Turning ghosts into dragons: improving camera monitoring outcomes for a cryptic low-density Komodo dragon population in eastern Indonesia
Deni Purwandana A , Achmad Ariefiandy A , Muhammad Azmi A , Sanggar A. Nasu A ,
A C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Komodo Survival Program, Jl. Karang Sari Blok G, No. 10, Denpasar 80117, Bali, Indonesia.
B Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Nusa Tenggara Timur, Jl. SK Lerik kelapa lima, Kupang 85228, NTT, Indonesia.
C Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Vic. 3220, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: t.jessop@deakin.edu.au
Wildlife Research 49(4) 295-302 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR21057
Submitted: 25 March 2021 Accepted: 13 July 2021 Published: 16 December 2021
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2022 Open Access CC BY
Abstract
Context: Detection probability is a key attribute influencing population-level wildlife estimates necessary for conservation inference. Increasingly, camera traps are used to monitor threatened reptile populations and communities. Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) populations have been previously monitored using camera traps; however, considerations for improving detection probability estimates for very low-density populations have not been well investigated.
Aims: Here we compare the effects of baited versus non-baited camera monitoring protocols to influence Komodo dragon detection and occupancy estimates alongside monitoring survey design and cost considerations for ongoing population monitoring within the Wae Wuul Nature Reserve on Flores Island, Indonesia.
Methods: Twenty-six camera monitoring stations (CMS) were deployed throughout the study area with a minimum of 400 m among CMS to achieve independent sampling units. Each CMS was randomly assigned as a baited or non-baited camera monitoring station and deployed for 6 or 30 daily sampling events.
Key results: Baited camera monitoring produced higher site occupancy estimates with reduced variance. Komodo dragon detection probability estimates were 0.15 ± 0.092–0.22 (95% CI), 0.01 ± 0.001–0.03, and 0.03 ± 0.01–0.04 for baited (6 daily survey sampling events), unbaited (6 daily survey sampling events) and long-unbaited (30 daily survey sampling events) sampling durations respectively. Additionally, the provision of baited lures at cameras had additional benefits for Komodo detection, survey design and sampling effort costs.
Conclusions: Our study indicated that baited cameras provide the most effective monitoring method to survey low-density Komodo dragon populations in protected areas on Flores.
Implications: We believe our monitoring approach now lends itself to evaluating population responses to ecological and anthropogenic factors, hence informing conservation efforts in this nature reserve.
Keywords: population monitoring, effective sampling, protected areas, apex predator, reptiles, Varanus komodoensis.
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