Reptiles as food: predation of Australian reptiles by introduced red foxes compounds and complements predation by cats
Alyson M. Stobo-Wilson
A M , Brett P. Murphy A , Sarah M. Legge B , David G. Chapple C , Heather M. Crawford D , Stuart J. Dawson D , Chris R. Dickman E , Tim S. Doherty F , Patricia A. Fleming D , Matthew Gentle G , Thomas M. Newsome H , Russell Palmer I , Matthew W. Rees J , Euan G. Ritchie K , James Speed G , John-Michael Stuart D , Eilysh Thompson K , Jeff Turpin L and John C. Z. Woinarski A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia.
B NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
C School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
D Centre for Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
E NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
F School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
G Pest Animal Research Centre, Invasive Plants and Animals, Biosecurity Queensland, 203 Tor Street, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
H Global Ecology Lab, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
I Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia.
J Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
K Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic. 3125, Australia.
L School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
M Corresponding author. Email: alyson.stobowilson@gmail.com
Wildlife Research 48(5) 470-480 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR20194
Submitted: 17 November 2020 Accepted: 9 March 2021 Published: 14 July 2021
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY
Abstract
Context: Invasive species are a major cause of biodiversity loss across much of the world, and a key threat to Australia’s diverse reptile fauna. There has been no previous comprehensive analysis of the potential impact of the introduced European red fox, Vulpes vulpes, on Australian reptiles.
Aims: We seek to provide an inventory of all Australian reptile species known to be consumed by the fox, and identify characteristics of squamate species associated with such predation. We also compare these tallies and characteristics with reptile species known to be consumed by the domestic cat, Felis catus, to examine whether predation by these two introduced species is compounded (i.e. affecting much the same set of species) or complementary (affecting different groups of species).
Methods: We collated records of Australian reptiles consumed by foxes in Australia, with most records deriving from fox dietary studies (tallying >35 000 samples). We modelled presence or absence of fox predation records against a set of biological and other traits, and population trends, for squamate species.
Key results: In total, 108 reptile species (~11% of Australia’s terrestrial reptile fauna) have been recorded as consumed by foxes, fewer than that reported for cats (263 species). Eighty-six species have been reported to be eaten by both predators. More Australian turtle species have been reported as consumed by foxes than by cats, including many that suffer high levels of predation on egg clutches. Twenty threatened reptile species have been reported as consumed by foxes, and 15 by cats. Squamate species consumed by foxes are more likely to be undergoing population decline than those not known to be consumed by foxes. The likelihood of predation by foxes increased with squamate species’ adult body mass, in contrast to the relationship for predation by cats, which peaked at ~217 g. Foxes, but not cats, were also less likely to consume venomous snakes.
Conclusions: The two introduced, and now widespread, predators have both compounding and complementary impacts on the Australian reptile fauna.
Implications: Enhanced and integrated management of the two introduced predators is likely to provide substantial conservation benefits to much of the Australian reptile fauna.
Key words: invasive species, lizard, snake, threatened species, turtle.
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