Estimates of abundance and apparent survival of coastal dolphins in Port Essington harbour, Northern Territory, Australia
Carol Palmer A B H , Lyndon Brooks C , Guido J. Parra D E , Tracey Rogers F , Debra Glasgow G and John C. Z. Woinarski B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Marine Ecosystems, Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston NT, 0831, Australia.
B Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, NT 0909, Australia.
C Southern Cross University, Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
D Cetacean Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
E South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences) PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022, Australia.
F Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
G PO Box 98, Paekakariki 5034, New Zealand.
H Corresponding author. Email: carolL.palmer@nt.gov.au
Submitted: 7 August 2013 Accepted: 18 February 2014 Published: 7 May 2014
Abstract
Context: Three dolphin species occur in coastal waters of monsoonal northern Australia: the Australian snubfin (Orcaella heinsohni), humpback (Sousa sp.) and the bottlenose (Tursiops sp.). Their overall population size and trends are poorly known, and their conservation status has been difficult to resolve, but can be expected to deteriorate with likely increased development pressures.
Aims: We sought to provide an estimate of abundance, and apparent survival, of the three dolphin species at the largely undeveloped harbour of Port Essington (325 km2), Northern Territory, with repeated sampling over a 2.9-year period. Given increasing obligations to undertake population assessments for impact studies at proposed development sites, we assess the strengths and limitations of a systematic sampling program.
Methods: We used photo-identification data collected during systematic boat-based transect surveys undertaken from 2008 to 2010 and Pollock’s robust capture–recapture design model.
Key results: Total abundance estimates for the three species were variable across different sampling periods. The estimated number of individuals in the sampled area varied per sampling episode from 136 (s.e. 62) to 222 (s.e. 48) for snubfin, from 48 (s.e. 7) to 207 (s.e. 14) for humpbacks and from 34 (s.e. 6) to 75 (s.e. 9) for bottlenose dolphins. Apparent survival was estimated for snubfin at 0.81 (s.e. 0.11), humpbacks at 0.59 (s.e. 0.12) and bottlenose at 0.51 (s.e. 0.17) per annum.
Key conclusions: (1) The values derived here provide some of the only estimates of local population size for these species across monsoonal northern Australia; (2) population-size estimates varied considerably among seasons or sampling episodes; (3) the low apparent survival probabilities indicated that many individuals may move at scales larger than the study area; (4) density of snubfin and humpback dolphins in the present study area exceeded the few other estimates available for these species elsewhere in Australia.
Implications: The present study provided the first baseline estimates of abundance and apparent survival for three coastal dolphin species in monsoonal northern Australia. Such information is becoming increasingly important as development pressures intensify in coastal areas. Sampling protocols for future monitoring and impact assessment need an enhanced consideration of seasonality and scale issues.
Additional keywords: Australian snubfin, bottlenose, capture–recapture, Indo-Pacific humpback, Orcaella heinsohni, photo identification, robust design, Sousa chinensis, Tursiops sp.
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