patchy urban environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coetsee, A, Harley, D, Lynch, M, Coulson, G, De Milliano, J, Cooper, M, and Groenewegen, R (2016). Radio-transmitter attachment methods for monitoring the endangered eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii). Australian Mammalogy 38, 221–231.
| Radio-transmitter attachment methods for monitoring the endangered eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cuthbert, RJ, and Denny, MJH (2014). Aspects of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) and observations on Raffray’s bandicoot (Peroryctes raffrayanus), Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. Australian Mammalogy 36, 21–28.
| Aspects of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) and observations on Raffray’s bandicoot (Peroryctes raffrayanus), Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cypher, B, Drake, E, Savage, J, King, J, Ralls, K, Coonan, T, Perrine, J, and Duncan, C (2014). Evaluation of new telemetry technologies for research on island foxes. Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist 7, 357–372.
| Evaluation of new telemetry technologies for research on island foxes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Milliano, J, Di Stefano, J, Courtney, P, Temple-Smith, P, and Coulson, G (2016). Soft-release versus hard-release for reintroduction of an endangered species: an experimental comparison using eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii). Wildlife Research 43, 1–12.
| Soft-release versus hard-release for reintroduction of an endangered species: an experimental comparison using eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dennis, TE, Chen, WC, Koefoed, IM, Lacoursiere, CJ, Walker, MM, Laube, P, and Forer, P (2010). Performance characteristics of small global-positioning-system tracking collars for terrestrial animals. Wildlife Biology in Practice 6, 14–31.
| Performance characteristics of small global-positioning-system tracking collars for terrestrial animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunlop, J, and Morris, K (2018). Environmental determination of body size in mammals: rethinking ‘island dwarfism’ in the golden bandicoot. Austral Ecology 43, 817–827.
| Environmental determination of body size in mammals: rethinking ‘island dwarfism’ in the golden bandicoot.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
El-Rabbany A (2006) ‘Introduction to GPS: the Global Positioning System.’ (Artech House Publishers: USA)
Evens, R, Beenaerts, N, Ulenaers, E, Witters, N, and Artois, T (2018). An effective, low-tech drop-off solution to facilitate the retrieval of data loggers in animal-tracking studies. Ringing and Migration 33, 10–18.
| An effective, low-tech drop-off solution to facilitate the retrieval of data loggers in animal-tracking studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Finlayson, GR, Vieira, EM, Priddel, D, Wheeler, R, Bentley, J, and Dickman, CR (2008). Multi-scale patterns of habitat use by re-introduced mammals: a case study using medium-sized marsupials. Biological Conservation 141, 320–331.
| Multi-scale patterns of habitat use by re-introduced mammals: a case study using medium-sized marsupials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Glasby, L, and Yarnell, RW (2013). Evaluation of the performance and accuracy of Global Positioning System bug transmitters deployed on a small mammal. European Journal of Wildlife Research 59, 915–919.
| Evaluation of the performance and accuracy of Global Positioning System bug transmitters deployed on a small mammal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Groenewegen, R, Harley, D, Hill, R, and Coulson, G (2017). Assisted colonisation trial of the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) to a fox-free island. Wildlife Research 44, 484–496.
| Assisted colonisation trial of the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) to a fox-free island.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Halekoh, U, and Højsgaard, S (2014). A kenward-Roger approximation and parametric bootstrap methods for tests in linear mixed models-the R package pbkrtest. Journal of Statistical Software 59, 1–32.
| A kenward-Roger approximation and parametric bootstrap methods for tests in linear mixed models-the R package pbkrtest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harmata, AR (2016). Retention, effect, and utility of tail-mounted satellite-tracked transmitters on golden eagles. Journal of Raptor Research 50, 265–275.
| Retention, effect, and utility of tail-mounted satellite-tracked transmitters on golden eagles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hawkins, P (2004). Bio-logging and animal welfare: practical refinements. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research. Special Issue 58, 58–68.
Hope, B (2012). Short-term response of the long-nosed bandicoot, Perameles nasuta, and the southern brown bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus obesulus, to low-intensity prescribed fire in heathland vegetation. Wildlife Research 39, 731–744.
| Short-term response of the long-nosed bandicoot, Perameles nasuta, and the southern brown bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus obesulus, to low-intensity prescribed fire in heathland vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Species Survival Commission (SSC) (2013) ‘Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations.’ (Gland: Switzerland)
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2021) The IUCN red list of threatened species. Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org
Kenward RE (2001) ‘A Manual for Wildlife Radio Tagging.’ (Academic Press: London)
Kerr, GD, Bull, CM, and Cottrell, GR (2004). Use of an ‘on board’ datalogger to determine lizard activity patterns, body temperature and microhabitat use for extended periods in the field. Wildlife Research 31, 171–176.
| Use of an ‘on board’ datalogger to determine lizard activity patterns, body temperature and microhabitat use for extended periods in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Klauder, K, Borg, BL, and Prugh, LR (2021). Living on the edge: Spatial response of coyotes (Canis latrans) to wolves (Canis lupus) in the subarctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology 99, 279–288.
| Living on the edge: Spatial response of coyotes (Canis latrans) to wolves (Canis lupus) in the subarctic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Latham, ADM, Latham, MC, Anderson, DP, Cruz, J, Herries, D, and Hebblewhite, M (2015). The GPS craze: six questions to address before deciding to deploy GPS technology on wildlife. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 39, 143–152.
Le Souëf, AT, Stojanovic, D, Burbidge, AH, Vitali, SD, Heinsohn, R, Dawson, R, and Warren, KS (2013). Retention of transmitter attachments on black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.). Pacific Conservation Biology 19, 55–57.
| Retention of transmitter attachments on black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus spp.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lewis, JS, Rachlow, JL, Garton, EO, and Vierling, LA (2007). Effects of habitat on GPS collar performance: using data screening to reduce location error. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, 663–671.
| Effects of habitat on GPS collar performance: using data screening to reduce location error.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Long, K, Robley, AJ, and Lovett, K (2005). Immediate post-release survival of eastern barred bandicoots Perameles gunnii at Woodlands Historic Park, Victoria, with reference to fox activity. Australian Mammalogy 27, 17–25.
Lotek Wireless Inc. (2019) User manual: PinPoint Host application for PinPoint GPS tags.
Maclagan, SJ, Coates, T, Hradsky, BA, Butryn, R, and Ritchie, EG (2020). Life in linear habitats: the movement ecology of an endangered mammal in a peri-urban landscape. Animal Conservation 23, 260–272.
| Life in linear habitats: the movement ecology of an endangered mammal in a peri-urban landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matthews, A, Ruykys, L, Ellis, B, Fitzgibbon, S, Lunney, D, Crowther, MS, Glen, AS, Purcell, B, Moseby, K, Stott, J, Fletcher, D, Wimpenny, C, Allen, BL, Van Bommel, L, Roberts, M, Davies, N, Green, K, Newsome, T, Ballard, G, Fleming, P, Dickman, CR, Eberhart, A, Troy, S, Mcmahon, C, and Wiggins, N (2013). The success of GPS collar deployments on mammals in Australia. Australian Mammalogy 35, 65–83.
| The success of GPS collar deployments on mammals in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McMahon, CR, Field, IC, Bradshaw, CJA, White, GC, and Hindell, MA (2008). Tracking and data-logging devices attached to elephant seals do not affect individual mass gain or survival. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 360, 71–77.
| Tracking and data-logging devices attached to elephant seals do not affect individual mass gain or survival.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McMahon, LA, Rachlow, JL, Shipley, LA, Forbey, JS, Johnson, TR, and Olsoy, PJ (2017). Evaluation of micro-GPS receivers for tracking small-bodied mammals. PLoS One 12, 1–19.
| Evaluation of micro-GPS receivers for tracking small-bodied mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mitchell, LJ, White, PCL, and Arnold, KE (2019). The trade-off between fix rate and tracking duration on estimates of home range size and habitat selection for small vertebrates. PLoS One 14, 1–21.
| The trade-off between fix rate and tracking duration on estimates of home range size and habitat selection for small vertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moen, R, Pastor, J, Cohen, Y, and Schwartz, CC (1996). Effects of moose movement and habitat use on GPS collar performance. The Journal of Wildlife Management 60, 659–668.
Moseby, KE, and O’Donnell, E (2003). Reintroduction of the greater bilby, Macrotis lagotis (Reid) (Marsupialia: Thylacomyidae), to northern South Australia: survival, ecology and notes on reintroduction protocols. Wildlife Research 30, 15–27.
| Reintroduction of the greater bilby, Macrotis lagotis (Reid) (Marsupialia: Thylacomyidae), to northern South Australia: survival, ecology and notes on reintroduction protocols.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moseby, KE, Read, JL, Paton, DC, Copley, P, Hill, BM, and Crisp, HA (2011). Predation determines the outcome of 10 reintroduction attempts in arid South Australia. Biological Conservation 144, 2863–2872.
| Predation determines the outcome of 10 reintroduction attempts in arid South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moseby, KE, Cameron, A, and Crisp, HA (2012). Can predator avoidance training improve reintroduction outcomes for the greater bilby in arid Australia? Animal Behaviour 83, 1011–1021.
| Can predator avoidance training improve reintroduction outcomes for the greater bilby in arid Australia?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murphy, JA, and Serena, M (1993). Results of radio-tracking eastern barred bandicoots Perameles gunnii (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) at Gellibrand Hill Park, Victoria. Australian Mammalogy 16, 51–54.
O’Mara, TM, Wikelski, M, and Dechmann, DKN (2014). 50 years of bat tracking: device attachment and future directions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5, 311–319.
| 50 years of bat tracking: device attachment and future directions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Opiang, MD (2009). Home ranges, movement, and den use in long-beaked echidnas, Zaglossus bartoni, from Papua New Guinea. Journal of Mammalogy 90, 340–346.
| Home ranges, movement, and den use in long-beaked echidnas, Zaglossus bartoni, from Papua New Guinea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Phillips, RA, Xavier, JC, and Croxall, JP (2003). Effects of satellite transmitters on albatrosses and petrels. Auk 120, 1082–1090.
Rafiq, K, Appleby, RG, Edgar, JP, Jordan, NR, Dexter, CE, Jones, DN, Blacker, ARF, and Cochrane, M (2019). OpenDropOff: an open-source, low-cost drop-off unit for animal-borne devices. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10, 1517–1522.
| OpenDropOff: an open-source, low-cost drop-off unit for animal-borne devices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rafiq, K, Appleby, RG, Edgar, JP, Radford, C, Smith, BP, Jordan, NR, Dexter, CE, Jones, DN, Blacker, ARF, and Cochrane, M (2021a). WildWID: an open-source active RFID system for wildlife research. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12, 1580–1587.
| WildWID: an open-source active RFID system for wildlife research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rafiq K, Pitcher BJ, Cornelsen K, Hansen KW, King AJ, Appleby RG, Abrahms B, Jordan NR (2021b) Animal-borne technologies in wildlife research and conservation. In ‘Conservation Technology’. (Eds AK Piel, SA Wich) pp. 105–122. (Oxford University Press: United Kingdom)
Rayner, K, Sullivan, M, Sims, C, and Cowen, S (2021). A pain in the neck: weak links are not a reliable release mechanism for radio-collars. Australian Mammalogy , .
| A pain in the neck: weak links are not a reliable release mechanism for radio-collars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Richards, JD, and Short, J (2003). Reintroduction and establishment of the western barred bandicoot Perameles bougainville (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) at Shark Bay, Western Australia. Biological Conservation 109, 181–195.
| Reintroduction and establishment of the western barred bandicoot Perameles bougainville (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) at Shark Bay, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Riley, JL, Baxter-Gilbert, JH, and Litzgus, JD (2017). A comparison of three external transmitter attachment methods for snakes. Wildlife Society Bulletin 41, 132–139.
| A comparison of three external transmitter attachment methods for snakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ripperger, SP, Carter, GG, Page Supervision, RA, Duda, N, Koelpin, A, Weigel, R, Hartmann, M, Nowak, T, Thielecke, J, Schadhauser, M, Robert, J, Herbst, S, Meyer-Wegener, K, Wägemann, P, Preikschat, WS, Cassens, B, Kapitza, R, Dressler, F, and Mayer, F (2020). Thinking small: next-generation sensor networks close the size gap in vertebrate biologging. PLoS Biology 18, 1–25.
| Thinking small: next-generation sensor networks close the size gap in vertebrate biologging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robinson, NM, MacGregor, CI, Hradsky, BA, Dexter, N, and Lindenmayer, DB (2018). Bandicoots return to Booderee: initial survival, dispersal, home range and habitat preferences of reintroduced southern brown bandicoots (eastern sub species; Isoodon obesulus obesulus). Wildlife Research 45, 132–142.
| Bandicoots return to Booderee: initial survival, dispersal, home range and habitat preferences of reintroduced southern brown bandicoots (eastern sub species; Isoodon obesulus obesulus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Romijn, RL, Nelson, NJ, and Monks, JM (2014). Forest geckos (Mokopirirakau Southern North Island) display diurno-nocturnal activity and are not reliant on retreats. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 41, 103–113.
| Forest geckos (Mokopirirakau Southern North Island) display diurno-nocturnal activity and are not reliant on retreats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ross, AK, Letnic, M, Blumstein, DT, and Moseby, KE (2019a). Reversing the effects of evolutionary prey naiveté through controlled predator exposure. Journal of Applied Ecology 56, 1761–1769.
| Reversing the effects of evolutionary prey naiveté through controlled predator exposure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ross AK, Letnic M, Blumstein DT, Moseby KE (2019b) Data from: Reversing the effects of evolutionary prey naiveté through controlled predator exposure, Dryad. [Dataset].
Ross, AK, Lawes, JC, Lowry, JA, and Letnic, M (2022). DIY radio-collar attachment for small macropods. Australian Mammalogy 44, 149–152.
| DIY radio-collar attachment for small macropods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rothmeyer, SW, Mckinstry, MC, and Anderson, SH (2002). Tail attachment of modified ear-tag radio transmitters on beavers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30, 425–429.
Rychlik, L, Ruczyński, I, and Borowski, Z (2010). Radiotelemetry applied to field studies of shrews. Journal of Wildlife Management 74, 1335–1342.
| Radiotelemetry applied to field studies of shrews.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sánchez-Giraldo, C, and Daza, JM (2019). Getting better temporal and spatial ecology data for threatened species: using lightweight GPS devices for small primate monitoring in the northern Andes of Colombia. Primates 60, 93–102.
| Getting better temporal and spatial ecology data for threatened species: using lightweight GPS devices for small primate monitoring in the northern Andes of Colombia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30413903PubMed |
Seebeck, J, and Booth, R (1996). Eastern barred bandicoot recovery: the role of the veterinarian in the management of endangered species. Australian Veterinary Journal 73, 81–83.
| Eastern barred bandicoot recovery: the role of the veterinarian in the management of endangered species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 8660217PubMed |
Sims, C, Rayner, K, Knox, F, and Cowen, S (2020). A trial of transmitter attachment methods for Shark Bay bandicoots (Perameles bougainville). Australian Mammalogy , .
| A trial of transmitter attachment methods for Shark Bay bandicoots (Perameles bougainville).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Southgate R (1990) Distribution and abundance of the greater bilby Macrotis lagotis Reid (Marsupialia: Peramelidae). In ‘Bandicoots and Bilbies’. (Eds JH Seebeck, PR Brown, CM Wallis, CM Kemper) pp. 293–302. (Surrey Beatty & Sons: Australia)
Southgate, R, Paltridge, R, Masters, P, and Nano, T (2005). An evaluation of transect, plot and aerial survey techniques to monitor the spatial pattern and status of the bilby (Macrotis lagotis) in the Tanami Desert. Wildlife Research 32, 43–52.
| An evaluation of transect, plot and aerial survey techniques to monitor the spatial pattern and status of the bilby (Macrotis lagotis) in the Tanami Desert.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Steindler, LA, Blumstein, DT, West, R, Moseby, KE, and Letnic, M (2018). Discrimination of introduced predators by ontogenetically naïve prey scales with duration of shared evolutionary history. Animal Behaviour 137, 133–139.
| Discrimination of introduced predators by ontogenetically naïve prey scales with duration of shared evolutionary history.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stern, H, de Hoedt, G, and Ernst, J (1999). Objective classification of Australian climates. Australian Meteorological Magazine 49, 87–96.
Tomotani, BM, Bil, W, van der Jeugd, HP, Pieters, RPM, and Muijres, FT (2019). Carrying a logger reduces escape flight speed in a passerine bird, but relative logger mass may be a misleading measure of this flight performance detriment. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10, 70–79.
| Carrying a logger reduces escape flight speed in a passerine bird, but relative logger mass may be a misleading measure of this flight performance detriment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Venturato, E, Cavallini, P, Banti, P, and Dessì-Fulgheri, F (2009). Do radio collars influence mortality and reproduction? A case with ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in Central Italy. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55, 547–551.
| Do radio collars influence mortality and reproduction? A case with ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in Central Italy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Winnard, AL, Di Stefano, J, and Coulson, G (2013). Habitat use of a critically-endangered species in a predator-free but degraded reserve in Australia. Wildlife Biology 19, 429–438.
| Habitat use of a critically-endangered species in a predator-free but degraded reserve in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woolford, L, O’Hara, AJ, Bennett, MD, Slaven, M, Swan, R, Friend, JA, Ducki, A, Sims, C, Hill, S, Nicholls, PK, and Warren, KS (2008). Cutaneous papillomatosis and carcinomatosis in the Western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville). Veterinary Pathology 45, 95–103.
| Cutaneous papillomatosis and carcinomatosis in the Western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18192585PubMed |
Woolnough, AP, Kirkpatrick, WE, Lowe, TJ, and Rose, K (2004). Comparison of three techniques for the attachment of radio transmitters to European starlings. Source Journal of Field Ornithology 75, 330–336.
Yeap, L, Shephard, JM, Bouten, W, Jackson, B, Vaughan-Higgins, R, and Warren, K (2017). Development of a tag-attachment method to enable capture of fine- and landscape-scale movement in black-cockatoos. Australian Field Ornithology 34, 49–55.
| Development of a tag-attachment method to enable capture of fine- and landscape-scale movement in black-cockatoos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |