A systematic review of ground-based shooting to control overabundant mammal populations
Andrew J. Bengsen
A E , David M. Forsyth A , Stephen Harris B , A. David M. Latham C , Steven R. McLeod A and Anthony Pople D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
B School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
C Wildlife Ecology and Management, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
D Invasive Plants and Animals, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: andrew.bengsen@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Wildlife Research 47(3) 197-207 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR19129
Submitted: 30 July 2019 Accepted: 6 November 2019 Published: 20 March 2020
Abstract
Context: Ground-based shooting is widely used in management programs aiming to alleviate the impacts of invasive or overabundant wildlife populations. However, evaluations of individual shooting operations have shown variable results, and the effectiveness of ground-shooting as a population-management intervention has not been systematically examined.
Aims: Our review aimed to (1) assess the efficacy of shooting as a population management tool, and (2) identify commonalities among studies that will help managers identify situations where ground-shooting is most likely to be effective.
Methods: We systematically reviewed the literature to identify studies involving ground-shooting. From each study, we collated information about operational objectives, target taxa, geographic context, type of shooter used, effort, effectiveness, and use of additional control tools.
Key results: Most studies had no a priori quantifiable objectives. However, 60% of the 64 case studies produced a detectable reduction in population density and/or damage. The most common type of operation used unpaid or commercial harvest-oriented shooters to reduce herbivore density or damage. Only 30% of the operations that used volunteer shooters or recreational hunters achieved their objectives. Target taxa, geographic area or integration of shooting with other population-control methods had no detectable effect on the effectiveness of shooting operations. Common factors that hindered the effectiveness of shooting operations included immigration of target species from adjacent areas (n = 13), decreasing effort from shooters as the target population declined (n = 7) and selective harvesting (n = 7).
Conclusions: Ground-based shooting can be an effective management tool for overabundant wildlife populations, but many shooting operations did not achieve a notable decrease in animal abundance or damage. The source of failure could often be attributed to an inability to remove a sufficient proportion of the population to cause a population decline.
Implications: Managers contemplating using ground-based shooting to reduce the impacts or density of wildlife populations should (1) carefully consider whether this is a suitable management tool to achieve the desired outcomes, (2) establish clear objectives that aim to meet defined outcomes and allow for continuous improvement, and (3) ensure that operations are sufficiently resourced to achieve and maintain those objectives.
Additional keywords: hunting, human–wildlife interactions, sharp-shooting, vertebrate pest, wildlife management.
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